Duke Huan of Tian Qi (; 400–357 BC) was from 374 to 357 BC ruler of the

State of Qi Qi, or Ch'i in Wade–Giles romanization, was a state of the Zhou dynasty-era in ancient China, variously reckoned as a march, duchy, and independent kingdom. Its capital was Linzi, located in present-day Shandong. Qi was founded sh ...

, a major power during the

Warring States period The Warring States period () was an era in ancient Chinese history characterized by warfare, as well as bureaucratic and military reforms and consolidation. It followed the Spring and Autumn period and concluded with the Qin wars of conquest ...

of ancient China. Duke Huan's personal name was Tian Wu (田午), and

ancestral name In some cultures, a surname, family name, or last name is the portion of one's personal name that indicates one's family, tribe or community. Practices vary by culture. The family name may be placed at either the start of a person's full name ...

Gui ( 媯). His official posthumous title was simply Duke Huan of Qi, but he is commonly called Duke Huan of Tian Qi to be distinguished from the original Duke Huan of Qi from the House of Jiang, who was the first of the

Five Hegemons The Five Hegemons () refers to several especially powerful rulers of Chinese states of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history (770 to 476 BCE), sometimes alternatively referred to as the "Age of Hegemons". There are various lists of five ...

of the Spring and Autumn period.

Reign

Duke Huan was born in 400 BC, during the reign of Duke Kang, the last Qi ruler from the House of Jiang. In 386 BC Duke Kang was deposed by Duke Huan's father

Duke Tai of Tian Qi Duke Tai of Tian Qi (; died 384 BC) was from 386 to 384 BC ruler of the State of Qi, a major power during the Warring States period of ancient China. He was the first Qi ruler from the House of Tian, replacing the House of Jiang that had ruled ...

, the first Qi ruler from the House of Tian. Duke Tai died in 384 BC and was succeeded by his son

Tian Yan Yan, Marquis of Tian (; died 375 BC) was from 383 to 375 BC ruler of the State of Qi, a major power during the Warring States period of ancient China. His personal name was Tián Yǎn (田剡), and ancestral name Gui ( 媯). Reign Yan's father ...

, Duke Huan's elder brother. In 375 BC Duke Huan murdered Tian Yan and his son Tian Xi, and usurped the throne.'' Annals of Wei'', '' Bamboo Annals'' (in Chinese). Duke Huan ruled through a period of war and instability. In the first five years of his reign, Qi was invaded by the states of Lu, Wei, Wey, and Zhao on separate occasions. And besides murdering his brother and nephew, the '' Bamboo Annals'' also records that he killed his mother in the 11th year of his reign. Although his grandson King Xuan is generally credited with the establishment of the Jixia Academy, other Chinese sources trace it to Duke Huan.Makeham, John.
Name and Actuality in Early Chinese Thought
', p. 249. SUNY Press, 1994. . Duke Huan reigned for 18 years and died in 357 BC, at the age of 43. He was succeeded by his son Tian Yinqi, under whose reign Qi would become the most powerful state of China. Yinqi would also be the first ruler to declare himself King of Qi, and is posthumously known as

King Wei of Qi King Wei of Qi (), whose personal name was Tian Yinqi (田因齊), was the king of the northern Chinese state of Qi during the Warring States period, when Qi was one of the most powerful states in China. He reigned from 356 to 320 BC. or accordin ...

Mausoleum

Duke Huan's mausoleum is located on the Dingzu Mountain (鼎足山) near Qiling Town, in

Linzi District Linzi District () is a district of the prefecture-level city of Zibo, in central Shandong province, China. Located near the Shengli Oil Field, Linzi's economy is driven by petro-chemical refinery. Wheat, corn and cotton are cultivated in the r ...

Zibo Zibo (, ) is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, China. It borders the provincial capital Jinan to the west, Tai'an to the southwest, Linyi to the south, Weifang to the east, Dongying to the northeast, and Binzhou to the ...

, Shandong, near the ancient Qi capital Linzi. There are two hill-like tombs built on the same platform. Together they measure from north to south, from east to west, and high. The area is called Two Kings' Cemetery (二王冢), and had been for 2,000 years thought to be the tombs of earlier Duke Huan of Qi and Duke Jing of Qi. However, archaeologists have concluded that they are in fact the tombs of Duke Huan of Tian Qi and Yan, Duke of Qi, the brother he had murdered. All seven known mausoleums of Tian Qi rulers are now protected as a National Historical and Cultural Site. Since 2008 they have been included in the tentative list of UNESCO

World Heritage Sites A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Heritage Sites are designated by UNESCO for ...

as part of the ancient Qi capital and mausoleum complex.

Family

Sons: * Prince Yinqi (; 378–320 BC), ruled as

from 356–320 BC

Ancestry

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Huan of Tian Qi, Duke Monarchs of Qi (state) 4th-century BC Chinese monarchs 400 BC births 357 BC deaths