The

International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation ...

(IPA) consists of more than 100 letters and diacritics. Before

Unicode Unicode, formally The Unicode Standard,The formal version reference is is an information technology standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. The standard, ...

became widely available, several

ASCII ASCII ( ), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Because ...

-based encoding systems of the IPA were proposed. The alphabet went through a large revision at the

Kiel Convention The International Phonetic Alphabet was created soon after the International Phonetic Association was established in the late 19th century. It was intended as an international system of phonetic transcription for oral languages, originally for ...

of 1989, and the vowel symbols again in 1993. Systems devised before these revisions inevitably lack support of the additions they introduced. Only language-neutral systems are discussed below because language-dependent ones (such as

ARPABET ARPABET (also spelled ARPAbet) is a set of phonetic transcription codes developed by Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) as a part of their Speech Understanding Research project in the 1970s. It represents phonemes and allophones of General ...

) do not allow for a systematic comparison.

General information

Symbols

Only the symbols in the latest

IPA chart The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association. It is not a complete list of all possible speech sounds in the world's l ...

are included. The numbers in the leftmost column, according to which the symbols are sorted, are the IPA Numbers. Some of the IPA symbols to which a system lacks a corresponding symbol may still be represented in that system by use of a modifier (diacritic), but such combinations are not included unless the documentation explicitly assigns one for the value. , s\ ,

Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative The voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ("c", plus the curl also found in its voiced counterp ...

, - , 183 , , zi) , zV> , zz , \zc , z> , ZJ , , z} , z\ ,

Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative The voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ("z", plus the curl also found in its voiceless counterp ...

, - , 184 , , , , , , v< ,

v 
, 
, 
,   -
,  209
,  
,  l~)
,  l-
, 
,  \l~
,  l~~
,  l-
,  L
, 
,  5
,   -
,  301
,  
,  i
,  i
,  i
,  i
,  i
,  i
,  i
,  i
,  i
,   -
,  302
,  
,  e
,  e
,  e
,  e
,  e
,  e
,  e
,  e
,  e
,  Close-mid front unrounded vowel
, -
,  303
,  
,  E
,  E
,  E
,  \ef
,  e<
,  E
,  E
,  E
,  E
,  Open-mid front unrounded vowel
, -
,  304
,  
,  a
,  a
,  a
,  a
,  a
,  a
,  a
,  a
,  a
,  Open front unrounded vowel
, -
,  305
,  
,  a"
,  A
,  aa
,  \as
,  a=
,  a_
,  A
,  A
,  A
,  Open back unrounded vowel 



The open back unrounded vowel, or low back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some  spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent  X-SAMPA symbol is A. The  ...

, -
,  306
,  
,  c&
,  O
,  O
,  \ct
,  o<
,  O
,  O
,  >
,  O
,  Open-mid back rounded vowel 



The open-mid back rounded vowel, or low-mid back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some  spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . The IPA symbol is a turned letter ''c'' a ...

, -
,  307
,  
,  o
,  o
,  o
,  o
,  o
,  o
,  o
,  o
,  o
,  Close-mid back rounded vowel 



The close-mid back rounded vowel, or high-mid back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is .
 Close-mid back protruded vowel
The close ...

, -
,  308
,  
,  u
,  u
,  u
,  u
,  u
,  u
,  u
,  u
,  u
,  Close back rounded vowel 




The close back rounded vowel, or high back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent  X-SAMPA symbol is u.

I ...

, -
,  309
,  
,  y
,  y or i!
,  y
,  y
,  y
,  y
,  y
,  y
,  y
,  Close front rounded vowel 



The close front rounded vowel, or high front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is /y/, and the equivalent  X-SAMPA symbol is y. Ac ...

, -
,  310
,  
,  o/)
,  0 or e!
,  oe
,  \o/
,  o>
,  o/
,  Y
,  7
,  2
,  Close-mid front rounded vowel 



The close-mid front rounded vowel, or high-mid front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. 

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the sound is , a lowercase letter o with a diagonal s ...

, -
,  311
,  
,  oe)
,  E!
,  oE
,  \oe
,  E<
,  E)
,  W
,  8
,  9
,  Open-mid front rounded vowel 



The open-mid front rounded vowel, or low-mid front rounded vowel, is a type of  vowel sound, used in some  spoken  languages. The symbol in the  International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the sound is . The symbol  œ is a lowercase ligatur ...

, -
,  312
,  
,  OE)
,  a!
,  OE
,  \Oe
,  E>
, 
,  &.
,  6
,  &
,  Open front rounded vowel 




The (near) open front rounded vowel, or (near) low front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound that has not been confirmed to be phonemic in any  spoken language. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ...

, -
,  313
,  
,  a"&
,  A= or A!
,  ao
,  \ab
,  o=
,  a_)
,  A.
,  5
,  Q
,  Open back rounded vowel 


The open back rounded vowel, or low back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . It is called "turned script ''a''", being a rotated ...

, -
,  314
,  
,  v&
,  ^, V= or O!
,  A
,  \vt
,  u>
,  ^
,  V
,  ^
,  V
,  Open-mid back unrounded vowel 



The open-mid back unrounded vowel or low-mid back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some  spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , graphically a rotated lowercase "v" (c ...

, -
,  315
,  
,  U"
,  o!
,  oo
,  \rh
,  O>
,  o(
,  o-
,  2
,  7
,  Close-mid back unrounded vowel 



The close-mid back unrounded vowel, or high-mid back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is , called "ram's horns." This symbol is distinct from the symbol f ...

, -
,  316
,  
,  m&
,  m= or u!
,  uu
,  \mt
,  u=
,  uu
,  u-
,  4
,  M
,  Close back unrounded vowel 





The close back unrounded vowel, or high back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Typographically, it is a turned letter ; gi ...

, -
,  317
,  
,  i-
,  i"
,  i-
,  \i-
,  I=
,  i_
,  i"
,  ix
,  1
,  Close central unrounded vowel 


The close central unrounded vowel, or high central unrounded vowel, is a type of  vowel sound used in some  languages. The symbol in the  International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , namely the lower-case  letter ''i'' with a h ...

, -
,  318
,  
,  u-
,  u"
,  u-
,  \u-
,  U=
,  u+
,  u"
,  ux
,  }
,  Close central rounded vowel 
}


The close central rounded vowel, or high central rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is }.  B ...

, -
,  319
,  
,  I
,  I
,  I
,  \ic
,  i=
,  I
,  I
,  I
,  I
,   Near-close near-front unrounded vowel
, -
,  320
,  
,  Y
,  Y
,  Y
,  \yc
,  Y=
,  Y
,  U.
,  Y
,  Y
,  Near-close near-front rounded vowel 



The near-close front rounded vowel, or near-high front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some  spoken languages.

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol  ...

, -
,  321
,  
,  U
,  U
,  U
,  \hs
,  u<
,  U
,  U
,  U
,  U
,   Near-close near-back rounded vowel
, -
,  322
,  
,  @
,  e=
,  6
,  \sw
,  e=
,  "@
,  @
,  &
,  @
,  Mid central vowel 




The mid central vowel (also known as schwa) is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a  rotated lowercase letter e.

While the ''Handbook of the I ...

, -
,  323
,  
,  o-
,  o"
, 
,  \o-
,  O=
,  @)
,  @.
,  ox
,  8
,  Close-mid central rounded vowel 





The close-mid central rounded vowel, or high-mid central rounded vowel, is a type of  vowel sound. The symbol in the  International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a lowercase  barred letter o.

The character ɵ has been used ...

, -
,  324
,  
,  a&
, 
, 
,  \at
,  a>
,  4
, 
,  ax
,  6
,  Near-open central vowel 



The near-open central vowel, or near-low central vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some  spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a  rotated lowercase double-barrelled letter a.

 ...

, -
,  325
,  
,  ae)
,  @
,  ae
,  \ae
,  a<
,  aa
,  &
,  @
,  {
,  Near-open front unrounded vowel 



The near-open front unrounded vowel, or near-low front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some  spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a lowercase of the   ligature. Bo ...

, -
,  326
,  
,  E&
,  E"
,  3
,  \er
,  e>
,  3
,  V"
,  3
,  3
,  Open-mid central unrounded vowel 



The open-mid central unrounded vowel, or low-mid central unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some  spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet 







The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an  alphab ...

, -
,  327
,  
,  xr^
, 
,  3r
,  \sr
, 
,  "@.
,  R
, 
,  @`
,   R-coloured mid central vowel
, -
,  395
,  
,  E"
,  O"
, 
,  \kb
,  O<
,  3)
,  O"
, 
,  3\
,  Open-mid central rounded vowel 



The open-mid central rounded vowel, or low-mid central rounded vowel, is a vowel sound, used in some  spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet 







The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an  alphabetic system  ...

, -
,  397
,  
,  e&
,  e"
,  6
,  \e-
,  E=
,  @
,  @<umd>
, 
,  @\
,  Close-mid central unrounded vowel 



The close-mid central unrounded vowel, or high-mid central unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . This is a mirrored letter e and ...

, -
,  401
,  
,  `
, 
,  ?
,  \ap
,  
,  '
,  `
,  >
,  _>
,  Ejective 



In phonetics, ejective consonants are usually voiceless  consonants that are pronounced with a  glottalic egressive airstream. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with  aspirated, voiced and tenuis consonants. Some  ...

, -
,  402A
,  
,  rowspan="2" ,  V)
,  rowspan="2" ,  %
,  rowspan="2" ,  ,-v
,  \0v
,  %
,  rowspan="2" , 
,  rowspan="2" ,  <o>
,  rowspan="2" ,  0
,  rowspan="2" ,  _0
,  rowspan="2" ,  Voiceless 



In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the  larynx vibrating. Phonologically, it is a type of  phonation, which contrasts with other states of the larynx, but some object that the word phonation implies  ...

, -
,  402B
,  
,  \0^
,  @
, -
,  403
,  
,  v)
, 
,  ,+v
, 
,  %%
, 
,  <vcd>
,  v
,  _v
,  Voiced 





Voice or voicing is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants). Speech sounds can be described as either voiceless (otherwise known as ''unvoiced'') or voiced.

The term, however, is used to refer ...

, -
,  404
,  
,  h^
,  HH
,  ,h
,  \^h
,  h^
,  h
,  <h>
,  h
,  _h
,   Aspirated
, -
,  405
,  
,  h")
, 
,  ,hv
,  \:v
,  %%%
,  h
,  <?>
,  Hv
,  _t
,  Breathy voice 





Breathy voice  (also called murmured voice, whispery voice, soughing and susurration) is a  phonation in which the vocal folds vibrate, as they do in normal (modal) voicing, but are adjusted to let more air escape which produces a sighing-like ...
d
, -
,  406
,  
,  ~
, 
,  ,?v
,  \~v
,  $$$
,  *
, 
,  ?
,  _k
,  Creaky voice 
In linguistics, creaky voice (sometimes called laryngealisation, pulse phonation,  vocal fry, or glottal fry) refers to a low, scratchy sound that occupies the vocal range below the common vocal register. It is a special kind of  phonation in which ...
d
, -
,  407
,  
,  {
, 
, 
, 
,  {{{{
, 
, 
,  {
,  _N
,   Linguolabial
, -
,  408
,  {{IPA, ◌̪
,    [
,  ,d
,  \Nv
,  {
, 
,  [
,    _d
,   Dental
, -
,  409
,  {{IPA, ◌̺
,  /code>
, 
,  ,ap
,  \Uv
,  {{
, 
, 
,  /code>
,  _a
,  Apical 
Apical means "pertaining to an apex". It may refer to:

*Apical ancestor, refers to the last common ancestor of an entire group, such as a species (biology) or a clan (anthropology)
*Apical (anatomy), an anatomical term of location for features loc ...

, -
,  410
,  {{IPA, ◌̻
,  []
, 
,  ,lm
,  \Dv
,  {{{
, 
, 
,  }
,  _m
,  Laminal consonant, Laminal
, -
,  411
,  {{IPA, ◌̹
,  u)
,  }
,  ,+w
,  \3v
,  ++++
, 
,  .
,  (w){{efn, name=worldbet-proposed
,  _O
,   More rounded
, -
,  412
,  {{IPA, ◌̜
,  U)
,  {
, 
,  \cv
,  ____
, 
,  -
, 
,  _c
,   Less rounded
, -
,  413
,  {{IPA, ◌̟
,  +
,  +
,  ,< or ,fr
,  \+v
,  +
, 
, 
,  +
,  _+
,   Advanced
, -
,  414
,  {{IPA, ◌̠
,  _
,  -{{efn, name=mo-hyphen, - represents either retracted or "velarized or pharyngealized" in Millar & Oasa's system.
,  ,> or ,bk
,  \-v
,  _
, 
, 
,  -
,  _-
,   Retracted
, -
,  415
,  {{IPA, ◌̈
,  "^
,  "
, 
,  \:^
,  *
, 
,  "
, 
,  _"
,  Centralized 




Centralisation or centralization (see spelling differences) is the process by which the activities of an organisation, particularly those regarding planning and decision-making, framing strategy and policies become concentrated within a particu ...

, -
,  416
,  {{IPA, ◌̽
,  x^
, 
, 
,  \x^
,  **
, 
, 
, 
,  _x
,   Mid-centralized
, -
,  417
,  {{IPA, ◌̘
,  <
, 
, 
,  \T(
,  +++
, 
, 
,  ¿{{efn, name=worldbet-proposed{{efn, name=worldbet-nonascii, ¿ and ¡ are not part of ASCII, but are nonetheless proposed as encoding advanced and retracted tongue root, respectively, in Worldbet.
,  _A
,  Advanced tongue root 

In  phonetics, advanced tongue root (ATR) and retracted tongue root (RTR) are contrasting states of the root of the tongue during the pronunciation of  vowels in some languages, especially in Western and  Eastern Africa, but also in  Kazakh and  M ...

, -
,  418
,  {{IPA, ◌̙
,  >
, 
, 
,  \T)
,  ___
, 
, 
,  ¡{{efn, name=worldbet-proposed{{efn, name=worldbet-nonascii
,  _q
,  Retracted tongue root 

In  phonetics, advanced tongue root (ATR) and retracted tongue root (RTR) are contrasting states of the root of the tongue during the pronunciation of vowels in some languages, especially in Western and Eastern Africa, but also in  Kazakh and  Mon ...

, -
,  419
,  {{IPA, ◌˞
,  r^
, 
, 
,  \hr
,    .
,  <r>
, 
,  `
,  R-colored vowel, Rhoticity
, -
,  420
,  {{IPA, ʷ
,  w^
, 
,  ,V\
,  \^w
,  w^
,  W
,  <w>
,  w
,  _w
,  Labialization, Labialized
, -
,  421
,  {{IPA, ʲ
,  j^
,  .
,  ,j
,  \^j
,  j^
,  J
,  <pzd>
,  j
,  ' or _j
,   Palatalized
, -
,  422
,  {{IPA, ˠ
,  g^
, 
,  ,g
,  \^G
,  g=^
,  -
,  <vzd>
,  2
,  _G
,  Velarized 





Velarization is a  secondary articulation of  consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant.
In the  International Phonetic Alphabet, velarization is transcribed by one of four d ...

, -
,  423
,  {{IPA, ˤ
,  &g^
, 
,  ,H
,  \^9
,  ?<^
,  9
,  <H>
,  !
,  _?\
,  Pharyngealized 

Pharyngealization is a  secondary articulation of  consonants or  vowels by which the  pharynx or  epiglottis is constricted during the articulation of the sound.
 IPA symbols
In the  International Phonetic Alphabet, pharyngealization can be indic ...

, -
,  424
,  {{IPA, ◌̃
,  ~^
,  ~
,  ,+n
,  \~^
,  ~
,  ~
,  ~
,  ~
,  ~ or _~
,  Nasalized 




In phonetics, nasalization (or nasalisation) is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth. An archetypal nasal sound is .

In the Internationa ...

, -
,  425
,  {{IPA, ⁿ
,  n^
, 
,  ,n-
,  \^n
,  n^
,  n
, 
,  n
,  _n
,  Nasal release 

In phonetics, a nasal release is the release of a stop consonant into a nasal. Such sounds are transcribed in the IPA with superscript nasal letters, for example as  in English ''catnip'' . In English words such as ''sudden'' in which historically ...

, -
,  426
,  {{IPA, ˡ
,  l^
, 
,  ,l-
,  \^l
,  l^
,  L
, 
,  l
,  _l
,   Lateral release
, -
,  427
,  {{IPA, ◌̚
,  .)
, 
,  ,=
,  \cn
,  ]
, 
,  <unx>
,  c
,  _}
,  No audible release 

A  stop with no audible release, also known as an unreleased stop or an applosive, is a stop consonant with no release burst: no audible indication of the end of its occlusion (hold). In the International Phonetic Alphabet, lack of an audible rele ...

, -
,  428
,  {{IPA, ◌̴
,  ~)
,  -{{efn, name=mo-hyphen
, 
, 
, 
, 
, 
, 
,  _e
,  Velarized 





Velarization is a  secondary articulation of  consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant.
In the  International Phonetic Alphabet, velarization is transcribed by one of four d ...
 or pharyngealized 

Pharyngealization is a  secondary articulation of  consonants or  vowels by which the  pharynx or  epiglottis is constricted during the articulation of the sound.
 IPA symbols
In the  International Phonetic Alphabet, pharyngealization can be indic ...

, -
,  429
,  {{IPA, ◌̝
,  =
,  .{{efn, name=mo-period, . represents either raised or palatalized in Millar & Oasa's system.
,  ,/ or ,up
,  \T^
,  ++
, 
, 
, 
,  _r
,   Raised
, -
,  430
,  {{IPA, ◌̞
,  ="
,  (
,  ,\ or ,dn
,  \Tv
,  __
, 
, 
, 
,  _o
,   Lowered
, -
,  431
,  {{IPA, ◌̩
,  ,)
,  \
,  ,$
,  \|v
,  $
, 
,  -
,  =
,  = or _=
,  Syllabic 
Syllabic may refer to:
*Syllable, a unit of speech sound, considered the building block of words
**Syllabic consonant, a consonant that forms the nucleus of a syllable
*Syllabary, writing system using symbols for syllables
*Abugida, writing system  ...

, -
,  432
,  {{IPA, ◌̯
,  (
,  *{{efn, name=mo-asterisk, * represents either non-syllabic or extra-short in Millar & Oasa's system.
,  ,gl
,  \nv
,  $$
, 
, 
,  (
,  _^
,   Non-syllabic
, -
,  rowspan="2" ,  433
,  {{IPA, ◌͡◌
,  rowspan="2" ,  )){{efn, )) representing a tie bar is placed after both segments, as in ts)), in Branner's system.
, 
,  rowspan="2" ,  _
,  \li
,  #&
, 
, 
, 
,  rowspan="2" ,  _
,  rowspan="2" ,  Affricate 


An affricate is a consonant that begins as a  stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same  place of articulation (most often  coronal). It is often difficult to decide if a stop and fricative form a single phoneme or a consonant pai ...
 or  double articulation
, -
,  {{IPA, ◌͜◌
, 
, 
,  @&
, 
, 
, 
, -
,  501
,  {{IPA, ˈ
,  '
,  '
,  $S5
,  \'1
,  }
, 
,  '
,  `
,  "
,  Primary stress 






In linguistics, and particularly phonology, stress or accent is the relative emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word or to a certain word in a phrase or  sentence. That emphasis is typically caused by such properties as i ...

, -
,  502
,  {{IPA, ˌ
,  ,
,  `
,  $S3
,  \'2
,  
, 
,  ,
,  '
,  %
,  Secondary stress 



Secondary stress (or obsolete: secondary accent) is the weaker of two degrees of  stress in the  pronunciation of a word, the stronger degree of stress being called ''primary''. The  International Phonetic Alphabet symbol for secondary stress is ...

, -
,  503
,  {{IPA, ː
,  :
,  |
,  ,:
,  \:f
,  :
,  :
,  :
,  :
,  :
,  Long 
Long may refer to:

 Measurement
* Long, characteristic of something of great  duration
* Long, characteristic of something of great length
* Longitude (abbreviation:  long.), a geographic coordinate
* Longa (music), note value in early music mensu ...

, -
,  504
,  {{IPA, ˑ
,  ;
,  :
,  ,.
,  \.f
,  ::
, 
, 
,  ;
,  :\
,  Half-long 





In  phonetics, length or quantity is a feature of sounds that have distinctively extended duration compared with other sounds. There are long vowels as well as  long consonants (the latter are often called ''geminates'').

Many languages do no ...

, -
,  505
,  {{IPA, ◌̆
,  (^
,  *{{efn, name=mo-asterisk
,  ,--
,  \N^
,  ***
,  S
, 
,  (
,  _X
,  Extra-short 


The International Phonetic Alphabet uses a breve  to indicate a speech sound (usually a vowel) with extra-short duration. That is,  is a very short vowel with the quality of . An example from English is the short schwa of the word ''police'' . Th ...

, -
,  506
,  {{IPA, .
,  .
, 
,  $
,  .
,  .
, 
,  #
,  .
,  .
,  Syllable 


A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of  speech sounds typically made up of a syllable nucleus (most often a  vowel) with optional initial and final margins (typically, consonants). Syllables are often considered the  phonological  ...
 break
, -
,  507
,  {{IPA, |
,  |
, 
, 
,  |
,  .<
, 
, 
, 
,  |
,  Minor (foot 



The foot ( : feet) is an anatomical structure found in many vertebrates. It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows  locomotion. In many animals with feet, the foot is a separate organ at the terminal part of the  leg mad ...
) group
, -
,  508
,  {{IPA, ‖
,  ||
, 
, 
,  ||
,  .=
, 
, 
, 
,  ||
,  Major ( intonation) group
, -
,  509
,  {{IPA, ‿
,  =)
, 
, 
,  \_u
,  #=
, 
, 
, 
,  -\
,   Linking (absence of a break)
, -
,  510
,  {{IPA, ↗
,  /
, 
, 
, 
,  #>>
, 
, 
, 
,  </> or <R>
,   Global rise
, -
,  511
,  {{IPA, ↘
,  \
, 
, 
, 
,  #<<
, 
, 
, 
,  <\> or <F>
,   Global fall
, -
,  512
,  {{IPA, ◌̋
,  5
,  5
,  $T5-
, 
,  @4
, 
, 
,  _9
,  _T
,   Extra-high
, -
,  513
,  {{IPA, ◌́
,  4
,  4
,  $T4-
,  \'^
,  @3
, 
, 
,  _7
,  _H
,  High 
High may refer to:

  Science and technology 
*  Height
* High (atmospheric), a high-pressure area
* High (computability), a quality of a Turing degree, in computability theory
* High (tectonics), in geology an area where relative tectonic uplift t ...

, -
,  514
,  {{IPA, ◌̄
,  3
,  3
,  $T3-
,  \-^
,  @2
, 
, 
,  _5
,  _M
,   Mid
, -
,  515
,  {{IPA, ◌̀
,  2
,  2
,  $T2-
,  \`^
,  @1
, 
, 
,  _3
,  _L
,   Low
, -
,  516
,  {{IPA, ◌̏
,  1
,  1
,  $T1-
, 
,  @0
, 
, 
,  _1
,  _B
,   Extra-low
, -
,  517
,  {{IPA, ꜛ
,  /)
, 
, 
, 
,  #<
, 
, 
, 
,  ^
,  Upstep 
In linguistics, upstep is a  phonemic or phonetic upward shift of  tone between the syllables or words of a tonal language. It is best known in the tonal languages of Sub-Saharan Africa. Upstep is a much rarer phenomenon than its counterpart,  down ...

, -
,  518
,  {{IPA, ꜜ
,  \)
, 
, 
, 
,  #>
, 
, 
, 
,  !
,   Downstep
, -
,  519
,  {{IPA, ˥
,  5
,  5
,  $T5-
, 
,  #4
, 
, 
, 
,  <T>
,   Extra-high
, -
,  520
,  {{IPA, ˦
,  4
,  4
,  $T4-
, 
,  #3
, 
, 
, 
,  <H>
,  High 
High may refer to:

  Science and technology 
*  Height
* High (atmospheric), a high-pressure area
* High (computability), a quality of a Turing degree, in computability theory
* High (tectonics), in geology an area where relative tectonic uplift t ...

, -
,  521
,  {{IPA, ˧
,  3
,  3
,  $T3-
, 
,  #2
, 
, 
, 
,  <M>
,   Mid
, -
,  522
,  {{IPA, ˨
,  2
,  2
,  $T2-
, 
,  #1
, 
, 
, 
,  <L>
,   Low
, -
,  523
,  {{IPA, ˩
,  1
,  1
,  $T1-
, 
,  #0
, 
, 
, 
,  <B>
,   Extra-low
, -
,  524
,  {{IPA, ◌̌
,  15
,  15
,  $1/
,  \v^
,  @13
, 
, 
, 
,  _L_H, _R or _/
,  Rising 
Rising may refer to:
* Rising, a stage in baking - see Proofing (baking technique)
*Elevation
* Short for  Uprising, a rebellion
 Film and TV
*  "Rising" (''Stargate Atlantis''), the series premiere of the science fiction television program ''Starg ...

, -
,  525
,  {{IPA, ◌̂
,  51
,  51
,  $5\
,  \^^
,  @31
, 
, 
, 
,  _H_L, _F or _\
,   Falling
, -
,  526
,  {{IPA, ◌᷄
,  35
,  35
,  $3/
, 
,  @23
, 
, 
, 
,  _H_T
,   High-rising
, -
,  527
,  {{IPA, ◌᷅
,  13
,  13
,  $3\
, 
,  @12
, 
, 
, 
,  _B_L
,   Low-rising
, -
,  528
,  {{IPA, ◌᷈
,  342
,  342
,  $T3^
, 
,  @131
, 
, 
, 
,  _M_H_L, _R_F or _/_\
,   Rising–falling


 Coverage

{,  class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
! scope="col" ,  Scope
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" ,  Branner
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" ,  Millar & Oasa
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" ,  PHONASCII
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" ,  Praat
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" ,  SIL
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" ,  UPSID
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" ,  Usenet
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" ,  Worldbet
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" ,  X-SAMPA
, -
! scope="row" ,  Consonants (80)
,  79 ({{percentage, 79, 80)
,  69 ({{percentage, 69, 80)
,  67 ({{percentage, 67, 80)
,  79 ({{percentage, 79, 80)
,  80 ({{percentage, 80, 80)
,  75 ({{percentage, 75, 80)
,  73 ({{percentage, 73, 80)
,  73 ({{percentage, 73, 80)
,  79 ({{percentage, 79, 80)
, -
! scope="row" ,  Vowels (29)
,  29 ({{percentage, 29, 29)
,  27 ({{percentage, 27, 29)
,  26 ({{percentage, 26, 29)
,  29 ({{percentage, 29, 29)
,  28 ({{percentage, 28, 29)
,  28 ({{percentage, 28, 29)
,  28 ({{percentage, 28, 29)
,  26 ({{percentage, 26, 29)
,  29 ({{percentage, 29, 29)
, -
! scope="row" ,  Diacritics (35)
,  34 ({{percentage, 34, 35)
,  15 ({{percentage, 15, 35)
,  25 ({{percentage, 25, 35)
,  30 ({{percentage, 30, 35)
,  34 ({{percentage, 34, 35)
,  12 ({{percentage, 12, 35)
,  17 ({{percentage, 17, 35)
,  25 ({{percentage, 25, 35)
,  26 ({{percentage, 26, 35)
, -
! scope="row" ,  Suprasegmentals (28)
,  28 ({{percentage, 28, 28)
,  20 ({{percentage, 20, 28)
,  21 ({{percentage, 21, 28)
,  14 ({{percentage, 14, 28)
,  28 ({{percentage, 28, 28)
,  2 ({{percentage, 2, 28)
,  4 ({{percentage, 4, 28)
,  11 ({{percentage, 11, 28)
,  28 ({{percentage, 28, 28)
, - class="sortbottom"
! scope="row" ,  Total (172)
,  170 ({{percentage, 170, 172)
,  131 ({{percentage, 131, 172)
,  139 ({{percentage, 139, 172)
,  152 ({{percentage, 152, 172)
,  170 ({{percentage, 170, 172)
,  117 ({{percentage, 117, 172)
,  122 ({{percentage, 122, 172)
,  135 ({{percentage, 135, 172)
,  162 ({{percentage, 162, 172)


 See also

* ARPABET 

ARPABET (also spelled ARPAbet) is a set of phonetic transcription codes developed by Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) as a part of their  Speech Understanding Research project in the 1970s. It represents phonemes and allophones of General  ...

* SAMPA 

__NOTOC__
The Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (SAMPA) is a computer-readable phonetic script using 7-bit printable ASCII characters, based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). It was originally developed in the late 1980s for  ...


 Notes

{{notelist

 References

{{reflist

 External links

Representation of IPA with ASCII

{{IPA navigation

 International Phonetic Alphabet
 ASCII
 Computing comparisons