Dimethylsulfoniopropionate

Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), is an organosulfur compound with the formula (CH₃)₂S⁺CH₂CH₂COO⁻. This zwitterionic metabolite can be found in marine phytoplankton, seaweeds, and some species of terrestrial and aquatic vascular plants. It functions as an osmolyte as well as several other physiological and environmental roles have also been identified. DMSP was first identified in the marine red alga '' Polysiphonia fastigiata''.

Biosynthesis

In higher plants, DMSP is biosynthesized from ''S''-methylmethionine. Two intermediates in this conversion are dimethylsulfoniumpropylamine and dimethylsulfoniumpropionaldehyde. In algae, however, the biosynthesis starts with the replacement of the amino group in methionine by hydroxide.

Degradation

DMSP is broken down by marine microbes to form two major volatile sulfur products, each with distinct effects on the environment. One of its breakdown products is methanethiol (CH₃SH), which is assimilated by bacteria into protein sulfur. Another volatile breakdown product is dimethyl sulfide (CH₃SCH₃; DMS). There is evidence that DMS in seawater can be produced by cleavage of dissolved (extracellular) DMSP by the enzyme DMSP- lyase, although many non-marine species of bacteria convert methanethiol to DMS.

DMS is also taken up by marine bacteria, but not as rapidly as methanethiol. Although DMS usually consists of less than 25% of the volatile breakdown products of DMSP, the high reactivity of methanethiol makes the steady-state DMS concentrations in seawater approximately 10 times those of methanethiol (~3  nM vs. ~0.3 nM). Curiously, there have never been any published correlations between the concentrations of DMS and methanethiol. This is probably due to the non-linear abiotic and microbial uptake of methanethiol in seawater, and the comparatively low reactivity of DMS. However, a significant portion of DMS in seawater is oxidized to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).

Relevant to global climate, DMS is thought to play a role in the Earth's heat budget by decreasing the amount of solar radiation that reaches the Earth's surface. This occurs through degradation of DMS in the atmosphere into hygroscopic compounds that condense water vapor leading to the formation of clouds.

DMSP has also been implicated in influencing the taste and odour characteristics of various products. For example, although DMSP is odourless and tasteless, it is accumulated at high levels in some marine herbivores or filter feeders. Increased growth rates, vigour and stress resistance among animals cultivated on such diets have been reported. DMS, is responsible for repellent, 'off' tastes and odours that develop in some seafood products because of the action of bacterial DMSP-lyase, which cogenerates acrylate.

Further reading

*{{cite book, author=Kenji Nakajima, chapter=Amelioration Effect of a Tertiary Sulfonium Compound, Dimethylsulfoniopropionate, pages=205–238, editor=S.-K. Kim, title=Handbook of Anticancer Drugs from Marine Origin, publisher=Springer, doi=10.1007/978-3-319-07145-9_11, year=2015, isbn=978-3-319-07144-2

See also

* CLAW hypothesis, proposing a feedback loop that operates between ocean ecosystems and the Earth's climate
* Coccolithophore, a group of marine unicellular planktonic photosynthetic algae, producer of DMSP
* Dimethyl sulfide, a breakdown product of DMSP along with methanethiol
* Dimethyl selenide, a selenium analogue of DMS produced by bacteria and phytoplankton
* ''Emiliania huxleyi'', a coccolithophorid producing DMSP

References

External links

DMS and Climate

Sulfonium compounds
Carboxylate anions
Planktology
Zwitterions