East New Guinea Highlands is a 1960 proposal by Stephen Wurm for a

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

Papuan languages The Papuan languages are the non- Austronesian and non- Australian languages spoken on the western Pacific island of New Guinea in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, as well as neighbouring islands, by around 4 million people. It is a strictly geogr ...

spoken in

Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i ...

that formed part of his 1975 expansion of Trans–New Guinea.East New Guinea Highlands
in the 15th edition of ''Ethnologue'' (and a few languages which escape

History of classification

The original proposal consisted of West-Central ( Engan languages, Engan), Central ( Chimbu–Wahgi), East-Central ( Goroka), and Eastern ( Kainantu). Duna and

Kalam ''ʿIlm al-Kalām'' ( ar, عِلْم الكَلام, literally "science of discourse"), usually foreshortened to ''Kalām'' and sometimes called "Islamic scholastic theology" or "speculative theology", is the philosophical study of Islamic doc ...

were added in 1971. East New Guinea Highlands was broken up by Malcolm Ross in his 2005 classification (see below), but all branches were retained, and all remain within the now expanded Trans–New Guinea. This language grouping should not be confused with the East Papuan languages, a separate hypothesis.

Family division

* Wiru isolate * Kenati isolate * Duna–Pogaya family *

family: Gants,

- Kobon,

Tai Tai or TAI may refer to: Arts and entertainment *Tai (comics) a fictional Marvel Comics supervillain *Tai Fraiser, a fictional character in the 1995 film ''Clueless'' *Tai Kamiya, a fictional character in ''Digimon'' Businesses and organisations ...

* Eastern ( Kainantu) family ** Oweina language ** Kambaira language ** Tairora branch: Binumarien, South Tairoa, North Tairoa, Waffa ** Gapsup branch: Agarabi, Awiyaana,

Awa Awa (or variants) may refer to: People * Awa (given name), notable people named Awa or Hawa * Awá (Brazil), an indigenous people of Brazil * Awa-Kwaiker, an indigenous people of Colombia and Ecuador Languages * Awa language (China) or Wa (Va) ...

, Gadsup, Kosena, Ontenu, Usarufa * Central ( Chimbu–Wahgi) family ** Chimbu branch: Chuave, Dom, Golin, Kuman, Nomane, Salt-Yui, Sinasina ** Hagen branch *** Melpa (Medlpa) language *** Kaugel languages: Imbongu, Mbo-Ung,

Umbu-Ungu Kaugel (Gawigl) is one of the languages spoken in the Southern Highlands province of Papua New Guinea. Native speakers call the area on the Southern Highlands side of the Kaugel River from the Western Highlands province home. Dialects are Aua ...

** Jimi branch: Maring, Narak, Kandawo ** Wahgi branch: Nii, Wahgi, North Wahgi * East-Central ( Goroka) family **

Gende language Gende (Gendeka, Gene; also Bundi) is a Papuan language spoken in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( ...

** Fore branch: Fore, Gimi ** Gahuku branch: Dano (Upper Asaro), Benabena, Alekano (Gahuku), Tokano (Lower Asaro) ** Siane branch: Siane, Yaweyuha ** Kamono-Yagaria branch: Kamono, Inoke-Yate, Kanite, Keyagana, Yagaria * West-Central ( Engan languages, Engan) family **

Huli language Huli is a Tari language spoken by the Huli people of the Hela Province of Papua New Guinea. It has a pentadecimal (base-15) numeral system: means 15, means 15×2 = 30, and means 15×15 = 225. Huli has a pandanus language called (bush di ...

** Enga proper: Enga, Nete, Ipili, Lembena,

Bisorio Nete, also known as Bisorio, Malamauda, or Iniai, is an Engan language spoken in Papua New Guinea. Classification Glottolog classifies Nete and Bisorio as two languages within Outer Engan, a divergent group situated northward across the Cen ...

** Angal-Kewa branch: Kyaka, Angal, Angal Heneng (Katinja), Angal Enen, Samberigi (Sau), West Kewa, East Kewa, Erave Ross classified each of the families in bold as a separate branch of TNG, with the exceptions of Kainantu and Goroka, which he kept together; Kalam, which he linked to the Rai Coast family; and Kenati, which he had insufficient data to classify but which has since been associated with Kainantu. Ross believes that these languages lie near the homeland of proto–Trans New Guinea.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:East New Guinea Highlands Languages Languages of Papua New Guinea Trans–New Guinea languages Proposed language families

History of classification

Family division

See also

References