Droungarios

A ''droungarios'', also spelled ''drungarios'' ( el, δρουγγάριος, la, drungarius) and sometimes anglicized as Drungary, was a military rank of the late Roman and Byzantine empires, signifying the commander of a formation known as '' droungos''.

Late Roman and Byzantine army

Latin-speakers adopted the word ''drungus'' - first attested in the early 4th century - either from Gaulish or from a Germanic language. In the late 6th century, the Emperor Maurice (r. 582–602) in his '' Strategikon'' used ''droungos'' to refer to a specific tactical deployment, usually of cavalry, although still in the general sense of "grouping, division".

The term ''droungarios'' (Greek: δρουγγάριος) is not documented before the early 7th century but might have been used as an informal or unofficial designation before that date. The office and the corresponding unit appear to have initially referred to ''ad hoc'' arrangements, but during the early 7th century these were formalized, like much of the Eastern Roman army's rank structure.

In the new military-administrative theme system, every major division, called a '' thema'' (Greek: θέμα), was further divided into ''tourmai''. Each ''tourma'' was divided into ''moirai'' (Greek: μοίραι) or ''droungoi''. Which in turn were composed of several '' banda''. Thus each ''moira'' or ''droungos'' was the analogue of a modern regiment or brigade, initially circa 1000 men strong (and hence also referred to as a ''chiliarchia''), although on occasion it could rise to 3000 men. Emperor Leo VI the Wise (r. 886–912) is recorded as having established ''droungoi'' of only 400 men for the new smaller themes.

The rank of ''droungarios'' was one of the lowest military ranks that carried an accompanying court title, ranging from ''hypatos'' to '' vestētōr''.

''Droungarios'' of the Watch

The commander of the elite '' Vigla'' regiment (one of the '' tagmata'') bore the rank of ''droungarios tēs viglēs'' (). The first mention of this office occurs in 791. The ''Vigla'' regiment was responsible for guarding the Byzantine emperor on campaign. The close proximity to the Byzantine emperor made the office extremely important, and in the 10th and 11th centuries it was held by a number of leading aristocratic families.

After circa 1030, this office also assumed significant judicial responsibilities, since its holder became the president of the imperial court of the ''Vēlon'', housed at the "Covered Hippodrome" adjoining the imperial palace, in which capacity it survived until the end of the Byzantine Empire. The prefix ''megas'' ("grand") was added to the title, reflecting the fact that in the Komnenian period, its holders, men like Andronikos Kamateros, were among the Byzantine emperor's senior aides.
.

Byzantine navy

The rank of ''droungarios'' was also used in the Byzantine navy to designate its admirals. The ''droungarios tou asilikouploïmou'' () was the commander of the central Imperial Fleet, based at and around Constantinople.

The provincial ("thematic") fleets were also commanded by a ''droungarios'' (although it was later replaced by the more exalted rank of '' strategos''), to whose title was added the name of the ''thema'' under his command, e.g. ''droungarios tōn Kibyrrhaiōtōn'' (, one of the subordinate admirals of the Cibyrrhaeot Theme). The position of the ''droungarios tou ploïmou'' first occurs in the so-called ''Taktikon Uspensky'' of circa 842, and the exact date of its establishment is unclear.

The ''droungarios'' of the Imperial Fleet was raised to the rank of ''megas droungarios ou stolou' ("Grand Drungary f the Fleet) in the 11th century, acting as commander-in-chief of the entire Byzantine navy, until he was replaced in this task by the '' megas doux'' in the 1090s. The office of ''megas droungarios'' of the fleet continued to exist, in a subordinate position, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire. The variant rank of ''droungarokomēs'' (Greek: δρουγγαροκόμης) also existed, signifying a count (''komēs'') in command of a squadron of warships.

See also

* Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy

References

Sources

*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Byzantine navy
Naval ranks
Byzantine military offices
{{italic title