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Constantine X Doukas Romanization of Greek, or Ducas ( el, Κωνσταντῖνος Δούκας, ''Kōnstantinos X Doukas'', 1006 – 23 May 1067), was Byzantine emperor from 1059 to 1067. He was the founder and first ruling member of the Byzantine Empire under the Doukas dynasty, Doukid dynasty. During his reign, the Normans took over much of the remaining Byzantine territories in Italy while in the Balkans the Hungarians occupied Belgrade. He also suffered defeats by the Seljuk dynasty, Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan.
Constantine's parents are not mentioned in any primary sources, but some scholars theorize that he was the son of Andronikos Doukas, a nobleman who served as ''strategos'' of Preslav during the reign of Basil II (). Historians often give his bithdate as 1006, as he is said to have died aged "slightly over sixty years". He was an academic, addicted to endless debates about philosophy and theology, and he gained influence after he married, as his second wife, Eudokia Makrembolitissa, a niece of Patriarch Michael I Cerularius, Michael Keroularios.Kazhdan 1991, p. 504 In 1057, Constantine supported the usurpation of Isaac I Komnenos, gradually siding with the court bureaucracy against the new emperor's reforms. In spite of this tacit opposition, Constantine was chosen as successor by the ailing Isaac in 1059, under the influence of Michael Psellus, Michael Psellos. Isaac abdicated on 22 November and Constantine X was Coronation of the Byzantine emperor, crowned emperor on the following day.
The new emperor quickly associated two of his young sons in power, Michael VII Doukas and Konstantios Doukas, appointed his brother John Doukas (Caesar), John Doukas as ''kaisar'' (Caesar (title), caesar), and embarked on a policy favorable to the interests of the court bureaucracy and the church. Severely undercutting the training and financial support for the armed forces, Constantine X disbanded the Armenian local militia of 50,000 men at a crucial point of time, coinciding with the westward advance of the Seljuk Turks and their Turcoman allies. Undoing many of the necessary reforms of Isaac I Komnenos, he bloated the military bureaucracy with highly paid court officials and crowded the Senate with his supporters.
His decisions to replace standing soldiers with mercenaries and leaving the frontier fortifications unrepaired led Constantine to become naturally unpopular with the supporters of Isaac within the military aristocracy, who attempted to assassinate him in 1061. He also became unpopular with the general population after he raised taxes to try to pay the army.
At the very start of his reign, the Normans under Robert Guiscard completed the conquest of Byzantine Calabria, but Constantine showed a resurgent interest in retaining Apulia. He appointed at least two catepans of Italy (Marules and Sirianus) and sent reinforcements on two further occasions (under "Miriarcha" and Michael Maurex). He also suffered invasions by Alp Arslan in Asia Minor in 1064, resulting in the loss of the Armenian capital, and by the Oghuz Turks in the Balkans in 1065, while Belgrade was lost to the Hungarians.
Already old and unhealthy when he came to power, Constantine died on 23 May 1067. His final act was to demand that only his sons succeed him, forcing his wife Eudokia Makrembolitissa to take a vow not to remarry.
By his first wife, a daughter of Constantine Dalassenos (duke of Antioch), Constantine Dalassenos, Constantine X Doukas had several daughters:
*Anna Doukaina, a nun.
* Theodora Doukaina Selvo, Theodora Doukaina, who married Domenico Selvo, Doge of Venice.
By his second wife, Eudokia Makrembolitissa, he had the following issue:
* Michael VII Doukas, who succeeded as emperor.
* Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor), Andronikos Doukas, co-emperor from 1068 to 1078.
*Konstantios Doukas, co-emperor from 1060 to 1078, died in battle with the Normans in 1081
*Zoe Doukaina, who married Adrianos Komnenos, a brother of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos.
Coins of Constantine X Doukas
{{DEFAULTSORT:Constantine 10 Doukas 11th-century Byzantine emperors Doukid dynasty 1006 births 1067 deaths 1050s in the Byzantine Empire 1060s in the Byzantine Empire
Reign
Constantine's parents are not mentioned in any primary sources, but some scholars theorize that he was the son of Andronikos Doukas, a nobleman who served as ''strategos'' of Preslav during the reign of Basil II (). Historians often give his bithdate as 1006, as he is said to have died aged "slightly over sixty years". He was an academic, addicted to endless debates about philosophy and theology, and he gained influence after he married, as his second wife, Eudokia Makrembolitissa, a niece of Patriarch Michael I Cerularius, Michael Keroularios.Kazhdan 1991, p. 504 In 1057, Constantine supported the usurpation of Isaac I Komnenos, gradually siding with the court bureaucracy against the new emperor's reforms. In spite of this tacit opposition, Constantine was chosen as successor by the ailing Isaac in 1059, under the influence of Michael Psellus, Michael Psellos. Isaac abdicated on 22 November and Constantine X was Coronation of the Byzantine emperor, crowned emperor on the following day.
The new emperor quickly associated two of his young sons in power, Michael VII Doukas and Konstantios Doukas, appointed his brother John Doukas (Caesar), John Doukas as ''kaisar'' (Caesar (title), caesar), and embarked on a policy favorable to the interests of the court bureaucracy and the church. Severely undercutting the training and financial support for the armed forces, Constantine X disbanded the Armenian local militia of 50,000 men at a crucial point of time, coinciding with the westward advance of the Seljuk Turks and their Turcoman allies. Undoing many of the necessary reforms of Isaac I Komnenos, he bloated the military bureaucracy with highly paid court officials and crowded the Senate with his supporters.
His decisions to replace standing soldiers with mercenaries and leaving the frontier fortifications unrepaired led Constantine to become naturally unpopular with the supporters of Isaac within the military aristocracy, who attempted to assassinate him in 1061. He also became unpopular with the general population after he raised taxes to try to pay the army.
At the very start of his reign, the Normans under Robert Guiscard completed the conquest of Byzantine Calabria, but Constantine showed a resurgent interest in retaining Apulia. He appointed at least two catepans of Italy (Marules and Sirianus) and sent reinforcements on two further occasions (under "Miriarcha" and Michael Maurex). He also suffered invasions by Alp Arslan in Asia Minor in 1064, resulting in the loss of the Armenian capital, and by the Oghuz Turks in the Balkans in 1065, while Belgrade was lost to the Hungarians.
Already old and unhealthy when he came to power, Constantine died on 23 May 1067. His final act was to demand that only his sons succeed him, forcing his wife Eudokia Makrembolitissa to take a vow not to remarry.
Family
By his first wife, a daughter of Constantine Dalassenos (duke of Antioch), Constantine Dalassenos, Constantine X Doukas had several daughters:
*Anna Doukaina, a nun.
* Theodora Doukaina Selvo, Theodora Doukaina, who married Domenico Selvo, Doge of Venice.
By his second wife, Eudokia Makrembolitissa, he had the following issue:
* Michael VII Doukas, who succeeded as emperor.
* Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor), Andronikos Doukas, co-emperor from 1068 to 1078.
*Konstantios Doukas, co-emperor from 1060 to 1078, died in battle with the Normans in 1081
*Zoe Doukaina, who married Adrianos Komnenos, a brother of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos.
See also
*List of Byzantine emperorsNotes
References
* * * * * * * *External links
Coins of Constantine X Doukas
{{DEFAULTSORT:Constantine 10 Doukas 11th-century Byzantine emperors Doukid dynasty 1006 births 1067 deaths 1050s in the Byzantine Empire 1060s in the Byzantine Empire