Czesław Bobrowski (17 February 1904, in

Sarny Sarny ( uk, Сáрни), translated as '' Does'', is a small city in Rivne Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Sarny Raion (district), and is a major railway node on the Sluch River. Population: History His ...

– 18 May 1996, in

Warsaw Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officia ...

) was a Polish economist. In postwar Poland, he was a director of Central Planning Office (''Centralny Urząd Planowania'') from 1945–1948, author of the

Three-Year Plan The Plan of Reconstructing the Economy ( pl, Plan Odbudowy Gospodarki), commonly known as the Three-Year Plan ( pl, plan trzyletni) was a central planning, centralized Soviet plan, plan created by the Polish communist government to rebuild History ...

. He was also a member of the

State National Council Krajowa Rada Narodowa in Polish (translated as State National Council or Homeland National Council, abbreviated to KRN) was a parliament-like political body created during the later stages of World War II in German-occupied Warsaw, Poland. It wa ...

(1945–1947) and

Parliament In modern politics, and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings and inquiries. Th ...

(1947–1948). Sidelined by Stalinist hardliners, he returned to politics after the

Polish October Polish October (), also known as October 1956, Polish thaw, or Gomułka's thaw, marked a change in the politics of Poland in the second half of 1956. Some social scientists term it the Polish October Revolution, which was less dramatic than the ...

as vice president of the Economic Committee to the Council of Ministers (1957–1963) and

professor Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, ''professor'' derives from Latin as a "person who professes". Professors ...

Warsaw University The University of Warsaw ( pl, Uniwersytet Warszawski, la, Universitas Varsoviensis) is a public university in Warsaw, Poland. Established in 1816, it is the largest institution of higher learning in the country offering 37 different fields of ...

(from 1958). In the 1970s he was a

United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmoniz ...

expert for

developing countries A developing country is a sovereign state with a lesser developed industrial base and a lower Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries. However, this definition is not universally agreed upon. There is also no clear agreem ...

(

Algeria ) , image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Algiers , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , relig ...

Ghana Ghana (; tw, Gaana, ee, Gana), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and To ...

and Syria). Chairman of the Consultant Economy Council from 1981–1987, member of the Counsultant Council to the Head of State from 1986–1990. He was the author of many academic publications in the realm of

economics Economics () is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. Microeconomics analyzes ...

Early life and education

Son of Adolf Korolko-Bobrowski and Jadwiga from Okło-Kułaków originally from the vicinity of

Mstsislaw Mstislaw or Mstislavl ( be, Мсціслаў, [], russian: Мстиславль [msʲtʲɪˈslavlʲ], pl, Mścisław, lt, Mstislavlis) is a town in the Mogilev Region, Eastern Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Mstsislaw District ...

Belarus Belarus,, , ; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian ). officially the Republic of Belarus,; rus, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus. is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by ...

. As a volunteer (a senior shooter) he participated in the

Polish–Soviet War The Polish–Soviet War (Polish–Bolshevik War, Polish–Soviet War, Polish–Russian War 1919–1921) * russian: Советско-польская война (''Sovetsko-polskaya voyna'', Soviet-Polish War), Польский фронт (' ...

. Graduate of the gymnasium in Lublin (1921), the Faculty of Law of the

University of Warsaw The University of Warsaw ( pl, Uniwersytet Warszawski, la, Universitas Varsoviensis) is a public university in Warsaw, Poland. Established in 1816, it is the largest institution of higher learning in the country offering 37 different fields o ...

from 1925. In the years 1925–1926 he worked as legal consultant of the Consulate General in

Prague Prague ( ; cs, Praha ; german: Prag, ; la, Praga) is the capital and List of cities in the Czech Republic, largest city in the Czech Republic, and the historical capital of Bohemia. On the Vltava river, Prague is home to about 1.3 milli ...

. Intern at the Paris School of Political Sciences ( Ecole des Sciences Politiques ) from 1927.

Pre war

In the period 1927–1929 he worked in the economic department of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce of the republic of Poland (Ministerstwo Przemysłu i Handlu II RP), performing, among others, the function of deputy commissioner of the Polish Trade Association with Russia "Polros". In the years 1931–1932 he was the director of the Soviet-Polish commercial company Sowpoltorg in

Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 millio ...

, then in the period 1935–1939 the director of the economic department at the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the republic of Poland. In the 1930s he founded and became the editor-in-chief of the " Gospodarka Narodowa " magazine, gathering a group of young economists around him.

Second world war

After the aggression of the

Third Reich Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...

and the aggression of the

USSR The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...

against

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populou ...

, together with the ministry's officials, he was evacuated to

Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and ...

on 17 September 1939. From there, through

Yugoslavia Yugoslavia (; sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Jugoslavija, Југославија ; sl, Jugoslavija ; mk, Југославија ;; rup, Iugoslavia; hu, Jugoszlávia; rue, label=Pannonian Rusyn, Югославия, translit=Juhoslavija ...

and

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

, he went to

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...

, where in 1940 he joined the

Polish Army The Land Forces () are the land forces of the Polish Armed Forces. They currently contain some 62,000 active personnel and form many components of the European Union and NATO deployments around the world. Poland's recorded military history stre ...

. After the defeat of France, he was interned in Switzerland. Then he escaped from the internment camp to France, where he began to work first in the

Red Cross The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide. It was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and ...

, then in the Society for the Care of Poles in

. He helped refugees from Poland and was imprisoned in the camps. In 1943, avoiding arrest by the Gestapo, he left occupied France, through Spain and Portugal he reached

Gibraltar ) , anthem = " God Save the King" , song = " Gibraltar Anthem" , image_map = Gibraltar location in Europe.svg , map_alt = Location of Gibraltar in Europe , map_caption = United Kingdom shown in pale green , mapsize = , image_map2 = Gib ...

from where he went to

London London is the capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary dow ...

. In London, in 1944, he found himself in a study group at the Minister of Treasury in the Polish Government in exile, Ludwik Grosfeld. The team developed a program for the reconstruction and development of

after war damage and model solutions for the

Economy of Poland The economy of Poland is an industrialized, mixed economy with a developed market that serves as the sixth-largest in the European Union by nominal GDP and fifth-largest by GDP (PPP). Poland boasts extensive public services characteristic of ...

after the war.

Post war

After the establishment in June 1945 in the implementation of the

Yalta Conference The Yalta Conference (codenamed Argonaut), also known as the Crimea Conference, held 4–11 February 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union to discuss the post ...

of the

Provisional Government of National Unity The Provisional Government of National Unity ( pl, Tymczasowy Rząd Jedności Narodowej - TRJN) was a puppet government formed by the decree of the State National Council () on 28 June 1945 as a result of reshuffling the Soviet-backed Provisio ...

and the withdrawal of international recognition on 6 July 1945 for the Polish Government in exile, in August 1945 Czesław Bobrowski returned to Poland (similarly to Ludwik Grosfeld). He was co-opted to the

, and on 10 November 1945 was appointed president of the Central Planning Office. He held the function from 1945 to February 1948. In CUP, among others, three-year Economic Reconstruction Plan. In February 1948 removed from office under the pressure of the

Polish Workers' Party The Polish Workers' Party ( pl, Polska Partia Robotnicza, PPR) was a communist party in Poland from 1942 to 1948. It was founded as a reconstitution of the Communist Party of Poland (KPP) and merged with the Polish Socialist Party (PPS) in 194 ...

, Stalinizing the economic policy of the country. In the period from March to December 1948 he was a member of a parliament in Sweden in Stockholm. Summoned to the country, for fear of arrest, he refused to come and went in December 1948 to emigrate to

. From 1952 to 1956 he was a research fellow at the Institute of Political Sciences and the National Center for Scientific Research in Paris ( Center Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique).

Return to Poland

After October 1956, he returned to

, became a research worker at the

and vice-chairman of the Economic Council of the Council of Ministers (1957–1963). In 1958 he received the title of full professor at the

, from where he left after the events of March 1968 . In the period 1967–1971 he was a lecturer at the University of Paris I - La Sorbonne. In the 1970s he was a UN expert advising in

Algeria ) , image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Algiers , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , relig ...

Iraq Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and K ...

and Syria. Chairman of the Consultative Economic Council in 1981–1987. A member of the Consultative Council at the Chairman of the Council of State PRL

Wojciech Jaruzelski Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (; 6 July 1923 – 25 May 2014) was a Polish military officer, politician and ''de facto'' leader of the Polish People's Republic from 1981 until 1989. He was the First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party b ...

in 1986–1990. Honorary President of the Polish Economic Society in 1986.

Later life

Member of the

(1945–1947) and Legislative Sejm (1947–1948). A member of the Polish Socialist Party (in 1946–1948) he was a member of the general council), then PZPR . In 1961, together with

Zygmunt Bauman Zygmunt Bauman (; 19 November 1925 – 9 January 2017) was a Polish sociologist and philosopher. He was driven out of the Polish People's Republic during the 1968 Polish political crisis and forced to give up his Polish citizenship. He emigrat ...

, Jan Strzelecki and

Jerzy Wiatr Jerzy Józef Wiatr (born 17 September 1931 in Warsaw) is a Polish sociologist, political scientist and politician. Professor of the University of Warsaw, Chairman of the European School of Law and Administration rector of a private tertiary educat ...

, he participated in a discussion devoted to the future of Polish society. Not as a sociologist, educator or psychologist, but as an economist, the greatest danger threatening in our social life, he saw in the gaps of social education, in the erroneous philosophical justifications of human attitudes: the sense of the absurdity of life and the feeling of lack of connection between his own actions and what it meets us, the philosophy of blind destiny is by no means fully overcome .... Author of a number of economic works published in Poland and abroad.

Publications

*Conditions and ways of economic development of the village (1936) *Social policy on the economic background (1944) *At the source of socialist planning (1956) *Socialist Yugoslavia (1957) *Models of the socialist economy (1957) *Economic planning. Basic problems (1965) *On mixed economy in Third World countries (1967) *Sources, problems and trends in the transformation of economic planning (1981) *Memories from the century (1985)

Medals

Decorated, among others Gold Cross of Merit with Swords,

Medal of Victory and Freedom 1945 Medal of Victory and Freedom 1945 (Polish language, Polish: ''Medal Zwycięstwa i Wolności 1945'') was a Polish military decoration awarded to persons who fought during World War II against Nazi Germany. Overview The medal was introduced by a dec ...

, Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1946),M.P. z 1947 r. Nr 74, poz. 490
/ref> Commander's Cross with the Star of the Order of the White Lion (

Czechoslovakia , rue, Чеськословеньско, , yi, טשעכאסלאוואקיי, , common_name = Czechoslovakia , life_span = 1918–19391945–1992 , p1 = Austria-Hungary , image_p1 ...

), Commander's Cross with the OOP Star and the Order of Polish People's Builders.

References

– {{DEFAULTSORT:Bobrowski, Czeslaw 1904 births 1996 deaths People from Rivne Oblast People from Volhynian Governorate Polish Socialist Party politicians Polish United Workers' Party members Members of the Polish Sejm 1947–1952 20th-century Polish economists Polish male non-fiction writers Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War Polish military personnel of World War II Recipients of the Order of the Builders of People's Poland Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta Recipients of the Order of the White Lion