Crenarchaeota

The Thermoproteota (also known as crenarchaea) are archaea that have been classified as a phylum of the Archaea domain. Initially, the Thermoproteota were thought to be sulfur-dependent extremophiles but recent studies have identified characteristic Thermoproteota environmental rRNA indicating the organisms may be the most abundant archaea in the marine environment. Originally, they were separated from the other archaea based on rRNA sequences; other physiological features, such as lack of histones, have supported this division, although some crenarchaea were found to have histones. Until recently all cultured Thermoproteota had been thermophilic or hyperthermophilic organisms, some of which have the ability to grow at up to 113 °C. These organisms stain Gram negative and are morphologically diverse, having rod, cocci, filamentous and oddly-shaped cells.

''Sulfolobus''

One of the best characterized members of the Crenarcheota is ''Sulfolobus solfataricus''. This organism was originally isolated from geothermally heated sulfuric springs in Italy, and grows at 80 °C and pH of 2–4. Since its initial characterization by Wolfram Zillig, a pioneer in thermophile and archaean research, similar species in the same genus have been found around the world. Unlike the vast majority of cultured thermophiles, '' Sulfolobus'' grows aerobically and chemoorganotrophically (gaining its energy from organic sources such as sugars). These factors allow a much easier growth under laboratory conditions than anaerobic organisms and have led to ''Sulfolobus'' becoming a model organism for the study of hyperthermophiles and a large group of diverse viruses that replicate within them.

Recombinational repair of DNA damage

Irradiation of ''S. solfataricus'' cells with ultraviolet light strongly induces formation of type IV pili that can then promote cellular aggregation.Fröls S, Ajon M, Wagner M, Teichmann D, Zolghadr B, Folea M, Boekema EJ, Driessen AJ, Schleper C, Albers SV. UV-inducible cellular aggregation of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus is mediated by pili formation. Mol Microbiol. 2008 Nov;70(4):938-52. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06459.x. PMID: 18990182 Ultraviolet light-induced cellular aggregation was shown by Ajon et al.Ajon M, Fröls S, van Wolferen M, Stoecker K, Teichmann D, Driessen AJ, Grogan DW, Albers SV, Schleper C. UV-inducible DNA exchange in hyperthermophilic archaea mediated by type IV pili. Mol Microbiol. 2011 Nov;82(4):807-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07861.x. Epub 2011 Oct 18. PMID: 21999488 to mediate high frequency inter-cellular chromosome marker exchange. Cultures that were ultraviolet light-induced had recombination rates exceeding those of uninduced cultures by as much as three orders of magnitude. ''S. solfataricus'' cells are only able to aggregate with other members of their own species. Frols et al.Fröls S, White MF, Schleper C. Reactions to UV damage in the model archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus. Biochem Soc Trans. 2009 Feb;37(Pt 1):36-41. doi: 10.1042/BST0370036. PMID: 19143598 and Ajon et al. considered that the ultraviolet light-inducible DNA transfer process, followed by homologous recombinational repair of damaged DNA, is an important mechanism for promoting chromosome integrity. This DNA transfer process can be regarded as a primitive form of sexual interaction.

Marine species

Beginning in 1992, data were published that reported sequences of genes belonging to the Thermoproteota in marine environments.^, Since then, analysis of the abundant lipids from the membranes of Thermoproteota taken from the open ocean have been used to determine the concentration of these “low temperature Crenarchaea” (See TEX-86). Based on these measurements of their signature lipids, Thermoproteota are thought to be very abundant and one of the main contributors to the fixation of carbon . DNA sequences from Thermoproteota have also been found in soil and freshwater environments, suggesting that this phylum is ubiquitous to most environments.

In 2005, evidence of the first cultured “low temperature Crenarchaea” was published. Named ''Nitrosopumilus maritimus'', it is an ammonia-oxidizing organism isolated from a marine aquarium tank and grown at 28 °C.

See also

*Euryarchaeota

References

Further reading

Scientific journals

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Scientific books

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Scientific databases

External links

Crenarchaeota
from the University of Wisconsin Virtual Microbiology site.
Comparative Analysis of Crenarchaeal Genomes
(at DOE's IMG system)

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Archaea phyla
Polyextremophiles