''Copelandia'' is a now

deprecated In several fields, especially computing, deprecation is the discouragement of use of some terminology, feature, design, or practice, typically because it has been superseded or is no longer considered efficient or safe, without completely removing ...

genus of

mushrooms A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground, on soil, or on its food source. ''Toadstool'' generally denotes one poisonous to humans. The standard for the name "mushroom" is ...

consisting of at least 12 species. Many American

mycologist Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans, including as a source for tinder, traditional medicine, food, and entheogens, as ...

s previously placed members of ''Panaeolus'' which stain blue into ''Copelandia'', whilst European mycologists generally used the name ''Panaeolus'' instead. Now all mushrooms previously categorised under ''Copelandia'' are universally classified in ''Panaeolus''. The genus ''Copelandia'' was created as a

subgenus In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between ...

of ''Panaeolus'' by Abbé

Giacomo Bresadola Giacomo Bresadola ( Mezzana, Trento; often given as Giacopo) 14 February 1847 – Trento 9 June 1929) was an eminent Italian mycologist. Fungi he named include the deadly '' Lepiota helveola'' and ''Inocybe patouillardii'', though the latter ...

(1847–1929) in honor of Edwin Bingham Copeland (1873–1964), an American who gathered fungi in the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

and sent some collections to Bresadola. ''Copelandia'' species are white to gray or tan, usually with long, thin fragile stem and are delicate. They are found in the

tropics The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also refer ...

and

neotropics The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In bioge ...

of both hemispheres, growing in

grassland A grassland is an area where the vegetation is dominated by grasses ( Poaceae). However, sedge ( Cyperaceae) and rush ( Juncaceae) can also be found along with variable proportions of legumes, like clover, and other herbs. Grasslands occur na ...

s, on dead

moss Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta (, ) '' sensu stricto''. Bryophyta ('' sensu lato'', Schimp. 1879) may also refer to the parent group bryophytes, which comprise liverworts, mosses, and ...

, dead grass, sand dunes, decayed wood, and dung. Blue staining on the caps and stems can often be observed where the mushroom has been bruised due to psilocin content. The cap is never viscid and often develops a cracked appearance as it dries out. None of the mushrooms in ''Copelandia'' have a partial veil and the gills always have thick walled pseudocystidia, often with crystals at the ends. Chrysocystidia are never present. All species of ''Copelandia'' are known to contain the hallucinogens psilocin and

psilocybin Psilocybin ( , ) is a naturally occurring psychedelic prodrug compound produced by more than 200 species of fungi. The most potent are members of the genus ''Psilocybe'', such as '' P. azurescens'', '' P. semilanceata'', and '' P.&nbs ...

Species list

*'' C. affinis'' (E. Horak) *'' C. bispora'' (Malençon & Bertault)

Singer Singing is the act of creating musical sounds with the voice. A person who sings is called a singer, artist or vocalist (in jazz and/or popular music). Singers perform music (arias, recitatives, songs, etc.) that can be sung with or withou ...

*'' C. cambodginiensis'' (Ola'h & R. Heim)

*'' C. chlorocystis''

& R.A. Weeks *'' C. cyanescens'' ( Berkeley & Broome)

*'' C. lentisporus'' (Ew. Gerhardt) Guzmán *'' C. mexicana'' Guzmán *'' C. tirunelveliensis'' Natarajan & Raman *'' C. tropica'' Natarajan & Raman *'' C. tropicalis'' (Ola'h)

& R.A. Weeks

References

Bibliography

Copelandia and other Psychoactive Mushrooms in Hawaii
* Pollock. S. 1974. A novel experience with Panaeolus: A case study from Hawaii. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs vol. 6(1): 85–89.

* Taxonomische Revision der Gattungen Panaeolus und Panaeolina, by Ew. Gerhardt, 1996 {{Taxonbar, from=Q2886493 Bolbitiaceae Entheogens Psychoactive fungi Psychedelic tryptamine carriers

Species list

See also

References

Bibliography