Croquette

A croquette is a deep-fried roll consisting of a thick binder combined with a filling, which is breaded and deep-fried; it is served as a side dish, a snack, or fast food worldwide.

The binder is typically a thick béchamel or brown sauce, mashed potatoes, wheat flour or wheat bread. The binder may be mixed with or stuffed with a filling; this mixture is called a '' salpicon''. Typical fillings include finely chopped meat, seafood, cheese, rice, pasta, mushrooms, as well as various vegetables as well as seasonings such as herbs and spices. Sweet croquettes may use a pastry cream binder and be filled with fruit.

Croquettes may also be formed in other shapes: disks, ovals, balls.

Etymology

The word ''croquette'' is French, derived from ''croquer'', meaning 'to crunch'. In the 18th century, it was typically spelled ''croquet''. Alan Davidson, '' Oxford Companion to Food'', 1999, ''s.v.'', p. 229

Origins

A 17th-century recipe for croquettes (''croquets'') by François Massialot binds a filling of meat, truffles, marrow, bread crumbs, and cheese with egg, then breads and fries them in lard. They may be as large as an egg or as small as a walnut, and can be served as an hors-d'œuvre or as a garnish. They are mentioned in a 1706 English dictionary. One 18th-century recipe uses just a batter, rather than a béchamel binder. Croquettes of the modern type, with a thick binder, are documented in an 1822 English cookbook by the French cook Louis Eustache Ude.

Asia

Croquettes with red lettuce.jpg, Circular croquettes
Kartoffel-Kroketten-tiefgefroren.jpg, Cylindrical potato croquettes
Croquetas con patatas fritas.JPG, ''Croquetas fritas''
DSC 0082 broodje kroket chiang mai 2009 0629.jpg, Two Dutch ''kroketten'', one cut open to show the beef-ragout filling; Chiang Mai, Thailand

India

A potato-filled croquette called '' aloo tikki'', which originated in the Indian subcontinent, is very popular in Northern India and is typically served with a stew. They are mostly eaten as snacks at home and are also popularly sold by road-side vendors. In West Bengal, there are two very popular types of croquettes called chop and cutlet. Vegetable chop is made using a medley of mashed vegetables like boiled beetroot, carrot, green peas etc. held together by potato, then breaded and deep fried. A cutlet is like a chop, but skips the potato binding in its inside. A mutton cutlet will be made of minced goat meat mixed with spices that will be breaded and deep fried. McDonald's in India serves a fast-food variation of aloo tikki inside a hamburger bun (like a vegetarian burger). Meat croquettes called '' kababs'' are made with minced mutton. Lightly spiced beef croquettes are a popular snack and appetiser among the Christian communities in Goa and Kerala.

Sri Lanka

There are two main types of croquettes in Sri Lanka. The first type are called rolls and are a popular bakery product that is cylindrical in shape. The rolls are commonly filled with a mixture of fish, potatoes and spices, and hence called fish-rolls. Chicken is also sometimes used. The second type are called cutlets, which are spherical in shape and generally made for festive occasions.

China

In China,croquette is called ''kělè bǐng'' (可乐饼). They are Japanese-style, made with mashed potatoes and corn, and sometimes meat.

Indonesia

The ''kroket'' (Dutch) made of mashed potato filled with minced chicken or ragout is one of the most popular snack items in Indonesia, introduced during the Dutch colonial rule. The ''kroket'' is made by putting chicken filling inside a mashed potato ball which is then breaded and fried.

Japan

A relative of the croquette, known as ''korokke'', (コロッケ) is a very popular fried food; widely available in supermarkets, convenience stores and butcher shops, as well as from specialty ''korokke'' shops. Generally patty-shaped, it is mainly made of potatoes with other ingredients including vegetables (such as onions and carrots) and usually less than 5% meat (e.g. pork or beef). It is often served with ''tonkatsu'' (とんかつ) sauce. Cylindrical ''korokke'' are also served; they more closely resemble the French version, where seafood (prawns or crab meat) or chicken in white sauce ('' ragout'') is cooled down to make it harden before the croquette is breaded and deep-fried. When it is served hot, the inside melts. This version is called "cream ''korokke''" (クリームコロッケ) to distinguish it from the potato-based variety. It is often served with no sauce or tomato sauce. Unlike its French cousin, croquettes made mainly of meat are not called ''korokke'' in Japan. They are called ''menchi katsu'' (メンチカツ), short for minced meat cutlets.

South Korea

Usually called ''goroke'' (고로케) or ''keuroket'' (크로켓), the Korean version of croquettes are sold in many bread shops in South Korea. The most common type is deep-fried rolls stuffed with ''japchae'' (잡채) ingredients or chicken curry and mashed potato with vegetable salad. G''oroke'' are sometimes filled with '' kimchi'', pork, and ''bulgogi'' ingredients. Many Korean stores advertise the ''goroke'' as a French product and they are sold in most European-style bread stores in South Korea.

Europe

Belgium

''Kroketten/croquettes'' can be served as a side or main dish. They are usually savoury, filled with mashed potatoes. The two most popular Belgian croquettes have a thick bechamel filling mixed with grey shrimps "garnaalkroketten/croquettes de crevettes" or cheese "kaaskroketten/croquettes de fromage". As a main dish, they are usually served with a salad, fried parsley and frites.

France

The ragout-filled dish was regarded as a French delicacy. It was first described in a recipe from 1691 by the chef of the French king Louis XIV, using ingredients such as truffles, sweetbreads, and cream cheese. From the 1800s onward, it became a way to use up leftover stewed meat.

Germany, Austria, and Switzerland

Plain potato croquettes are served as a side dish in restaurants and are also available frozen in supermarkets. They are usually called ''Kroketten'' (singular ''Krokette'').

Hungary

''Krokett'' is a small cylindrical croquette similar to the Czech variety: potatoes, eggs, flour, and butter, seasoned with nutmeg and salt and deep-fried in oil. This variety can be ordered in most restaurants as a side dish, and also bought frozen. When made with cottage cheese, they are called ''túrókrokett''.

Italy

In Italy, ''crocchette'' (known in the South as '' crocchè'') are made mainly with crushed potatoes or vegetables such as aubergines (''crocchette di melanzane''). Rice arancini (typical of Sicily), supplì (Roman cuisine) and Milanese rice and saffron croquettes are particularly well known in Italian cuisine. In Emilia Romagna and Piemonte, croquettes are usually filled with chicken, while in Calabria ''polpette di riso'' are stuffed with rice and cheese (usually Parmesan or Pecorino).

Ireland

Plain potato croquettes are available frozen or refrigerated in most supermarkets. They are also homemade, usually with the addition of chopped onion.

The Netherlands

After World War II, several suppliers started mass-producing croquettes filled with beef. The croquette (''kroket'' in Dutch) subsequently became even more popular as a fast food; meat ragout covered in breadcrumbs and subsequently deep-fried. Its success as a fast food garnered its reputation as a cheap dish of dubious quality, to such an extent that Dutch tongue in cheek urban myths relate its "allegedly mysterious content" to offal and butchering waste. Research in 2008 showed that 350 million ''kroketten'' are eaten in the Netherlands every year. An estimated 75% of all Dutch people eat them, resulting in 29 ''kroketten'' per person per year on average, being the 2nd most popular Dutch snack after the frikandel. The major consumers are between 35 and 49 years old.

The success of the croquette led to a whole series of food products resembling the croquette, but with other types of fillings, such as noodles, rice and kidney, and with names like ''bamibal'', ''nasibal'', and ''nierbroodje''. Variants of the croquette which specify the kind of meat can also be found, like ''rundvleeskroket'' (made with beef) and ''kalfsvleeskroket'' (made with veal). Also popular in Dutch snack bars are the ''satékroket'' (where the filling consists of a peanut satay sauce and shredded meat in a ragout) and the ''goulashkroket''. A smaller round version of the standard beef or veal croquette, the '' bitterbal'', is often served with mustard as a snack in bars and at receptions. Potato croquettes and potato balls (similar to potato croquettes, but small and round) can be bought frozen in most food stores.

', a croquette on a bread roll, is sold in restaurants, snack shops, and by street vendors. The popularity of the ''kroket'' in the Netherlands is such that even McDonald's sells their version on a bun as "McKroket".

Poland

Croquettes in Poland are typically made from a thin, rolled crepe-type pancake stuffed with meat, mushrooms, cabbage, sauerkraut, or some combination of those ingredients. The croquette is lightly pan fried before serving.
Some recipe variations also require the croquette to be covered in breadcrumbs before frying, and served with a clear soup e.g. "barszcz", similar to borscht.

Portugal

''Croquetes'' are cylindrical, covered in breadcrumbs, and deep-fried. They are usually made with white sauce and beef, sometimes mixed with varying amounts of pork, and frequently with some ''chouriço'', black pepper or '' piri-piri'' to add more flavour. Seafood, fish (other than codfish) and vegetarian (potato) croquetes are also eaten in Portugal, but those have other names (such as ''rissol'', ''pastel'', ''empada''), thus the name croquete refers only to the Dutch-style beef ''croquette''.

Russia

The widespread minced cutlet (russian: котлета рубленная, kotleta rublennaya) is made of minced meat (beef or pork or mixture of both; chicken, turkey, or fish), bread, eggs, white onions, salt and spices, shaped as a meat patty and pan fried. Bread is added in amount up to 25% of meat, adding softness to the final product and also making it cheaper to produce. The Pozharsky cutlet is a well-known variety of such cutlets in which minced meat is mixed with butter.

Spain

Traditional ''croquetas'' in Spain are made with thick béchamel. They are one of the most typical '' tapas'' dishes, especially filled with '' jamón'', chicken or saltcod. Also, many bars and restaurants may offer novel, less traditional versions of croquettes with more varied fillings and ingredients such as apple, wild mushrooms, ''morcilla'' (blood sausage), cheeses, tuna, cuttlefish (using its ink to give color and flavour), etc. ''Croqueterías'' are restaurants that specialize in ''croquetas''.

United Kingdom

Croquettes are available frozen or refrigerated in most supermarkets, typically with potato filling.

Caribbean

Puerto Rico

Croquettes are typically made out of ham, codfish or chicken in Puerto Rico, where they are dipped in what is colloquially known as "mayo-ketchup", a variation of fry sauce. Frozen croquettes are sold in supermarkets in Puerto Rico. There are versions of taro, cornmeal (called ''sorullos''), breadfruit, yams, and cassave in replacement of wheat flour or potato.

Cuba

Cuban croquettes are nearly identical to the Puerto Rican croquettes that are typically made out of ham or chicken. There is a common cheese and potato variation, and they are sometimes made with fish.

Dominican Republic

Dominican croquettes are nearly identical to the Cuban croquettes that are typically made out of ham or chicken, but there is a common cheese and potato variation, a beef variation and they are also sometimes made with fish.

Aruba

Aruban croquettes are more commonly made out of mashed potato, ground beef, shellfish, and fish. They are eaten as an early morning breakfast or as snacks any time of the day. They are considered one of the island's cultural foods.

North America

Mexico

Croquettes are usually made of tuna or chicken and potatoes. In southern Mexico, a variety is made with fresh cheese, plantain, and black beans.

United States

"Boardwalk" fish cakes and crab cakes, eaten on the east coast of the United States, are essentially croquettes. They consist, respectively, of chopped fish or crab meat, mixed in a buttery dough which is then breaded and deep-fried.

A deviled crab (''croqueta de jaiba'') is a particular variety of a blue crab croquette from Tampa, Florida. The crab meat is seasoned with a unique Cuban-style enchilada or ''sofrito'' sauce (locally known as ''chilau''), breaded with stale Cuban bread crumbs, formed into the approximate shape of a prolate spheroid, and fried. It is meant to be eaten with one hand. It originated in the immigrant community of Ybor City during a cigar workers' strike in the 1920s and is still very popular in the area.

Other types of crab and fish croquettes are made throughout the southern U.S., especially in coastal states such as Louisiana where seafood dishes are common staples. These varieties have different seasonings and shapes, with some served inside the scooped-out shell of the crab.

A traditional New England/Northeastern United States preparation uses ham, usually of the maple-cured variety, along with cooked mashed potato (often mixed with some mild seasonings and milk or butter for a smoother consistency) for the outer roll. These are dipped in crumbed breading, and sautéed or fried in a small skillet using butter. Typically, these are most common during the Thanksgiving-to-Christmas holiday season as one of several ways to use up leftover holiday ham.

Another croquette dish popular across much of the American South is salmon croquettes. Any canned fish—usually salmon or mackerel, although canned tuna is also used in some recipes (although the dish is often colloquially referred to as "salmon croquettes" or "salmon patties" regardless of the actual fish used)—is mashed by hand to break up any fish bones and give the fish meat a smoother consistency, then combined with a binder and various seasonings. Seasonings typically include pepper, salt, chopped (sometimes sautéed) onions, garlic, lemon juice or paprika. The binder can be any starch such as flour, cornmeal, ground crackers of any type—even white rice, matzo meal, or oatmeal, although these latter variations are not as common, and are mostly limited to the northern U.S. Chopped eggs, parsley, and Parmesan cheese may also be added. The mixture is then shaped into rounded patties for pan- or deep-frying; corn or peanut oil are the most commonly used frying oils in the southern U.S., but canola, safflower, or olive oil are also used, and some recipes call specifically for pan-frying in butter or margarine.

South America

Brazil

Croquetes, primarily made from beef, are a common snack in many parts of Brazil. The '' coxinha'' is a popular chicken-based croquette.

Ecuador

From Riobamba llapingachos are potato cakes with a cheese filling, fried in oil with achiote and served with a peanut sauce.

Uruguay

Called "croquetas" in Spanish, the most popular stuffing are mashed potatoes (croquetas de papa), ham and mozzarella cheese (croquetas de jamón y queso), and rice (croquetas de arroz). Sometimes, the rice ones have herbs and little ham cubes. Generally, their shape is cylindrical and they're medium-sized, but larger, spherical ones also can be seen (specially with rice stuffing). They are deep-fried in oil.

Croquetas are very common: they can be bought in almost every bakery, supermarket or food shop, and a lot of people cook them at home as a side dish or even main dish. In modern restaurants, more sophisticated croquettes (e.g. with serrano ham and mixture of cheeses, or with salmon) usually come with a more elaborated sauce as dip (e.g. sweet chili sauce), and are ordered as starters.

Colombia

In Colombia croquettes are commonly referred to as "papa rellena", which translates as stuffed potato. They consist of a mix of roughly mashed potato, seasoned shredded or ground beef and an egg to bind the mix, which is then lightly battered and deep fried. They are served in bars and casual restaurants, as well as often being served at home for a celebration or party. They are usually served with a side of homemade or bottled chili sauce.

See also

* Krokettenmotie
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Notes

External links

{{potato dishes

Fast food
Snack foods
World cuisine
French inventions
Deep fried foods
Potato dishes
Types of food
Meat and potatoes dishes
Tapas