Edward Hugh Simpson Companion of The Most Honourable Order of the Bath, CB (10 December 1922Simpson, Edward Hugh
''Who's Who 2014'', A & C Black, 2014; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014 – 5 February 2019) was a British codebreaker, statistician and civil servant. He was best known for describing Simpson's paradox along with Udny Yule.

Contributions to the field of statistics

Edward Hugh Simpson was introduced to the thinking of mathematical statistics as a cryptanalyst at Bletchley Park (1942–45). He wrote the paper "The Interpretation of Interaction in Contingency Tables" while a postgraduate student at the University of Cambridge in 1946 with Maurice Bartlett as his tutor; and published it in the ''Journal of the Royal Statistical Society'' in 1951 at Bartlett's request because Bartlett wanted to refer to it. The paper considered what came to be known as the Yule-Simpson effect or Simpson's paradox. This paradox is used in mathematical statistics teaching to illustrate the care statisticians need to take when interpreting data. It figured in a 2009 episode of the United States, US television crime-solving series ''Numb3rs'', and also, appropriately, in an episode of The Simpsons. At one point a useful observation of his on the aggregate behaviour of teachers' pay was labelled "Simpson's Drift".

Education

Simpson grew up in Northern Ireland, and attended Coleraine Academical Institution, and he then studied at Queen's University Belfast, Queen's University, Belfast (BSc, 1st cl. Hons Mathematics), graduating at age 19 in 1942. After the war, he studied for a PhD degree in Mathematical Statistics at Christ's College, Cambridge, Christ's College, Cambridge as a scholar, from 1945 to 1947.

Career

In Autumn 1942, Simpson was recruited to work at Bletchley Park, initially as a codebreaker in the Italian Naval Section. As the war with Italy was ending in 1943, he was asked to lead the Japanese naval codes, JN-25 team, contributing to the US Navy code-breaking efforts supporting the war in the Pacifi

After the end of World War II, Simpson entered the Civil Service (United Kingdom), civil service administrative class. He joined the UK Ministry of Education (United Kingdom), Ministry of Education in 1947 and subsequently worked also in the HM Treasury, Treasury, the British Commonwealth, Commonwealth Education Liaison Unit, as Private Secretary to Lord Hailsham as Lord President of the Council and Lord Privy Seal, and in the Civil Service Department. He was a Commonwealth Fund Fellow, Commonwealth Fund (Harkness) Fellow in the USA (1956–57). Simpson served as Deputy Secretary, Department for Education and Skills (United Kingdom)#History, Department of Education and Science from 1973 to 1982. He received a CB, Companion of the Order of the Bath, in 1976 recognizing his contributions to the field of education, and retired in 1982. On his retirement in 1982, Simpson continued to be involved in education as Chairman of the National Assessment Panel for the Schools’ Curriculum Award (1983–95), held fellowships at the Universities of University of Birmingham, Birmingham and University of Warwick, Warwick, and served as Chair of Governors of Dixon's City Technology College in Bradford from 1989 to 1999, which involved overseeing the building of the college from a greenfield site. He was a Governor of Bishop Grosseteste University in Lincoln, England, Lincoln from 1984 to 1989 and awarded an Honorary Doctorate in July 1992.

Published works

Simpson published an article on the measurement of diversity in ''Nature (journal), Nature'' in 1949. Subsequently, "The Interpretation of Interaction in Contingency Tables" was published in 1951 in the ''Journal of the Royal Statistical Society''. In 2017, at the age of 95, Simpson contributed two chapters on the crypt-analytic process Banburismus, developed by Alan Turing at Bletchley Park during World War II.

Personal

Edward Simpson was the only son of Hugh and Mary Simpson, of Brookfield, Ballymena, Co. County Antrim, Antrim. In 1947, he married Rebecca Gibson of Ernevale, Kesh, County Fermanagh, Kesh, Co. County Fermanagh, Fermanagh. She had also been working in the Italian Naval Section at GCHQ during WWII and both transferred to work on JN-25. Rebecca predeceased Edward in 2012. They had one son and one daughter, and four grandchildren.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simpson, Edward H. 1922 births 2019 deaths 20th-century British mathematicians 21st-century British mathematicians People educated at Coleraine Academical Institution Alumni of Queen's University Belfast Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge Bletchley Park people British civil servants British statisticians Academics of the University of Birmingham Academics of the University of Warwick, Warwick Companions of the Order of the Bath