The Northern Adelbert or Pihom–Isumrud languages are a
family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
of two dozen languages in the
Madang
Madang (old German name: ''Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen'') is the capital of Madang Province and is a town with a population of 27,420 (in 2005) on the north coast of Papua New Guinea. It was first settled by the Germans in the 19th century.
Histo ...
stock of New Guinea. The occupy the coastal northern
Adelbert Range
Adelbert Range is a mountain range in Madang Province, north-central Papua New Guinea. The highest point of the mountains is at .
The Northern Adelbert languages and Southern Adelbert languages are spoken in the region.
Fauna and flora
As with ...
of mountains, vs. the
Southern Adelbert languages
The South Adelbert or Southern Adelbert Range languages are a family of languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea, spoken along the tributaries of the Ramu River in the watershed of the Adelbert Range.
Languages
The languages are as follows.
* ...
, another branch of Madang.
Malcolm Ross posited a "
linkage" connecting the Northern Adelbert languages with the
Mabuso languages, and named this group Croisilles ,
[ as the two families bracket ]Cape Croisilles
Cape Croisilles is a cape in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Cape Croisillesin Geonames.org (cc-by) post updated 2014-09-06; database downloaded 2015-06-22 The Croisilles languages are named after the cape.
See also
*Croisilles languages
T ...
(Northern Adelbert to the north, Mabuso to the south). However, Ross never claimed Croisilles was an actual language family, and other researchers have rejected the connection.
Languages
Croisilles was first posited by Malcolm Ross (1995), not as an actual language family, but as a linkage. It was a merger of Wurm's Pihom-Isumrud-Mugil and Mabuso stocks, each of which contained 25–30 languages. Pick (2017) and Usher reject the merger, and provisionally the inclusion of Mugil (Bargam), though Pick retains the name. Usher disambiguates the (non-Mabuso) family as 'Adelbert Range'.
Usher (2020)
Timothy Usher classifies the languages as follows.Adelbert Range – Isumrud Strait
(NewGuineaWorld)
;Adelbert Range – Isumrud Strait
*
Kowan (Isumrud Strait):
Waskia,
Korak (Amako)
*(North) Adelbert Range
**
Yamben
**Omosan (Omosa River):
Pal
Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a colour encoding system for analogue television. It was one of three major analogue colour television standards, the others being NTSC and SECAM. In most countries it was broadcast at 625 lines, 50 fields (25 ...
(Abasakur),
Kobol
"Kobol's Last Gleaming" is the two-part first-season finale of the reimagined ''Battlestar Galactica'' television series.
In the first part, the human fleet discovers the abandoned planet Kobol, the mythical birthplace of humanity, who left here ...
(Koguman)
**
Gilagil River (old Isumrud proper)
***
Dimir (Gavak)
***
Brem (Bunabun),
Malas (Manep)
**Northwest Adelbert Range (
Mount Pihom)
***
Kaukombar River:
Mala
Mala may refer to:
Comics
* Mala (Amazon), an Amazon from Wonder Woman's side of the DC Universe
* Mala (Kryptonian), a villain from Superman's corner of the DC Universe
Films and television
* ''Mala'' (1941 film), a Bollywood drama film
* , ...
(Pay),
Miani (Maiani, Tani),
Maia (Pila, Saki)
***Kumil–Timper
****
Kumil River:
Bepour,
Mauwake (Ulingan),
Moere
Moere is a small village located within the municipality of Gistel in West Flanders, Belgium. The village gained some fame when American singer Marvin Gaye moved there for several months in the early 1980s. During his stay, the singer composed h ...
****
Tiboran River (
Timper River):
Musar;
Wanambre;
Kowaki,
Mawak,
Pamosu (Hinihon)
**Mabulap–Numugen
*** ''
Amaimon'' (Mabulap) isolate
***
Numugen River (see)
Pick (2017)
A quite similar internal classification was worked out independently by Pick (2017).
video
Pick could not establish regular sound correspondences with Kobol–Pal (Omosan) or Amaimon (Mabulap), and thus leaves them out of the family.
;Northern Adelbert
*Kumil–Tibor (*t- > s, *p- > f, *ŋ > zero)
**Tibor
-n > zero, *a > e
***
Mokati (Wanambre)
***(*k- > h, *C- >
ˆ’voice Kowaki,
Mawak,
Pamosu,
Hember Avu (Musar)
**
Kumil k-_*t-_>_,_*C-_>_ k-_*t-_>_,_*C-_>_[−voice_*-k_>_zero">ˆ’voice.html"_;"title="k-_*t-_>_,_*C-_>_[−voice">k-_*t-_>_,_*C-_>_[−voice_*-k_>_zero__
Bepour,__Mauwake,_Moere_
Moere_is_a_small_village_located_within_the_municipality_of_Gistel_in_West_Flanders,__Belgium.__The_village_gained_some_fame_when_American_singer_Marvin_Gaye_moved_there_for_several_months_in_the_early_1980s.__During_his_stay,_the_singer_composed_h_...
*Kaukombar_languages.html" ;"title="ˆ’voice_*-k_>_zero.html" ;"title="ˆ’voice.html" ;"title="k- *t- > , *C- > [−voice">k- *t- > , *C- > [−voice *-k > zero">ˆ’voice.html" ;"title="k- *t- > , *C- > [−voice">k- *t- > , *C- > [−voice *-k > zero
Pick notes that Barem and Malas share pronominal markers on the verbs 'to teach' and 'to show' that are unique to those two verbs.