Dyrrhachium (theme)

The Theme of Dyrrhachium or Dyrrhachion ( el, θέμα Δυρραχίου) was a Byzantine military-civilian province ( theme), covering the Adriatic coast of modern Albania, and some coastal regions of modern Montenegro. It was established in the early 9th century and named after its capital, Dyrrhachium (modern Durrës).

History

The exact date of the theme's establishment is unclear; a ''strategos'' of Dyrrhachium is attested in the '' Taktikon Uspensky'' of , but several seals of ''strategoi'' dating from the previous decades survive. J.B. Bury proposed its creation alongside the themes of the Peloponnese and Cephallenia in the early 9th century, with the historian Jadran Ferluga putting the date of its establishment in the reign of Emperor Nikephoros I ()... Its boundaries are not very clear. To the north, it abutted the Theme of Dalmatia and the Serbian principality of Duklja, and the Theme of Nicopolis to the south. The theme covered the coast in between, but how far inland it extended is uncertain: according to Konstantin Jireček, it reached as far as Drivast and Pulati in the north, and Berat in the centre, and bordered the Slav-inhabited lands of the Upper Devoll and Ohrid in the south. During the Byzantine–Bulgarian wars of the late 10th and early 11th centuries, the city seems to have been autonomous or at times under Bulgarian suzerainty.

From the mid-11th century on, its governor held the title of '' doux'' or ''katepano''. In 1040–1041, the troops of the theme, under their leader Tihomir, rebelled and joined the revolt of Peter Delyan.

During the late 11th and the 12th centuries, the city of Dyrrhachium and its province were of great importance to the Byzantine Empire. The city was the "key of Albania" and the main point of entry for trade but also for invaders from Italy, and was ideally placed to control the actions of the Slavic rulers of the western Balkans. Thus the ''doux'' of Dyrrhachium became the senior-most Byzantine authority throughout the western Balkan provinces. Two successive governors, Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder and Nikephoros Basilakes, used this post as a launchpad for their imperial ambitions in the late 1070s. The region also played a crucial role in the Byzantine–Norman Wars, being occupied by the Normans in 1081–1084. After its recovery, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos entrusted the command of the theme to some of his closest relatives. Nevertheless, the city magnates (''archontes'') retained considerable influence and autonomy of action throughout, and it was they who in 1205, after the sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, surrendered the city to the Venetians.

During the existence of the theme, Dyrrhachium was also the main ecclesiastical center in the region. As attested by the Notitiae Episcopatuum and other sources, local episcopal sees in the province were grouped under jurisdiction of the Metropolitanate of Dyrrhachium, that belonged to the Patriarchate of Constantinople.

List of known governors

* Unnamed ''strategos'' of Dyrrhachium during Leo Choirosphaktes' embassy to Bulgaria (896/904)
* Leo Rhabdouchos, ''protospatharios'' and ''strategos'' of Dyrrhachium in 917
* Constantine, imperial '' spatharios'' and ''strategos'' of Dyrrhachium (8th/9th-century seal)
* Niketas Pegonites, ''patrikios'' and ''strategos'' of Dyrrhachium until 1018
* Eustathios Daphnomeles, ''strategos'' of Dyrrhachium from 1018
* Basil Synadenos, ''strategos'' of Dyrrhachium until
* Michael Dermokaites, ''strategos'' of Dyrrhachium from
* Michael, ''patrikios'' and ''katepano'' of Dyrrhachium
* Perenos, '' doux'' of Dyrrhachium
* Michael Maurex, '' vestarches'' and ''katepano'' of Dyrrhachium (seal dated to the 1060s/early 1070s)
* Nikephoros Bryennios the Elder, ''doux'' of Dyrrhachium in 1075–1077
* Nikephoros Basilakes, '' protoproedros'' and ''doux'' of Dyrrhachium in 1078
* George Monomachatos, ''doux'' of Dyrrhachium in 1078–1081
* George Palaiologos, 1081
* John Doukas, ''doux'' of Dyrrhachium in 1085–1092
* John Komnenos, ''sebastos'' and ''doux'' of Dyrrhachium in 1092–1106
* Alexios Komnenos, 1106 – after 1108
* Pirogordus yrrogeorgios? ''doux'' of Dyrrhachium early in the reign of John II Komnenos and George I of Duklja
* Alexios Kontostephanos, ''doux'' of Dyrrhachium in the second quarter of the 12th century, during the reign of John II Komnenos and George I of Duklja
* Alexios Bryennios, ''doux'' of Dyrrhachium and Ohrid, probably sometime between 1148 and 1156
* Alexios Doukas, mid-12th century
* Constantine Doukas,
* Unnamed ''doux'' of Dyrrhachium in 1203

References

Sources

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{{Byzantine themes in De Thematibus

History of Durrës
Themes of the Byzantine Empire
Albania under the Byzantine Empire
Medieval Montenegro
States and territories established in the 9th century
States and territories disestablished in the 13th century