Mauritius is a Multiracial people, multi-ethnic and Multilingualism, multi-language society; it is also a plural society with its population mainly composed of Demographics of Mauritius, four ethnic groups and Religion in Mauritius, four major religious groups; it is often depicted as a "rainbow nation". The island of Mauritius did not have any Indigenous peoples, indigenous population; historically, it was characterized by successive waves of History of colonialism, European colonization and multiple immigrations. Under the French rule between 1715 and 1810, Slavery, slaves were imported on the island from mainland Africa and Madagascar; slavery were only abolished in 1835 under the British rule. Indian migrants from Pondicherry first came in Mauritius under the French rule in 1736; The 18th century also saw one the earliest influx of Chinese migrants in Mauritius, who mostly came from Fujian. Under the British rule, more Indian migrants came to Mauritius following the slave emancipation of 1835. Since the 1800s Chinese migrants (mainly Cantonese, Min Chinese speakers, Fujianese, and Hakka people, Hakka) from Northern and southern China, Southern China (mainly from Fujian and Guangdong) arrived in Mauritius since the 1800s first as Indentured servitude, indentured labourers and later as free merchants. Since 1860, Hakka immigration started and continued until they become the dominant Chinese population in Mauritius since the beginning of the 20th century. The co-existence of Mauritians of Indian origin, Mauritians of Indian, African (known as Mauritian Creoles), European (mostly Franco-Mauritians, French), and Mauritians of Chinese origin, Chinese ancestry eventually led to a sharing of values and cultures, a collective participation in festivals, and an increased understanding between people of different ethnic backgrounds. Mauritians from different cultural backgrounds are very distinct from each other, and it is also highly unpopular to encourage the dissolution of cultural boundaries in Mauritius. In present days, the Mauritian society continues to be culturally and linguistically French-dominated.

Religions

The Constitution of Mauritius prohibits discrimination based on creed and provides for the right of individuals to change, manifest, and propagate their religious beliefs. The government of Mauritius recognizes 6 groups as religions: Hindus, Roman Catholics, Muslims, Anglicans, Presbyterians, and Seventh-day Adventists; other religious groups must register as associations. The people of Indian descent (Indo-Mauritian) follow mostly Hinduism and Islam. The Franco-Mauritians, Mauritian Creole people, Creoles and Sino-Mauritians follow Christianity. Hinduism is the major religion, followed by Christianity (with Catholicism as the largest Christian denomination), followed by Islam, followed some form Chinese-related religions; a very small amount of people follow Buddhism. A majority of Sino-Mauritians identify as Catholic Christians. However, Sino-Mauritians also follow some form of Chinese-related religions (which include Taoism, Taoist and Chinese folk religion, Chinese Folk religions); a minority of Sino-Mauritians follow Buddhism; they also follow Confucianism. Guan Yu, Guan Di (Kwan Tee; the god of wealth, also the god of war and the righteous and the benefactor) is an important deity for Sino-Mauritians, especially for those working in the business field. In Chinese Pagodas, altars can also be found for Guanyin, Guan Yin, the Mazu, Goddess Mazu (also known as Tin Hao; the protector of sailors), the God Caishen, Choy Sun (the God of Good Fortune). Pagodas also shelter ancestral cult altars and ancestral tablets. Following Chinese tradition, religious services is typically conducted one week after death at the Pagoda and the ancestral tablet of the deceased with his name written in Chinese characters will be deposited behind the altar. On Chinese New Year, descendants of the deceased can practice the ancestral rites before the Ancestral tablets as a sign of respect.

Public holidays and festivals

Celebrated Festivals with public holidays

The number and diversity of public holidays and festivals indicate the rich heritage of the island's people and its ethnic diversity. Public Holidays on the same dates: Public Holidays with different dates: The festivals listed below are not celebrated on the same date every year. Therefore, only the months when they are likely to be celebrated is given:

Major events without public holidays

Clothing of Mauritius

Fashion in Mauritius is also influenced by the vague formality-related rules, personal preference, difference between urban and rural lifestyle, and by the diverse origins of the Mauritian population, including ethno-religious identity. Mauritius of all background wears bright colours, especially Mauritian women. Flip-flops (locally known as 'savat') are worn by all Mauritian regardless of their cultural background, which are suitable for the Mauritian climate. Beachwear and tight/revealing clothing is acceptable in many resorts but they are not considered appropriate in towns and villages. Both Western-style clothing and Traditional ethnic clothing are worn in Mauritius.

Cuisine

The cuisine of Mauritius is a blend of African cuisine, African, French cuisine, French and other European cuisine, European cuisines, as well as Chinese cuisine, Chinese, and Indian cuisine, Indian influences. It is common for a combination of cuisines to form part of the same meal. Mauritius has had strong ties with French culture throughout its history and was left with a very French "Savoir Vivre". Even today, the popularity of French dishes like the bouillon (broth), bouillon, tuna salad, daube, civet de lièvre or coq au vin served with good wine show the prevalence of French culture in Mauritius. As years passed by, some have been adapted to the more exotic ingredients of the island to confer some unique flavour. During the 19th century, after the abolition of slavery, Indian workers who migrated to Mauritius brought their cuisine with them. Those indentured labourers came from different parts of India, each with their own culinary tradition, depending on the region. Traces of both Northern and Southern Indian cuisine can be found in Mauritius. Some common preparations are curry, chutney, ''rouille Poisson sale'' (tomato paste that is very popular with fish) and Pickled cucumber, pickles, most of which use local ingredients. The Mauritian versions of those dishes have a local flavour and differ, at times considerably, from the original Indian recipes. The end of the 19th century saw the arrival of Chinese migrants, who came mostly from the south-eastern part of China. They are largely credited with making rice, the staple diet of the island, and making noodles, both steamed and fried, popular. Chinese appetizers such as ''taken'' (local version of the spring roll with a flour batter replacing the traditional rolled wrapping), crispy chicken and crispy squid have become part of the Mauritian folklore. Furthermore, Chinese and other Asian restaurants are present all around the island, and offer a variety of chicken, squid, beef, mutton and fish dishes, most typically prepared in Douchi, black bean sauce or oyster sauce. Mauritian families often consider dinner at an Asian restaurant as a treat. Along the years, each of the country's communities has adapted and mixed each other's cuisine to their liking. The production of rum is common throughout the island. Sugar cane was first introduced on the island when the Dutch colonised it in 1638. Even then, the propensity of making rum out of sugar cane was strongly recognised. Sugar cane was mainly cultivated for the production of "Arrack (drink), arrack", a precursor to rum. Only much later, after almost 60 years, the first proper sugar was produced. However, it was during the French and English administration that sugar production was fully exploited, which considerably contributed to the economic development of the island. It was Pierre Charles François Harel who in 1850 initially proposed the concept of a local distillation of rum in Mauritius. In part due to his efforts, Mauritius today houses three distilleries (Grays, Medine and St Aubin) and is in the process of opening an additional three. While not as famed as its Caribbean counterparts from Cuba, Jamaica or Barbados, Mauritian rum is slowly gaining exposure on the international stage and is considered by local stakeholders as an area of potential growth.

Language and Literature

Language

Currently, the official language of Mauritius is English language. British colonial legacy in Mauritius is reflected in the use of English language in governmental documents and communications; however, English is rarely used in public life and in daily conversation. Mauritian working in the tourism industry are however fluent in English; English is also taught in school and is the working language of government and businesses. French is the ancestral language of the Franco-Mauritians. The presence of French settlers left an important mark on the ethnic composition of Mauritius in the form of the Franco-Mauritians; despite being a minority group, the Franco-Mauritians strongly affected the rest of the population through the use of French language. As French language was associated with High culture in Mauritius, the educated and the business class commonly spoke French. Nowadays, business and social aspects of life, as well as in media (including daily newspapers), literature and many cultural expressions in Mauritius, are however dominated by French language. Most Mauritians are more comfortable speaking French than English, and is used by all ethnic groups. Mauritian Creole evolved from the pidgin used by the French slave masters of the 18th century to communicate with their slaves and incorporated words from African and Malagasy dialects. Mauritian creole is understood and spoken by all Mauritians regardless of ethnic background.Mauritian creole was initially not taught at school due to what was considered 'a lack of prestige' due to its association with local Creoles population and was perceived as a form of 'broken French'. It is only in January 2012 that Mauritian Creole was officially introduced in the ''National Curriculum Framework'' and became an optional language subjects from primary school students. Most ethnic groups in Mauritius has an ancestral language. Due the presence of Mauritian of Indian and Chinese descents, Asian languages which are mainly spoken: Bhojpuri language, Bhojpuri , Hindi, Gujarat, Gujerati, Mandarin Chinese, Mandarin, Marathi language, Marathi, Tamil language, Tamil, Telugu language, Telugu, and Urdu. Most of these language act as significant religious and ethnic identity markers. Oriental languages are taught at schools, and the ethnic background of a student predominately influence his choice of oriental language.

Literature

While ''kreol morisien'' (Mauritian Creole) is the most spoken language on in Mauritius, most of the literature is written in French language, French, although many authors write in English language, English, Bhojpuri, and Morisien (Mauritian Creole), and others such as Abhimanyu Unnuth in Hindi. Mauritius's renowned playwright Dev Virahsawmy writes exclusively in Morisyen. Important authors include Malcolm de Chazal, Ananda Devi, Raymond Chasle, Loys Masson, Marcel Cabon, and Edouard Maunick. Lindsey Collen has been able to carve out a meeting of imaginaries in the unique social setup of this multi-faceted country. Other younger writers like Shenaz Patel, Amal Sewtohul, Natacha Appanah, Alain Gordon-Gentil and Carl de Souza explore the issues of ethnicity, superstition and politics in the novel. Poet and critic Khal Torabully has put forward the concept of "coolitude," a poetics that results from the blend of Indian and Mauritian cultural diversity. Other poets include Hassam Wachill, Edouard Maunick, Sedley Assone, Yusuf Kadel and Umar Timol. The island plays host to the covetable Le Prince Maurice Prize, a literary award celebrating and recognizing 'writers of the heart'. The award is designed to highlight the literary love story in all its forms rather than for pure Romantic Fiction. In keeping with the island's literary culture the prize alternates on a yearly basis between English-speaking and French-speaking writers.

Legends and Folklore stories

Many people in Mauritius, in particular those living in rural areas, believe in witchcraft and paranormal activities; this is very likely to be the combination of African, Malagasy, Indian, Chinese and European folk traditions.

Calèche de Lallmatie

Calèche de Lallmatie (lit. "Chariot of Lallmatie" in English) is a Mauritian legend around the village of Lallmatie which says that two women dressed in white riding two white horses were seen at night, closed to midnight. The legend appeared some years prior to the appearance of ''Touni Mniwi'' phenomenon.

Lougarou

Lougarou (lit. "werewolf" in English; from the French term "Loup garou") is a notorious figure which appears in Mauritian Folklore, which is mostly used to scare children; its appearance may result from the combination of French and African folklore stories. The Lougarou appears at full moon and brings troubles to the local population. Protection against the Lougarou is believed to be given if a person consults a ''longanis'' (i.e. a local sorcerer) or a ''treter'' (i.e. witch doctor).

Touni Minwi

The legend of ''Touni Minwi'' (lit. "Naked at Midnight") appeared in 1994 following the cyclone Hollanda; the cyclone had led to the destruction of many houses and electricity shortage. Touni Minwi was supposedly a form of Lougarou, who would visit women in their home at night. This led to hysteria among the local population; many witnesses would affirmed having seen frightful manifestations at night time, including apparition of Lougarou; the Touni Minwi phenomenon led to a large mobilization of people in the capital, Port Louis, and in the village of Lallmatie.

Mountain-related legends or folk stories

Le Morne Brabant and the Maroons

According to the legend, the maroons decided to jump to their death from Le Morne Brabant when they misunderstood the presence of a group of soldiers who were supposed to inform them that they were emancipated following the Slavery Abolition Act passed by the British. Fearing to be recaptured and be returned to their former masters, they decided to suicide.

Pieter Both and the Milkman

The mountain Pieter Both (mountain), Pieter Both is one of the most emblematic places in Mauritius; it is characterized by a rock which looks like human head on its top. According to a famous local legend, a milkman from the village of Crève Coeur (which is also located at the foot of the mountain) used to sell milk in the surrounding villages. One day the milkman decided to take a shortcut through the Pieter Both to reach the next village, when walking, he felt tired and decided to rest. When he woke up, he saw fairies dance and singing; the fairies told him not to tell anyone about what they saw or he would be turned into stone. The milkman however could not prevent himself and told the story to his friends. When the milkman returned to Pieter Both, the fairies knew that he did not keep the secret and turned him into stone. The head of milkman is the top of the mountain. The rock which is perched on the tip of the Pieter Both is therefore believed to be the milkman.

Landmarks, Architecture, and monuments of Significance

World Heritage Site

Aapravasi Ghat

The Aapravasi Ghat is found on the bay of Trou Fanfaron in Port Lous; it is the place where modern indentured labour diaspora started. In 1834 following the slave emancipation, the British used Mauritius as their first site to experiment the use of 'free labour' to replace the use slaves. The Aapravasi Ghat is the remnants of an immigration depot built in 1849 to receive the influx of indentured labourers coming from India, Eastern Africa, Madagascar, China and Southeast Asia to work on the Sugar plantation. The Aapravasi Ghat site is owned by the Ministry of Arts and Culture. The property is protected as National Heritage under the National Heritage Fund Act 2003 and the Aapravasi Ghat Trust Fund Act 2001. It was listed in the World Heritage list in 2006.

Le Morne Cultural Landscape

Le Morne Brabant is found in the southwest of Mauritius; it used to shelter escaped slaves, called maroons, throughout the 18th to 19th centuries. The Mauritian oral traditions associated with the maroons, have made Le Morne turned into a symbolism of the slaves’ fight for freedom, their suffering, and their sacrifice. It was listed in the World Heritage list in 2008. The ''International Slave Route Monument'' located at the foot of Le Morne Brabant was established in 2009 due to its association with a historical and legendary place, called the 'Valley of Bones'. According to the legend, the maroons decided to jump to their death from the Morne Brabant when they misunderstood the presence of a group of soldiers who were supposed to inform them that they were emancipated following the Slavery Abolition Act passed by the British. Fearing to be recaptured and be returned to their former masters, they decided to suicide.

Chinese Cultural Landmarks

Chinatown of Mauritius, Port Louis

The Chinatown of Mauritius is situated in Port Louis. The Chinatown emerged in a city which is marked by strong racial segregation of the 18th century. A small Chinatown was already forming in Port Louis in the mid-1780s and in the mid-1840s, Port Louis market was dominated by the Chinese traders. The Chinatown was also divided by the Cantonese and the Hakka who showed hostility towards each other. Port Louis Chinatown was originally developed around the shops of Fujianese and Cantonese immigrants in the north of Royal road and was further expanded in the 20th century. The Cantonese established their own neighbourhood at Royal road and extended along Arsenal road to La Rampe road; they opened shops, restaurants, Kwongs (societies) and religious associations, which includes the ''Chan Cha'' (founded prior to 1874). Between the 1910s and 1920s, Hakka commerce started to extend the limits of the Old China Town along Royal Road; Hakka business would later expand to the South of Royal road.In the 1940s, there was an influx of Chinese immigrants who arrived in Mauritius to open more businesses, and decided to settle around the Royal road in the heart of Port Louis, developing what is currently known as the Mauritian Chinatown further. China_Town_-_panoramio

The Chinatown also houses the ''Heritage Court'', which is the headquarters of the Namshun Society (also known as the Nam Shun Fooy Kwoon (南顺会馆)). The Namshun Society were initiated by early Cantonese migrants from Nanhai District, Nanhai and Shunde District, Shunde (who became known as "Nam Shun" (南顺) in Mauritius) since 1859 when the early migrants form an informal association of mutual help; it was officially registered on the 26th June 1894. The founding father of the Namshun society was Affan Tank Wen. In 2018, New Chinatown Foundation was established with the common goal of reviving the Chinatown, as well as restoring and preserving the cultural heritage.

Chinese Pagodas

Chinese Pagodas throughout Mauritius are important sites for Sino-Mauritians as these are where traditional ceremonies and festivals take place. It was a common practice for Chinese migrants to donate money to the pagodas which they frequently go to.Cantonese clan groupings also set up their own Pagodas. Cantonese pagodas included Chan Cha Pagoda (found at Arsenal road), Tiong Fa Pagoda (found on La Rampe road), Fok Diak Pagoda (found at Rémy Ollier road and built in 1846), and Sweet-Hang Pagoda (found on David road). Nam Shun Fooy Kwoon has pagodas which are located next to the Champs de Mars in Port Louis, consisting of the Kwang Tee (Guan Yu, Guan Di) Pagoda (first built in1895, a new building was inaugurated in November 1980) where a shrine for the dead (jiu sin sun wai) for the Cantonese community is found to allow the soul of the deceased to rest at the Kwang Tee Pagoda and the Tin Hao (Mazu) Pagoda; they also have an altar for the God of Good Fortune, Caishen, Choy Sun.

= Kwan Tee Pagoda, Port Louis

= The Kwan Tee Pagoda (or Guan Yu, Guan Di Pagoda) is located at Les Salines, Port Louis; it is the oldest pagoda in the Southern Hemisphere and in Mauritius. Its location and construction follows the Chinese principles of spirituality by facing the sea and being against the mountains. It was built in 1842 by Hahime Choisanne and his followers. The Society Cohan Tai Biou (which existed since 1819 and was founded by Log Choisanne) is responsible for the administration of the Kwan Tee Pagoda. Guan Di is an important deity for Sino-Mauritians, especially for people who have businesses. The cult of Guan Di is associated with the god of wealth; Guan Di is also the god of war and the righteous and the benefactor. Inside the pagoda, there is the altar of Mazu, who is a protector of sailors, and Guanyin, Guan Yin. There is also an ancestor cult altar, with the oldest tablet dating around 1841. Following Chinese tradition, religious services is typically conducted one week after death at the Pagoda and the ancestral tablet of the deceased with his name written in Chinese characters will be deposited behind the altar. On Chinese New Year, descendants of the deceased can practice the ancestral rites before the Ancestral tablets as a sign of respect. The Kwan Tee Pagoda is also listed in National Heritage list since 2016.

Music and Dance of Mauritius

Music found in Mauritius have the sounds and rhythm of Western, Eastern, and African civilization which results from the preserved legacy transmitted by the ancestors of the Mauritians to their descendants. Traditional dances and musics was introduced by Indian and Chinese migrants to Mauritius. The most well-known Dance in China, Traditional Chinese dance in Mauritius is the Dragon dance and the Lion dance. Western music and dance are also well represented in Mauritius, where rap, hip-hop, Jazz, and waltz (along with all types of ballroom dancing) can be found. There is also a strong following of the Oldies dating from 1960s and 1970s, e.g. Elvis Presley, Cliff Richard, Engleberld Emperding, are part of the National musical heritage. Some sounds and rhythms from various ethnic background have also merged to form unique forms of rhythm and sounds. The most typical folkloric dance is the Sega (genre), Sega which is of African origin; the Sega was originally danced and sang by slaves before being adopted by all Mauritians. The Seggae (a form of music which results from the mixture of the Sega and the Reggae) emerged in the 1980s reflecting the mixed-cultural aspect of Mauritius.

National Symbols

Sport

Due to lack of funding and a local culture that values academic achievement over any other form of activity, Mauritius' national sports teams have been very unsuccessful at a competitive level. However recently, rugby union has rapidly increased in popularity in the small island nation. Association football, Football is also popular. Both national teams have very low world rankings for their particular sports. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Mauritius had won its first Olympic medal. Bruno Julie a boxer has won the bronze medal. However, Mauritius is quite competitive at the regional level (inter-Ile) in the Indian Ocean. Mauritius collected some golds, silver and bronze medals in the Jeux des Iles de l'Océan Indien (JIOI). The second and the fifth edition were hosted by Mauritius in 1985 and 2003 respectively. Mauritius also organised the JIOI in 2019 where the Mauritian athletes dominated the games and won numerous gold medals and the competition. As in countries like Malaysia, Association football, football is hugely popular among males, especially England's Premier League. The most followed clubs are Liverpool F.C., Manchester United F.C., Manchester United and Arsenal F.C. Owing to their recent successes, FC Barcelona have gained significant support. The national sport, however, remains horse racing, which is part and parcel of the island's cultural heritage. Horse racing in Mauritius dates back to 1812, when the Champ de Mars Racecourse was inaugurated, making it the oldest racecourse in the Southern Hemisphere. Races are widely followed, both in terms of attendance at the Champ de Mars and television audiences. Mauritians of all ages like to discuss races, share tips and place bets. At an amateur and recreational level there is a growing culture of participation in sport, with Trail Running, Cycling, Mountain Biking and Water Sports becoming increasingly accessible and popular.http://www.active.mu

References

External links

Mauritius Society of AuthorsMauritius Restaurants Guide
biographies, bibliographies, excerpts and links.
Islam in MauritiusLocal network of churches

Trianon Conference Centre, MauritiusFree recipes of Mauritius
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Culture Of Mauritius Mauritian culture,