Disaster of Yongjia in 311, local ethnic groups resisted full subjugation and the central government lost its jurisdiction.
In 564, Feng
Zhou () was formed after the native ruler Tian Sihe () made agreements with the
Northern Zhou Empire (557–581). Ten years later it was renamed "Qian Zhou" ().
After China was reunified during the
Sui dynasty
The Sui dynasty (, ) was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China that lasted from 581 to 618. The Sui unified the Northern and Southern dynasties, thus ending the long period of division following the fall of the Western Jin dynasty, and la ...
(589–618), Xin'an County () was formed and under the administration of Mingyang Commandery ().
Under the
Tang dynasty
The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, t= ), or Tang Empire, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an Zhou dynasty (690–705), interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dyn ...
(618–907), its name was replaced by "Xinning County" () and under the administration of Yi Zhou (). It came under the jurisdiction of Qian Zhou () in 673, Zhen Zhou () in 642 and later Zhen Zhou () in 807. After the fall of Tang dynasty, the central government lost its jurisdiction again.
In 965, the native leader Tian Jingqian () paid allegiance to the
Emperor Taizong, who declared the new Qiande period of the
Song dynasty
The Song dynasty (; ; 960–1279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou. The Song conquered the res ...
(960–1279) five years ago. Its name was changed to Gao Zhou () in 968 and restored the former name "Zhen Zhou" () in 1108. In 1274, it was under jurisdiction of Bo Zhou ().
In 1363,
Ming Yuzhen
Ming Yuzhen (; 2 October 1328 – 17 March 1366) was a peasant rebel leader who established the dynasty of Ming Xia during the late Yuan dynasty in China.
Ming was born in Suizhou (today Sui County, Hubei) in a farmer family. He changed the ...
founded the
Ming Xia
The Ming Xia (1363–1371), officially the Great Xia, was a short-lived Chinese dynasty in modern Sichuan and Chongqing during the chaotic late Yuan dynasty. It was founded by the Red Turban rebel general Ming Yuzhen whose army expelled Yuan loya ...
in southwest China during the chaotic late
Yuan dynasty
The Yuan dynasty (), officially the Great Yuan (; xng, , , literally "Great Yuan State"), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division. It was established by Kublai, the fif ...
(1271–1368), the name was changed to "Zhen Zhou" ().
In 1372, Yang Keng (), the top local official, paid allegiance to
Hongwu Emperor
The Hongwu Emperor (21 October 1328 – 24 June 1398), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang (), courtesy name Guorui (), was the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty of China, reigning from 1368 to 1398.
As famine, plagues and peasant revolts i ...
, who set up the
Ming dynasty
The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...
(1368–1644) four years ago. It came under the jurisdiction of Sichuan ''Buzhengshisi'' () and later Guizhou ''Buzhengshisi'' () in 1382. In 1600, local government known as "Bozhou Xuanweisi" () rose in rebellion against the central government.
Wanli Emperor
The Wanli Emperor (; 4 September 1563 – 18 August 1620), personal name Zhu Yijun (), was the 14th Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigned from 1572 to 1620. "Wanli", the era name of his reign, literally means "ten thousand calendars". He was th ...
sent troops to pacify the rebellion. Zhen'an Zhou () was split from "Bozhou Xuanweisi" after the rebellion was suppressed.
In 1724, in the ruling of
Yongzheng Emperor
The Yongzheng Emperor (13 December 1678 – 8 October 1735), also known by his temple name Emperor Shizong of Qing, born Yinzhen, was the fourth Emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the third Qing emperor to rule over China proper. He reigned from ...
of the
Qing dynasty
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speak ...
(1644–1911), it was renamed "Zheng'an Zhou" ().
In July 1914, Zheng'an Zhou was revoked and Daozhen County was set up.
On December 21, 1949, the Communists took over Daozhen County. It came under the jurisdiction of Zunyi Special District (). In December 1958, Daozhen County was revoked and merged into
Zheng'an County
Zheng'an County () is a county in the north of Guizhou province, China, bordering Chongqing
Chongqing ( or ; ; Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ), alternately romanized as Chungking (), is a municipality in ...
. Daozhen County was restored in August 1961. In November 1987 it became an
autonomous county
Autonomous counties () and autonomous banners () are county-level autonomous administrative divisions of China. The two are essentially identical except in name.
There are 117 autonomous counties and three autonomous banners. The latter are ...
known as "Daozhen Gelao and Miao Autonomous County" approved by the State Council of China.
Administrative division
As of January 2016, Daozhen Gelao and Miao Autonomous County has one subdistrict, eleven towns, one ethnic township and two townships under its jurisdiction. The county seat is
Yinzhen Subdistrict.
Geography
Daozhen Gelao and Miao Autonomous County is located in northern Guizhou province. Daozhen Gelao and Miao Autonomous County shares a border with
Chongqing
Chongqing ( or ; ; Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ), alternately romanized as Chungking (), is a municipality in Southwest China. The official abbreviation of the city, "" (), was approved by the State Co ...
on the north,
Zheng'an County
Zheng'an County () is a county in the north of Guizhou province, China, bordering Chongqing
Chongqing ( or ; ; Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ), alternately romanized as Chungking (), is a municipality in ...
on the southwest, and
Wuchuan Gelao and Miao Autonomous County on the southeast. The county has a combined area of , of which is land and is covered by water.
Climate
Daozhen Gelao and Miao Autonomous County is in the subtropical humid monsoon climate zone, with an average annual temperature of , total annual rainfall of , a frost-free period of 270 days and annual average sunshine hours in 1059.9 hours.
Rivers
There are 45 rivers and streams in the county. The major rivers are Furong River (), Mei River (), Sanjiang River (), and Luolong River ().
Mountains
There are more than 26 mountains over above sea level in Daozhen Gelao and Miao Autonomous County. Mazhuayan () is the highest point in the county, which, at above sea level. The second highest point in the tcounty is Mopanshi () which stands above sea level.
Natural resources
Daozhen Gelao and Miao Autonomous County is rich in natural resources. There are nearly 20 kinds of mineral resources, such as
coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Coal is formed when ...
,
oil shale
Oil shale is an organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds) from which liquid hydrocarbons can be produced. In addition to kerogen, general composition of oil shales constitut ...
,
aluminium
Aluminium (aluminum in American and Canadian English) is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13. Aluminium has a density lower than those of other common metals, at approximately one third that of steel. It ha ...
,
iron
Iron () is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from la, ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is, by mass, the most common element on Earth, right in ...
,
lead
Lead is a chemical element with the symbol Pb (from the Latin ) and atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and also has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, ...
,
zinc
Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. Zinc is a slightly brittle metal at room temperature and has a shiny-greyish appearance when oxidation is removed. It is the first element in group 12 (IIB) of the periodi ...
,
silver
Silver is a chemical element with the symbol Ag (from the Latin ', derived from the Proto-Indo-European ''h₂erǵ'': "shiny" or "white") and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical ...
,
gypsum
Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula . It is widely mined and is used as a fertilizer and as the main constituent in many forms of plaster, blackboard or sidewalk chalk, and drywa ...
,
calcite
Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is a very common mineral, particularly as a component of limestone. Calcite defines hardness 3 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, based on scratc ...
, etc. Coal reserves reached 116 million tons, making it became one of the "four coal fields in Zunyi".
Fauna
There are more than 400 species of
terrestrial vertebrates in Daozhen Gelao and Miao Autonomous County. Among them, there are four kinds of national first-class protected wild animals, including
françois' langur
François' langur (''Trachypithecus francoisi''), also known as Francois' leaf monkey, the Tonkin leaf monkey, or the white side-burned black langur is a species of lutung and the type species of its species group. It is one of the least studied ...
,
musk deer
Musk deer can refer to any one, or all seven, of the species that make up ''Moschus'', the only extant genus of the family Moschidae. Despite being commonly called deer, they are not true deer belonging to the family Cervidae, but rather their f ...
,
leopard
The leopard (''Panthera pardus'') is one of the five extant species in the genus '' Panthera'', a member of the cat family, Felidae. It occurs in a wide range in sub-Saharan Africa, in some parts of Western and Central Asia, Southern Russia, ...
, and
clouded leopard
The clouded leopard (''Neofelis nebulosa''), also called the mainland clouded leopard, is a wild cat inhabiting dense forests from the foothills of the Himalayas through mainland Southeast Asia into South China. In the early 19th century, a ...
, and more than 30 kinds of national second-class protected wild animals, such as
macaque
The macaques () constitute a genus (''Macaca'') of gregarious Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. The 23 species of macaques inhabit ranges throughout Asia, North Africa, and (in one instance) Gibraltar. Macaques are principall ...
,
Tibetan macaque
The Tibetan macaque (''Macaca thibetana''), also known as the Chinese stump-tailed macaque or Milne-Edwards' macaque, is a macaque species found from eastern Tibet east to Guangdong and north to Shaanxi in China. It has also been reported fr ...
,
large Indian civet
The large Indian civet (''Viverra zibetha'') is a viverrid native to South and Southeast Asia. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. The global population is considered decreasing mainly because of trapping-driven declines in hea ...
,
pangolin
Pangolins, sometimes known as scaly anteaters, are mammals of the order Pholidota (, from Ancient Greek ϕολιδωτός – "clad in scales"). The one extant family, the Manidae, has three genera: '' Manis'', ''Phataginus'', and '' Smuts ...
and
golden pheasant
The golden pheasant (''Chrysolophus pictus''), also known as the Chinese pheasant, and rainbow pheasant, is a gamebird of the order Galliformes (gallinaceous birds) and the family Phasianidae (pheasants). The genus name is from Ancient Greek ...
.
Flora
Daozhen Gelao and Miao Autonomous County has more than 100 species of wild plants of which 30 have state protection, such as
Cathaya
''Cathaya'' is a genus in the pine family, Pinaceae, with one known living species, ''Cathaya argyrophylla''. ''Cathaya'' is a member of the subfamily Laricoideae, most closely related to ''Pseudotsuga'' and ''Larix''. A second species, ''C. na ...
,
Davidia involucrata
''Davidia involucrata'', the dove-tree, handkerchief tree, pocket handkerchief tree, or ghost tree, is a medium-sized deciduous tree in the family Nyssaceae. It is the only living species in the genus ''Davidia''. It was previously included wi ...
,
Ginkgo biloba
''Ginkgo biloba'', commonly known as ginkgo or gingko ( ), also known as the maidenhair tree, is a species of tree native to China. It is the last living species in the order Ginkgoales, which first appeared over 290 million years ago. Fossils ...
,
Taxus chinensis
''Taxus chinensis'' is a species of yew. It is commonly called the Chinese yew, though this term also refers to '' Taxus celebica'' or ''Taxus sumatrana''.
This plant is used to produce medicines for cancer treatment, including Paclitaxel and T ...
,
Cunninghamia lanceolata
''Cunninghamia lanceolata'' is a species of tree in the cypress family, Cupressaceae. It is native to south-central and southeast China. Ornamentally ''C. lanceolata'' is commonly planted as a specimen tree in temperate zones.
Taxonomy
'' Cun ...
,
Cinnamomum camphora
''Camphora officinarum'' is a species of evergreen tree that is commonly known under the names camphor tree, camphorwood or camphor laurel.
Description
''Camphora officinarum'' is native to China south of the Yangtze River, Taiwan, southern ...
, etc.
Demographics
Population
As of 2018, there were 352,149 people, including 234,678 rural population and 117,471 urban population.
Language
Mandarin is the official language.
Religion
The Gelao and Miao people believe in
animism
Animism (from Latin: ' meaning ' breath, spirit, life') is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence. Potentially, animism perceives all things— animals, plants, rocks, rivers, weather syst ...
and worship ancestors.
Buddhism
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...
and
Taoism
Taoism (, ) or Daoism () refers to either a school of philosophical thought (道家; ''daojia'') or to a religion (道教; ''daojiao''), both of which share ideas and concepts of Chinese origin and emphasize living in harmony with the '' Ta ...
was introduced into Daozhen Gelao and Miao Autonomous County after the conquest of
Song dynasty
The Song dynasty (; ; 960–1279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou. The Song conquered the res ...
(960–1279).
Tourism
Daozhen Gelao and Miao Autonomous County touts many attractions, including the Fairy Cave (), Dashahe Provincial Nature Reserve () and Luolong National Ecological Park ().
Notable people
* Liu Jiahua (), politician.
* Xiong Xianyu (), PLA military officer.
References
Bibliography
*
External links
{{DEFAULTSORT:Daozhen Gelao And Miao Autonomous County
County-level divisions of Guizhou
Gelao autonomous counties
Miao autonomous counties
Administrative divisions of Zunyi