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The Eastern Arabic numerals, also called Arabic-Hindu numerals or Indo–Arabic numerals, are the symbols used to represent numerical digits in conjunction with the Arabic alphabet in the countries of the Mashriq (the east of the Arab world), the Arabian Peninsula, and its variant in other countries that use the Persian numerals on the Greater Iran, Iranian plateau and in Asia.
Written numerals are arranged with their lowest-value digit to the right, with higher value positions added to the left. That is identical to the arrangement used for Western Arabic numerals, even though Arabic script is read from right-to-left. Columns of numbers are usually arranged with the decimal points aligned.
Negative signs are written to the right of magnitudes, e.g. (−3).
In-line fractions are written with the numerator and denominator on the left and right of the fraction slash respectively, e.g. ().
The normal comma or the symbol is used as the decimal mark, as in (pi, 3.14159265358).
The Arabic comma or the symbol may be used as a decimal mark#Digit grouping, thousands separator, e.g. (1,000,000,000).
Eastern Arabic numerals remain predominant when compared to Western Arabic numerals in many countries to the East of the Arab world, particularly in Iran and Afghanistan.
In Arabic-speaking Asia, as well as Egypt and Sudan, both kinds of numerals are used alongside each other, with Western Arabic numerals gaining more and more usage, including in Saudi Arabia. The United Arab Emirates uses both Eastern and Western Arabic numerals.
In Pakistan, Western Arabic numerals are more extensively used digitally. Eastern numerals continue to see use in Urdu publications and newspapers, as well as signboards.
In the Maghreb, only Western Arabic numerals are now commonly used. In medieval times, these areas used a slightly different set (from which, via Italy, Western Arabic numerals derive).
The Thaana writing system used for the Dhivehi language, Maldivian language adopted its first nine letters (haa, shaviyani, noonu, raa, baa, lhaviyani, kaafu, alifu, and vaavu) from Perso-Arabic digits. The next nine letters are from the local Dhives Akuru digits (old system with the letter dnaviyani between gaafu and seenu). The next few letters are derived from secondary modifications to some of the previous letters.
The Eastern Arabic numerals, also called Arabic-Hindu numerals or Indo–Arabic numerals, are the symbols used to represent numerical digits in conjunction with the Arabic alphabet in the countries of the Mashriq (the east of the Arab world), the Arabian Peninsula, and its variant in other countries that use the Persian numerals on the Greater Iran, Iranian plateau and in Asia.
Origin
The numeral system originates from an ancient Indian numerals, Indian numeral system, which was re-introduced in the book ''On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals'' written by the Islamic Golden Age mathematician and engineer Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, al-Khwarizmi, whose name was Latinisation of names, Latinized as ''Algoritmi''.Other Latin transliterations include ''Algaurizin''.Other names
These numbers are known as () in Arabic. They are sometimes also called ''Indic numerals'' in English. However, that is sometimes discouraged as it can lead to confusion with Indian numerals, used in Brahmic scripts of the Indian subcontinent.Numerals
Each numeral in the Persian variant has a different Unicode point even if it looks identical to the Eastern Arabic numeral counterpart. However, the variants used with Urdu, Sindhi languages, Sindhi, and other Languages of South Asia are not encoded separately from the Persian variants.
Written numerals are arranged with their lowest-value digit to the right, with higher value positions added to the left. That is identical to the arrangement used for Western Arabic numerals, even though Arabic script is read from right-to-left. Columns of numbers are usually arranged with the decimal points aligned.
Negative signs are written to the right of magnitudes, e.g. (−3).
In-line fractions are written with the numerator and denominator on the left and right of the fraction slash respectively, e.g. ().
The normal comma or the symbol is used as the decimal mark, as in (pi, 3.14159265358).
The Arabic comma or the symbol may be used as a decimal mark#Digit grouping, thousands separator, e.g. (1,000,000,000).
Contemporary use
Eastern Arabic numerals remain predominant when compared to Western Arabic numerals in many countries to the East of the Arab world, particularly in Iran and Afghanistan.
In Arabic-speaking Asia, as well as Egypt and Sudan, both kinds of numerals are used alongside each other, with Western Arabic numerals gaining more and more usage, including in Saudi Arabia. The United Arab Emirates uses both Eastern and Western Arabic numerals.
In Pakistan, Western Arabic numerals are more extensively used digitally. Eastern numerals continue to see use in Urdu publications and newspapers, as well as signboards.
In the Maghreb, only Western Arabic numerals are now commonly used. In medieval times, these areas used a slightly different set (from which, via Italy, Western Arabic numerals derive).
The Thaana writing system used for the Dhivehi language, Maldivian language adopted its first nine letters (haa, shaviyani, noonu, raa, baa, lhaviyani, kaafu, alifu, and vaavu) from Perso-Arabic digits. The next nine letters are from the local Dhives Akuru digits (old system with the letter dnaviyani between gaafu and seenu). The next few letters are derived from secondary modifications to some of the previous letters.
See also
*Arabic numerals *Abjad numeralsNotes
References
{{Arabic language Numerals