Crișana dialect

The Crișana dialect (''subdialectul / graiul crișean'') is one of the dialects of the Romanian language (Daco-Romanian). Its geographic distribution covers approximately the historical region of Crișana, in western Transylvania.

Classification

The Crișana dialect is part of the group of relatively fragmented Transylvanian varieties, along with the Maramureș dialect. As such, the Crișana dialect is a member of the northern group of Romanian dialects, which also includes Moldavian and Banat, and shares with them a large number of characteristics, as opposed to the Wallachian dialect.

As with all other dialects of Romanian, the one of Crișana is distinguished primarily by its phonetic features and to a lesser degree by its morphological, syntactic, and lexical features. However, in the context of the more fragmented Transylvanian speech varieties, these characteristics are less distinct than those of other dialectal areas. As a consequence, in some classifications the Crișana dialect is not individualized, such as those of Gustav Weigand, Alexandru Philippide, Iorgu Iordan and Emanuel Vasiliu. Other analyses, however, include the Crișana dialect in their classifications of four or five dialects (the fifth would be the even less distinct Maramureș dialect); this view is supported particularly by more recent studies, such as those of Romulus Todoran, Emil Petrovici, and Ion Coteanu. This divergence is a matter of definition.

Geographic distribution

The Crișana dialect has its name from the historical region of Crișana, although the dialectal area and the historical region only partially overlap. More precisely, the dialect is spoken in the following Romanian counties: Bihor, Sălaj, Satu Mare, Alba (north-western part), Cluj (western half), Arad (northern half, delimited by the Mureș river), Hunedoara (northern part), Maramureș (south-western part).

Subdivisions

Several varieties can be further distinguished within the Crișana dialect, specifically those of Bihor, Țara Moților, the area of the Someș River.

Particularities

Phonetic features

*Unstressed vowels often close to , respectively: for standard ''pahar'', ''pune'', ''acoperit''.
*Conversely, vowel sometimes opens to : for standard ''pădure'', ''căpătat''.
*The diphthong is systematically monophthongized to : for standard ''poate'', ''coajă''.
*After labials, becomes and the diphthong is monophthongized to : for standard ''merg'', ''meargă''.
*After the consonants , front vowels become central, and the diphthong monophthongizes to : for standard ''singur'', ''seară'', ''zeamă'', ''țin''. In certain areas, the same happens with consonants ; in other areas, they palatalize and make the subsequent central vowels front: for standard ''coajă'', ''ușă''.
*The vowel in word-initial positions diphthongizes to : for standard ''oi'', ''orb''.
*Asyllabic word-final vowels occur: for standard ''a spus''.
*The diphthong monophthongizes to : for standard ''câine'', ''mâine'', ''pâine''.
*The diphthong becomes in certain words: for standard ''băiat'', ''tămâiat''.
*The archaic consonant becomes in most of the dialectal area, whereas is preserved, although in free variation with .
*The labials and the labio-dentals are palatalized in specific ways when followed by front vowels: become , respectively; becomes or , and becomes or . Examples: for standard ''piele'', ''bine'', ''mic'', ''(să) fie'', ''vițel''. However, the palatalization is not generalized (it is more widespread in the northern part of the dialectal areaMatilda Caragiu-Marioțeanu, ''Compendiu de dialectologie română'', Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, 1975, p. 159 ) and fluctuations occur.
*Dentals palatalize when followed by front vowels: for standard ''frate'', ''bade''.
*The affricate remains unchanged, while becomes : for standard ''sânge'', ''fuge''.
*The sequence receives an epenthetic and becomes : for standard ''slab'', ''slănină''.
*In Țara Moților, a specific kind of rhotacism occurs, by which intervocalic is replaced with in old words: for standard ''oameni'', ''lumină''. An identical phenomenon, which may be historically related, occurs in Istro-Romanian.
*In Țara Oașului, when is followed by a consonant, it is velarized to or even : for standard ''alb''.
*In Țara Oașului, the consonant is realized with multiple vibrations.

Morphological and syntactical features

*The possessive article is invariable: ''a meu'', ''a mea'', ''a mei'', ''a mele'' ("mine", compare with standard ''al meu'', ''a mea'', ''ai mei'', ''ale mele'').
*Some verbs of the 1st and 4th conjugation groups do not take the ''-ez'' and ''-esc'' suffixes: ''lucră'', ''străluce'' ("he works", "it shines", compare with standard ''lucrează'', ''strălucește''). On the other hand, the suffix ''-esc'' does occur sometimes where in the standard language it doesn't: ''împărțăsc'', ''înghițăsc'', ''simțăsc'' ("I divide", "I swallow", "I feel", compare with standard ''împart'', ''înghit'', ''simt'').
*The auxiliary used for the compound perfect of verbs in the 3rd person is ''o'' for the singular and ''or / o'' for the plural: ("he said", "they said", compare with standard ''a zis'', ''au zis'').
*The conjunction used for subjunctives is ''și'': ''și facă'' ("for him to do, that he does", compare with standard ''să facă'').
*The following forms occur for the 3rd person of the subjunctive, both singular and plural: ''să deie'', ''să steie'', ''să beie'', ''să vreie'', ending in , where the standard language has ''să dea'', ''să stea'', ''să bea'', ''să vrea'', ending in .
*The past tense of the optative-conditional mood is formed using the auxiliary ''a vrea'' and the infinitive, for instance ''o vu cânta'', totally different from the standard ''ar fi cântat''.
*When the object of a verb is another verb, the latter is in its infinitive form.
*In some constructions, analytic forms are preferred to synthetic ones, e.g. the preposition ''cătă'' ("towards", standard ''către'') is used instead of the dative: ("he said to me", compare with standard ''mi-a zis'').
*In certain areas, the imperative is formed using the long infinitive: ''nu plecareți!'', ''nu vă lăudareți!'' (standard: ''nu plecați!'', ''nu vă lăudați!'').
*In the northern and central parts of the dialectal area, certain verb forms have replaced with other sounds: ("I say", "I come", "coming", compare with standard ''spun'', ''vin'', ''venind''). This feature is shared with the Wallachian dialect.

Lexical particularities

*Particular forms of the indefinite pronouns (and their corresponding adjectives) occur: ''oarecine'' ("someone", standard ''cineva''), ''oarece'' ("something", standard ''ceva'').
*Other specific words: ''arină'' ("sand", standard ''nisip''), ''brâncă'' ("hand", ''mână''), ''cotătoare'' ("mirror", ''oglindă''), ''ștergură'' ("towel", ''prosop''), ''vă!'' ("go!", ''du-te!''), ''tulai!'' ("oh!", ''vai!''), etc.

Sample

Crișana dialect:

Standard Romanian: ''Atunci iar a ieșit și s-a uitat. Am ridicat mâna. Și domnul a zis: Așa câine încă n-am văzut. Și-atunci câinele a venit cu oile și s-a uitat la mine șteptând să vadăce-i mai spun. Că el a știut că-i mai spun ceva.''

English translation: "Then it went out again and watched. I raised my hand. And the gentleman said: I've never seen a dog like this. And then the dog brought the sheep back and looked at me aiting to seewhat else I was going to say. Because it knew I was going to say something again."

Notes

Bibliography

*Ilona Bădescu
"Dialectologie"
teaching material for the University of Craiova
*Vasile Ursan
"Despre configurația dialectală a dacoromânei actuale"
''Transilvania'' (new series), 2008, No. 1, pp. 77–85
*Elena Buja, Liliana Coposescu, Gabriela Cusen, Luiza Meseșan Schmitz, Dan Chiribucă, Adriana Neagu, Iulian Pah
''Raport de țară: România''
country report for the Lifelong Learning Programme MERIDIUM

See also

* Romanian phonology

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crisana dialect
Romanian language varieties and styles
Crișana