Danylo King of Rus
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Daniel of Galicia ( uk, Данило Романович (Галицький), Danylo Romanovych (Halytskyi); Old Ruthenian: Данило Романовичъ, ''Danylo Romanovyčъ''; pl, Daniel I Romanowicz Halicki; 1201 – 1264) was a King of Ruthenia, Prince ( Kniaz) of
Galicia Galicia may refer to: Geographic regions * Galicia (Spain), a region and autonomous community of northwestern Spain ** Gallaecia, a Roman province ** The post-Roman Kingdom of the Suebi, also called the Kingdom of Gallaecia ** The medieval King ...
(''Halych'') (1205–1255), Peremyshl (1211), and Volodymyr (1212–1231). He was crowned by a papal
archbishop In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church, there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdi ...
in Dorohochyn in 1253 as the first King of Ruthenia (1253–1264).


Biography

He was also known as Danylo Romanovych. In 1205, after the death of his father, Roman II Mstyslavich, the ruler of Galicia–Volhynia, the
boyar A boyar or bolyar was a member of the highest rank of the Feudalism, feudal nobility in many Eastern European states, including Kievan Rus', Bulgarian Empire, Bulgaria, Russian nobility, Russia, Boyars of Moldavia and Wallachia, Wallachia and ...
s of Galicia forced the four-year-old Daniel into exile with his mother Anna of Byzantium and brother Vasylko Romanovich. After the boyars proclaimed one of their own as prince in 1213, the
Poles Poles,, ; singular masculine: ''Polak'', singular feminine: ''Polka'' or Polish people, are a West Slavic nation and ethnic group, who share a common history, culture, the Polish language and are identified with the country of Poland in Ce ...
and Hungarians invaded the principality, ostensibly to support the claims of young Daniel and Vasylko, and divided it between themselves. In 1219, he renounced his claims to
Galicia Galicia may refer to: Geographic regions * Galicia (Spain), a region and autonomous community of northwestern Spain ** Gallaecia, a Roman province ** The post-Roman Kingdom of the Suebi, also called the Kingdom of Gallaecia ** The medieval King ...
in favor of his father-in-law Mstislav the Bold. In 1221, Daniel re-established his rule over Volhynia, where the boyars and populace had remained loyal to his dynasty. In 1234, he defeated Alexander Vsevolodovich, taking the Duchy of Belz. By 1238, he had defeated former Dobrzyń Knights at Drohiczyn (Dorohochyn), and regained most of Galicia, including the capital Halych. While the Prussians were under pressure from the Teutonic Order, Daniel attempted to conquer related Yatvingians.


Mongol invasion

The following year, with the advancing Mongols,
Michael Michael may refer to: People * Michael (given name), a given name * Michael (surname), including a list of people with the surname Michael Given name "Michael" * Michael (archangel), ''first'' of God's archangels in the Jewish, Christian an ...
, Grand Prince of Kyiv, who was married to Daniel's sister, ran out of Kyiv and asked Daniel for help. Daniel dispatch his '' voivode'',
Dmytro Dmytro ( uk, Дмитро́, Dmytró, ) is a Ukrainian name, derived from the Greek Demetrios. Nicknames of the name Dmytro include: Dima, Dimochka, Dimula, Dimusha, Dimusya, Metro (particularly in Canada), Mitya, Mitenka, Mityai, Mityaychik, Mityus ...
, to defend the city. However, after a long siege, its walls were breached and, despite fierce fighting within the city, Kyiv fell on 6 December 1240 and was largely destroyed. A year later, the Mongols passed through Galicia and Volhynia while campaigning against the Poles and Hungarians, destroying Galicia. On 17 August 1245, Daniel defeated a combined force of the Prince of Chernigov, disaffected boyars, and Hungarian and Polish elements at
Yaroslav Yaroslav () is a Slavic peoples, Slavic given name. Its variant spelling is Jaroslav and Iaroslav, and its feminine form is Yaroslava. The surname derived from the name is Yaroslavsky (disambiguation), Yaroslavsky and its variants. All may refer to: ...
and finally took the remainder of Galicia, thus reconstituting his father's holdings. He made his brother Vasylko ruler of Volhynia and retained the Galician title for himself, though he continued to exercise real powers in both places. Daniel's domestic policies focused on stability and economic growth. During his rule,
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...
,
Polish Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Poles, people from Poland or of Polish descent * Polish chicken *Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwr ...
, and Rus' merchants and artisans were invited into Galicia, and numbers of Armenians and Jews established themselves in the towns and cities. Daniel founded the towns of Lviv (1256) (naming the former for his son) and Kholm, and fortified many others. He appointed officials to protect the peasantry from aristocratic exploitation and formed peasant-based heavy infantry units. Yet Daniel's successes and his failed defense of Kyiv attracted the further attention of the Mongols. In 1246, he was summoned to the capital of the Golden Horde at Sarai on the Volga River and was forced to accept Mongol overlordship. According to the Ukrainian historian Orest Subtelny, Daniel was handed a cup of fermented mare's milk by the Mongol
khan Khan may refer to: *Khan (inn), from Persian, a caravanserai or resting-place for a travelling caravan *Khan (surname), including a list of people with the name *Khan (title), a royal title for a ruler in Mongol and Turkic languages and used by ...
Batu and told to get used to it, as "you are one of ours now." They exchanged hostages whereby 100 families of
Keraites The Keraites (also ''Kerait, Kereit, Khereid''; ; ) were one of the five dominant Mongol or Turkic tribal confederations (khanates) in the Altai-Sayan region during the 12th century. They had converted to the Church of the East (Nestorianism) i ...
were re-settled in Carpathian Galicia. According to James Chambers, the following dialogue took place between Batu and Daniel of Galicia: ''At a banquet Batu asked if he drank kumiz like the Mongols and Daniel answered: "Until now I did not, but now I do as you command and I drink it." To which Batu replied: "You are now one of ours," and since he was more used to it ordered that Daniel be given a goblet of wine.'' While formally accepting the Mongols as overlords, and supplying them with soldiers as required, Daniel built a foreign policy around opposition to the Golden Horde. He established cordial relations with the rulers of the Kingdom of Poland and Kingdom of Hungary, and requested aid from Pope Innocent IV in the form of a
crusade The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were i ...
. In return for papal assistance, Daniel offered to place his lands under the ecclesiastical authority of Rome, a pledge never realised. Wooed by the prospect of extending his authority, the Pope encouraged Daniel's resistance to the Mongols and his Western orientation, and in 1253, had a papal representative crown Daniel at Dorohochyn on the Bug River. Danylo wanted more than recognition, however, and commented bitterly that he expected an army when he received the crown. The following year, Daniel repelled Mongol assaults led by Orda's son, Kuremsa, on Ponyzia and Volhynia and dispatched an expedition with the aim of taking Kyiv. Despite initial successes, in 1259, a Mongol force under
Burundai Boroldai (or Burulday, Borolday), also known as Burundai, (Cyrillic: ''Боролдай'') (died 1262) was a notable Mongol general of the mid 13th century. He participated in the Mongol invasion of Russia and Europe in 1236-1242. The clan of Borol ...
and
Nogai Khan Nogai, or Noğay (; also spelled Nogay, Nogaj, Nohai, Nokhai, Noqai, Ngoche, Noche, Kara Nokhai, and Isa Nogai; died 1299/1300) was a general and kingmaker of the Golden Horde and a great-great-grandson of Genghis Khan. His grandfather was Bo'al/ ...
entered Galicia and Volhynia and offered an ultimatum: Daniel was to destroy his fortifications or Burundai would assault the towns. Daniel complied and pulled down the city walls. In the last years of his reign, Daniel engaged in dynastic politics, marrying a son and a daughter to the offspring of Mindaugas of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and acquiring territorial concessions in Poland from the latter. Another daughter of his, Ustynia, was married to Prince
Andrey Yaroslavich Kniaz, Prince Andrey II Yaroslavich (Андрей Ярославич) ( 1222 – 1264) was the third son of Yaroslav II of Vladimir, Yaroslav II who succeeded his uncle Sviatoslav Vsevolodovich of Vladimir, Svyatoslav III as the Grand Duke of Vl ...
of Vladimir-Suzdal. He also arranged for the marriage of his son Roman to Gertrude, the
Babenberg The House of Babenberg was a noble dynasty of Austrian Dukes and Margraves. Originally from Bamberg in the Duchy of Franconia (present-day Bavaria), the Babenbergs ruled the imperial Margraviate of Austria from its creation in 976 AD until its e ...
heiress, but was unsuccessful in his bid to have him placed on the ducal throne of Austria. By his death in 1264, Daniel had reconstructed and expanded the territories held by his father, held off the expansionist threats of Poland and Hungary, minimized Mongol influence on Western Ukraine, and raised the economic and social standards of his domains. He was succeeded in Galicia by his son Lev.


Honours

A monument to him was erected in 1998 in Halych, 2001 in Lviv, and 2002 in Ternopil.
Lviv Danylo Halytskyi International Airport Lviv Danylo Halytskyi International Airport ( ua, Міжнародний аеропорт "Львів" імені Данила Галицького) is an international airport in Lviv, Ukraine. The airport is second largest and busiest airport ...
is named after him.
Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University ( la, Universitatis Medicinalis Leopoliensis), ( uk, Львiвський Національний Медичний Унiверситет iм. Данила Галицького) — formerly known ...
One of the Oldest and Prime Medical Institute of Ukraine is named after him. On 7 September 2011 the parliament of Ukraine ( Verkhovna Rada) issued a resolution on "celebration of the 810th Anniversary of the birth of the first King of Ruthenia-Ukraine Daniel of Galicia".Law of Ukraine
Official document. In some cities of Ukraine, there is Daniel Halytskyi Street and King Daniel Street. There is Daniel Halytskyi Square in Lviv


Family

Wives * Anna of Novgorod († bef. 1252), 1218, daughter of Mstislav the Bold * NN, niece of King Mindaugas of
Lithuania Lithuania (; lt, Lietuva ), officially the Republic of Lithuania ( lt, Lietuvos Respublika, links=no ), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Lithuania ...
, bef. 1252 Sisters * Feodora of Galicia († after 1200), m. 1187 (div 1188)
Vasilko of Galicia Vasilko is a Ruthenian variation of the Greek name Vassilios, English: Basil). Notable people with the name include: *Prince Vasilko Romanovich (1203–1269) *Prince Vasilko Rostislavich Vasylko Rostyslavych, ''Vasilko Rostislavich'' (, born ar ...
*
Maria of Galicia Maria of Galicia (before 1293- 11 January 1341) was a princess of Galicia-Volhynia and a member of the Rurik Dynasty. She was sister to Leo II of Halych and Andrew of Halych, daughter of Yuri I of Galicia and his second wife, Euphemia of Kuyavi ...
(† after 1241), m. before 1200 Michael of Chernigov, sometime
Grand Prince of Kiev The Grand Prince of Kiev (sometimes grand duke) was the title of the ruler of Kiev and the ruler of Kievan Rus' from the 10th to 13th centuries. In the 13th century, Kiev became an appanage principality first of the grand prince of Vladimir a ...
and ultimately a
saint In religious belief, a saint is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of Q-D-Š, holiness, likeness, or closeness to God. However, the use of the term ''saint'' depends on the context and Christian denomination, denominat ...
. Sons * Irakli Danylovich (*ca. 1223 – † by 1240) *
Lev I of Galicia Leo I of Galicia ( ua, Лев Дани́лович, translit=Lev Danylovych) (c. 1228 – c. 1301) was a king of Ruthenia, prince (Kniaz) of Belz (1245–1264), Peremyshl, Halych (1264–1269), and grand prince of Kiev (Kyiv, 1271–1301). ...
(*ca. 1228 – † ca. 1301), Prince of
Belz Belz ( uk, Белз; pl, Bełz; yi, בעלז ') is a small city in Lviv Oblast of Western Ukraine, near the border with Poland, located between the Solokiya river (a tributary of the Bug River) and the Richytsia stream. Belz hosts the administ ...
1245–1264, Prince of Peremyshl 1264–1269, Prince of Halych 1269–1301, Prince of Halych-Volynia 1293–1301 ; he moved his
capital Capital may refer to: Common uses * Capital city, a municipality of primary status ** List of national capital cities * Capital letter, an upper-case letter Economics and social sciences * Capital (economics), the durable produced goods used f ...
from Halych to the newly founded city of Lviv (
Lwów Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in western Ukraine, and the seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine ...
,
Lemberg Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in Western Ukraine, western Ukraine, and the List of cities in Ukraine, seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is o ...
), m. 1257 Constance, daughter of Béla IV of Hungary. *
Roman Danylovych Roman Danylovych (c. 1230 – c. 1261), Prince of Black Ruthenia (Navahradak) 1254–1258, Prince of Slonim?. He was born as a younger son of Danylo of Halych, a powerful prince of lands east from Poland and later king of those regions, ...
(*ca. 1230 – † ca. 1261), Prince of
Black Ruthenia Black Ruthenia ( la, Ruthenia Nigra), or Black Rus' ( be, Чорная Русь, translit=Čornaja Ruś; lt, Juodoji Rusia; pl, Ruś Czarna), is a historical region on the Upper Nemunas, including Novogrudok (Naugardukas), Grodno (Gardinas) a ...
( Navahradak) 1255? – 1260?, and
Slonim Slonim ( be, Сло́нім, russian: Сло́ним, lt, Slanimas, lv, Sloņima, pl, Słonim, yi, סלאָנים, ''Slonim'') is a city in Grodno Region, Belarus, capital of the Slonimski rajon. It is located at the junction of the Ščar ...
* Mstyslav Danylovych († aft. 1300), Prince of Lutsk 1265–1289, Prince of Volynia 1289 – aft. 1300 * Svarn (Shvarno, Švarnas, Ioann; † 1269, bur. Chełm), Grand Duke of Lithuania 1264–1267 (1268–1269?), Prince of Chełm 1264–1269 * son, died as infant Daughters * Pereyaslava († 12 April 1283), m. ca. 1248 Prince
Siemowit I of Masovia Siemowit I of Masovia ( pl, Siemowit (Ziemowit) I mazowiecki) (d. 23 June 1262), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast, Duke of Czersk during 1247-1248, Duke of Masovia (except Dobrzyń) during 1248-1262, ruler over Sieradz during 1259 ...
* Ustynia, m. 1250/1251 Prince Andrew II of Vladimir-Suzdal * Sofia Danielvna, m. 1259 Graf
Heinrich V von Schwarzburg-Blankenburg Heinrich may refer to: People * Heinrich (given name), a given name (including a list of people with the name) * Heinrich (surname), a surname (including a list of people with the name) *Hetty (given name), a given name (including a list of peo ...
: they were the parents of
Utta von Schwarzburg-Blankenburg Utta (russian: Утта; xal-RU, Удта, ''Udta'') is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, rural locality (a ''village#Russia, selo'') in the Yashkulsky District in the Kalmykia, Republic of Kalmykia, Russia. Population: Utta holds the r ...
, who was the eponymous ancestor of the
House of Reuss Reuss (german: Reuß , ) was the name of several historical states located in present-day Thuringia, Germany. Several lordships of the Holy Roman Empire which arose after 1300 and became Imperial Counties from 1673 and Imperial Principalities in ...
* daughter, died as an infant


Ancestry


See also

* List of Ukrainian rulers * List of rulers of Galicia and Volhynia * Crown of Rus


References


General references

*


External links


Danylo Romanovych
at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine * {{Authority control 1201 births 1264 deaths Kings of Rus' 13th-century princes in Kievan Rus' Romanovichi family Eastern Orthodox monarchs People from Halych Angelid dynasty City founders