E536

Potassium ferrocyanide is the inorganic compound with formula K₄ e(CN)₆·3H₂O. It is the potassium salt of the coordination complex e(CN)₆sup>4−. This salt forms lemon-yellow monoclinic crystals.

Synthesis

In 1752, the French chemist Pierre Joseph Macquer (1718–1784) first reported the preparation of potassium ferrocyanide, which he achieved by reacting Prussian blue (iron(III) ferrocyanide) with potassium hydroxide.

Modern production

Potassium ferrocyanide is produced industrially from hydrogen cyanide, ferrous chloride, and calcium hydroxide, the combination of which affords Ca₂ e(CN)₆·11H₂O. This solution is then treated with potassium salts to precipitate the mixed calcium-potassium salt CaK₂ e(CN)₆ which in turn is treated with potassium carbonate to give the tetrapotassium salt.

Historical production

Historically, the compound was manufactured from organic compounds containing nitrogen, iron filings, and potassium carbonate. Common nitrogen and carbon sources were torrified horn, leather scrap, offal, or dried blood. It was also obtained commercially from gasworks spent oxide (purification of city gas from hydrogen cyanide).

Chemical reactions

Treatment of potassium ferrocyanide with nitric acid gives H₂ e(NO)(CN)₅ After neutralization of this intermediate with sodium carbonate, red crystals of sodium nitroprusside can be selectively crystallized.

Upon treatment with chlorine gas, potassium ferrocyanide converts to potassium ferricyanide:
:2 K₄ e(CN)₆+ Cl₂ → 2 K₃ e(CN)₆+ 2 KCl
This reaction can be used to remove potassium ferrocyanide from a solution.

A famous reaction involves treatment with ferric salts to give Prussian blue. With the composition Fe CN)">Cyanide.html" ;"title="e(Cyanide">CN) this insoluble but deeply coloured material is the blue of blueprinting.

Applications

Potassium ferrocyanide finds many niche applications in industry. It and Sodium ferrocyanide, the related sodium salt are widely used as anticaking agents for both road salt and table salt. The potassium and sodium ferrocyanides are also used in the purification of tin and the separation of copper from molybdenum ores. Potassium ferrocyanide is used in the production of wine and citric acid.

In the EU, ferrocyanides (E 535–538) were, as of 2017, solely authorised in two food categories as salt additives. The kidneys are the organ for ferrocyanide toxicity.

It can also be used in animal feed.

In the laboratory, potassium ferrocyanide is used to determine the concentration of potassium permanganate, a compound often used in titrations based on redox reactions. Potassium ferrocyanide is used in a mixture with potassium ferricyanide and phosphate buffered solution to provide a buffer for beta-galactosidase, which is used to cleave X-Gal, giving a bright blue visualization where an antibody (or other molecule), conjugated to Beta-gal, has bonded to its target. On reacting with Fe(3) it gives a Prussian blue colour. Thus it is used as an identifying reagent for iron in labs.

Potassium ferrocyanide can be used as a fertilizer for plants.

Prior to 1900, before the invention of the Castner process, potassium ferrocyanide was the most important source of alkali metal cyanides. In this historical process, potassium cyanide was produced by decomposing potassium ferrocyanide:

K₄ e(CN)₆→ 4 KCN + FeC₂ + N₂

Structure

Like other metal cyanides, solid potassium ferrocyanide, both as the hydrate and anhydrous salts, has a complicated polymeric structure. The polymer consists of octahedral e(CN)₆sup>4− centers crosslinked with K⁺ ions that are bound to the CN ligands.Willans, M.J.; Wasylishen, R.E.; McDonald, R. "Polymorphism of potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate as studied by solid-state multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction" Inorganic Chemistry 2009, volume 48, p4342-4353 The K⁺---NC linkages break when the solid is dissolved in water.

Toxicity

Potassium ferrocyanide is nontoxic, and is not decomposed to cyanide in the body. The toxicity in rats is low, with lethal dose (LD₅₀) at 6400 mg/kg.

See also

*Ferrocyanide
* Potassium ferricyanide
* Ferricyanide

References

External links

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Potassium Ferrocyanide
Potassium compounds
Iron(II) compounds
Cyano complexes
Coordination complexes
E-number additives
Nephrotoxins
Iron complexes