Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (gene: ''ENTPD1''; protein: NTPDase1) also known as CD39 (Cluster of Differentiation 39), is a typical cell surface enzyme with a catalytic site on the extracellular face.
Function
NTPDase1 is an
ectonucleotidase that catalyse the hydrolysis of γ- and β-phosphate residues of triphospho- and diphosphonucleosides to the monophosphonucleoside derivative. NTPDase1 hydrolyzes
P2 receptor P2 receptor may refer to:
Nucleotides if get released into the extracellular environment can lead to cell death or some other harmful cellular consequences. To avoid harm nucleotides should be neutralized, which is accomplished by P2 receptors. Alm ...
ligands, namely
ATP,
ADP
Adp or ADP may refer to:
Aviation
* Aéroports de Paris, airport authority for the Parisian region in France
* Aeropuertos del Perú, airport operator for airports in northern Peru
* SLAF Anuradhapura, an airport in Sri Lanka
* Ampara Airp ...
, UTP and UDP with similar efficacy. NTPDase1 can therefore affect P2 receptor activation and functions.
Clinical significance
ATP causes a pro-
inflammatory environment, whereas degradation of ATP into
adenosine
Adenosine (symbol A) is an organic compound that occurs widely in nature in the form of diverse derivatives. The molecule consists of an adenine attached to a ribose via a β-N9- glycosidic bond. Adenosine is one of the four nucleoside building ...
by the CD39/
CD73
5′-nucleotidase (5′-NT), also known as ecto-5′-nucleotidase or CD73 (cluster of differentiation 73), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NT5E'' gene. CD73 commonly serves to convert AMP to adenosine.
Transcription factor bindi ...
pathway leads to an anti-inflammatory environment.
CD39 converts ATP (or ADP) to
adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), also known as 5'-adenylic acid, is a nucleotide. AMP consists of a phosphate group, the sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine; it is an ester of phosphoric acid and the nucleoside adenosine. As a substit ...
(AMP), which is converted into adenosine by CD73.
A substantial portion of the immune suppressive and anti-inflammatory activity of
regulatory T cells (Tregs) is due to the adenosine produced by the CD39/CD73 pathway, insofar as Tregs express CD39 and CD73.
Adenosine produced by the CD39/CD73 pathway can protect against
ischemia-reperfusion injury
Reperfusion injury, sometimes called ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) or reoxygenation injury, is the tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to tissue ('' re-'' + ''perfusion'') after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen (anoxia or ...
.
On the other hand, high expression and activity of CD39 and CD73 on
cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal b ...
cells can prevent the immune system from inhibiting the progression of cancer.
See also
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Cluster of differentiation
The cluster of differentiation (also known as cluster of designation or classification determinant and often abbreviated as CD) is a protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules providing targets for immunophen ...
References
Further reading
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External links
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Clusters of differentiation
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