Dothraki language

The Dothraki language is a constructed fictional language in George R. R. Martin's fantasy novel series ''A Song of Ice and Fire'' and its television adaptation ''Game of Thrones''. It is spoken by the Dothraki, a nomadic people in the series's fictional world. The language was developed for the TV series by the language creator David J. Peterson, working off the Dothraki words and phrases in Martin's novels.

, the language comprised 3163 words, not all of which have been made public. In 2012, 146 newborn girls in the United States were named "Khaleesi", the Dothraki term for the wife of a ''khal'' or ruler, and the title adopted in the series by Daenerys Targaryen. Dothraki and Valyrian have been described by ''The Economist'' as "the most convincing fictional tongues since Elvish".

Development

The Dothraki vocabulary was created by David J. Peterson well in advance of the adaptation. HBO hired the Language Creation Society to create the language, and after an application process involving over 30 conlangers, Peterson was chosen to develop the Dothraki language. He delivered over 1700 words to HBO before the initial shooting. Peterson drew inspiration from George R. R. Martin's description of the language, as well as from such languages as Estonian, Inuktitut, Turkish, Russian, and Swahili.

David J. Peterson and his development of the Dothraki language were featured on an April 8, 2012 episode of CNN's '' The Next List''. He went on to create the Valyrian languages for season 3 of ''Game of Thrones''. Peterson and his development of Dothraki were also featured on the January 8, 2017 episode of '' To Tell the Truth''.

Language constraints

The Dothraki language was developed under two significant constraints. First, the language had to match the uses already put down in the books. Secondly, it had to be easily pronounceable or learnable by the actors. These two constraints influenced the grammar and phonology of the language: for instance, as in English, there is no contrast between aspirated and unaspirated stops.

Phonology and romanization

David Peterson has said, "You know, most people probably don't really know what Arabic actually sounds like, so to an untrained ear, it might sound like Arabic. To someone who knows Arabic, it doesn't. I tend to think of the sound as a mix between Arabic (minus the distinctive pharyngeals) and Spanish, due to the dental consonants."

Regarding the orthography, the Dothraki themselves do not have a writing system—nor do many of the surrounding peoples (e.g., the Lhazareen). If there were to be any written examples of Dothraki in the ''A Song of Ice and Fire'' universe, it would be in a writing system developed in the Free Cities and adapted to Dothraki, or in some place like Ghis or Qarth, which do have writing systems.

Consonants

There are 23 consonant phonemes in the Dothraki language. In the following IPA chart, each sound in Dothraki is given with approximate English equivalent in brackets.

The letters and do not appear in Dothraki, although appears in the digraph .

and seem to appear only in names, as in ''Pono'' and ''Bharbo''. These consonants were used in the past but have since developed into and . They can still be used as variants of and .

Voiceless stops may be aspirated. This does not change word meaning.

The geminates of consonants marked with digraphs have a reduced orthography:
* represents (not )
* represents (not )
* represents (not )
* represents (not )

Vowels

Dothraki has a four vowel system shown below:

There are no diphthongs.

In the ''A Song of Ice and Fire'' books, never occurs as a vowel, appearing only after , and only in names, as in ''Jhiqui'' and ''Quaro''.

In sequence of multiple vowels, each such vowel represents a separate syllable. Examples: ''shierak'' ('star'), ''rhaesh'' ('country'), ''khaleesi'' ('queen').

The vowels are realized as after . turns into after dental consonants. can be pronounced as after .

Grammar

Parts of speech

Though prepositions are also sometimes employed, the language is foremost inflectional. Prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes are all used. Verbs conjugate in infinitive, past, present, future, two imperatives and (archaic) participle; they also agree with person, number and polarity. Nouns divide into two classes, inanimate and animate. They decline in five cases, nominative, accusative, genitive, allative and ablative. Animate nouns also decline according to number.

Word order

The basic word order is SVO ( subject–verb–object). In a basic sentence, the order of these elements (when all three are present) is as in English: first comes the subject (S), followed by the verb (V), and then the object (O).

When only a subject is present, the subject precedes the verb, as it does in English:

In noun phrases, there is a specific order as well. The order is as follows:

In prepositional phrases, prepositions always precede their noun complements.

Further examples of demonstratives include:

Further examples of adjectives include:

Adverbs normally are sentence final, but they can also immediately follow the verb. Modal particles precede the verb.

In the episode " Andy's Ancestry" from the United States television show ''The Office'', Dwight Schrute created the Dothraki phrase "throat rip" by putting "throat" in the accusative and placing it in front of the transitive verb. Compounds of this sort are a form of object incorporation. Peterson adopted this technique and called it the "Schrutean compound".

Sample

References

{{Constructed languages

2009 introductions
A Song of Ice and Fire
Constructed languages introduced in the 2000s
Constructed languages
Fictional languages
Subject–verb–object languages