Cristóbal de Villalpando

Cristóbal de Villalpando (ca. 1649 – 20 August 1714) was a Baroque Criollo artist from New Spain, arts administrator and captain of the guard. He painted prolifically and produced many Baroque works now displayed in several Mexican cathedrals, including the cathedrals in Querétaro and Mexico City, as well as a depiction of the Zócalo (main square) in Mexico City, showing the damage of the 1692 riot to the viceregal palace three years earlier.Richard L. Kagan, ''Urban Images of the Hispanic World, 1493-1793,'' with the collaboration of Fernando Marías. New Haven: Yale University Press 2000.

Life

Born in Mexico City to the influential Villalpando family, Cristóbal assumed duties in the local militia as an ensign, as well as painting with Baltasar de Echave Rioja (Echave the Younger) in the Echave workshop.Haces, Juana Gutierrez (2006) "Cristóbal de Villalpando" page 535 ''In'' Rishel, Joseph J. and Stratton-Pruitt, Suzanne (editors) (2006) ''The Arts in Latin America, 1492–1820'' Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, In 1669, he married María de Mendoza and they had four children. He received several religious art commissions, both in Mexico City and in Puebla. Other paintings by his hand are found in the sacristy of the Mexico City Cathedral.

Villalpando rose to the rank of captain and in 1686 was named one of three directors of the painters' guild in Mexico, the position he served several times as director (''veedor'') .

Villalpando included a self-portrait in his ''Apparition of Saint Michael on Mount Gargano'' in the sacristy of the Mexico City cathedral. His portrait is nested among the clergy at the bottom right.Bargellini, Clara (2006) "Painting in Colonial Latin America" pp. 322–334, page 330, ''In'' Rishel, Joseph J. and Stratton-Pruitt, Suzanne (editors) (2006) ''The Arts in Latin America, 1492–1820'' Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut,

Villapando died in Mexico City in 1714 and was buried there.

Style

Villalpando's early works attest to the influence of Peter Paul Rubens; however, as his style continued to develop, he moved away from the extremes of vivid coloring and excessive robustness to a more measured style, using a broad palette and incorporating more of the New World painting traditions. In his later work he moved away from uniform luminosity, employing greater contrast and placing artificial light sources within his paintings to add a touch of drama. His work was much emulated.

Villalpando tailored his style to the nature of the work and to its patron. He employed rough blots and smudges to good effect, but used meticulous brushstrokes when required.

Works

Villalpando's early works include a number for the Puebla Cathedral. These cathedral works include a large painting of '' The Transfiguration,'' climaxing with the '' Assumption of the Virgin'' on the inside of the dome of the apse chapel, and incorporate themes from the eucharist. His large altar piece from the Puebla cathedral, ''Moses and the Brazen Serpent and the Transfiguration of Jesus'' (1683) was featured in a recent major exhibit in Mexico City and at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

For the sacristy of the Mexico City cathedral he painted
*''The Church Militant and the Church Triumphant'',
*''The Triumph of Religion'',
*''The Virgin of the Apocalypse'',
* ''Our Lady of Sorrows'',
*''The Apparition of Saint Michael Archangel'', and others.

Most of Villalpando's portraits have been lost, as well as a number of his religious works. However, one of his religious masterpieces, ''The Adoration of the Magi'' (1683), was recently discovered by an art history professor to have been hanging in the president's office at Fordham University. It was subsequently featured in the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Villalpando exhibition in 2017.

View of the Zócalo of Mexico City (1695)

Villalpando's painting of the main square of Mexico City is an important work not only for showing the major buildings and architectural features surrounding the capital's main square (Metropolitan Cathedral, palace of the viceroy, the palace of the archbishop, the town council or ''ayuntamiento'' building, and the enclosed commercial area, the Parían Market, and the canal alongside the Portal de las Flores), but also the activities of Mexico City residents of all races and classes. An important historical feature of the painting is the depiction of the fire damage to the viceroy's palace by mob in 1692. The viceroy of Mexico, Don Gaspar de Sandoval Silva y Mendoza, Count of Gelve, commissioned the painting by Mexico City's foremost artist of the late seventeenth century. Gelves was returning to Spain after a decidedly mixed record as viceroy, which saw disorder culminating in the June 1692 riot and perhaps wanted the painting as a souvenir of his period as viceroy. It is notable that Villalpando paints the ruined façade of the viceroy's palace and does not take artist's license to paint out this major historical event in Mexico City's history. Obviously, from the commercial and social activity in the Zócalo that Villalpando paints in exceptional detail, the main appears to have gone back to its normal importance. Elites in their finery brought by carriage to the square, richly stocked shops, and a plethora of Indian and casta market sellers are depicted. The view has been considered metonymic, where "Villalpando equates the ''zócalo'' with Mexico City. The harmony and prosperity the scene evokes makes it almost possible to ignore the damaged façade of the viceregal palace.... The painting, now in the private collection of Lord Methuen at Corsham Court, UK, has been used as the cover illustration for two important books on colonial Spanish America.D.A. Brading, ''The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492-1867.'' New York: Cambridge University Press 1991.

Gallery

La Anunciación - Cristóbal de Villalpando.jpg, ''The Annunciation (1706)''
La Virgen de la escalera - Cristóbal de Villalpando, (Templo de San Felipe Neri).jpg, ''Madonna of the Stairs''
La Virgen del Apocalipsis - Cristóbal de Villalpando (Museo Bello y González, Ciudad de Puebla).png, ''The Virgin of the Apocalypse''
Santa rosa tentada por el demonio - Cristobal de Villalpando.jpg, ''Saint Rose tempted by the devil''
Lactación de Santo Domingo.JPG, Lactation of Saint Dominic''
El Diluvio - Cristóbal de Villalpando - (Capilla del Espíritu Santo de Ochavo Catedral de Puebla, Puebla, México).jpg, ''The Deluge''
Adán y Eva en el Paraíso - Cristóbal de Villalpando.jpg, ''Adam and Eve in Paradise''
San Miguel Arcángel - Cristóbal de Villalpando.jpg, ''Saint Michael the Archangel''
Arcángel Baraquiel - Cristóbal de Villalpando.jpg, ''Archangel Barachiel''
La aparición de San Miguel - Cristóbal de Villalpando.jpg, ''Apparition of Saint Michael''
Mujer del Apocalipsis - Cristóbal de Villalpando.jpg, ''Woman of the Apocalypse''
El Dulce nombre de María - Cristóbal de Villalpando.jpg, ''The sweet name of Mary''
La Virgen de Aranzazú - Cristóbal de Villalpando.jpg, ''Our Lady of Aranzazú''
La Purísima Concepción - Cristóbal de Villalpando.jpg, ''Immaculate Conception''
Huida a Egipto - Cristóbal de Villalpando.jpg, ''Flight into Egypt''
San Pablo - Cristóbal de Villalpando.jpg, ''Saint Paul''

See also

*Mexican art
*Miguel Cabrera (painter)
*Juan Correa
*Churrigueresque
*Juan Rodríguez Juárez

References

Further reading

*Brown, Jonathan, tonda Kasl, Juana Gutiérrez Haces, Clara Bargalini, Pedro Ángeles, and Rogelio Ruiz Gomar. ''Cristóbal de Villalpando: Mexican Painter of the Baroque''. Exhibition catalogue. Mexico City: Fomento Cultural Banamex 2017.
*Fenton, James. "Moses in Mexico" in ''New York Review of Books'', October 12, 2017, pp. 12,14. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2017/10/12/villalpando-moses-in-mexico/ (accessed 2 October 2017)
*Katzew, Ilona. ''Casta Painting''. New Haven: Yale University Press 2004.
* Maza, Francisco de la (1964) ''El Pintor Cristóbal de Villalpando'' Instituto Nacional de Antoropologia e Historia, Mexico City, , in Spanish
* Soberón, Arturo (1997) ''Cristóbal de Villalpando: El pincel bien temperado'' Consejo Nacional Para la Cultura, Mexico City, , in Spanish
* Toussaint, Manuel. ''Colonial Art in Mexico''. Translated and edited by Elizabth Wilder Weisman. Austin: University of Texas Press 1967.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Villalpando, Cristobal De
Mexican painters
Spanish Baroque painters
1649 births
1714 deaths
Artists from Mexico City
17th-century Mexican painters
Mexican male painters
18th-century Mexican painters
18th-century male artists
Religious painters