Commemoration of Carl Linnaeus

Commemoration of Carl Linnaeus has been ongoing for over two centuries. Celebrated for his scientific work, Linnaeus was knighted and granted nobility (as ''Carl von Linné'') in life. After his death, he has been featured in sculpture, on postage stamps and banknotes, as well as by a medal from the eponymous Linnean Society of London. Several notable people have the given names Linnaeus/Linné (usually for boys) or Linnea/Linnéa (highly popular for girls born in Scandinavia). Among other things named in his honor are plants, astronomical features, towns, an arboretum, a mineral and a university.

Accolades

By the end of his life in 1778, Carl Linnaeus had become one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe, the first commoner in Sweden to be dubbed a knight of the Order of the Polar Star (1753) and ennobled as Carl von Linné (1761). The Swiss philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote during Linnaeus' lifetime: "I know no greater man on earth.""What people have said about Linnaeus"
, Uppsala University website "''Linné on line"'' English language version.

The German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe would later write: "With the exception of Shakespeare and Spinoza, I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly." Swedish author August Strindberg wrote: "Linnaeus was in reality a poet who happened to become a naturalist". Among other compliments, Linnaeus has been called the "Flower King","Flower King" in Swedish is "Blomsterkungen" Note e.g

/ref> ''Princeps botanicorum'' (Prince of Botanists), "The Pliny of the North," and "The Second Adam".

In 1959, Carl Linnaeus was designated as the lectotype for ''Homo sapiens'', which means that following the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, ''Homo sapiens'' is validly defined as the animal species to which Linnaeus belongs.

File:The Temple of Flora, Carolus Linnaeus.jpg, "Carolus Linnaeus, Knight of the Polar Star"Print from ''Temple of Flora'' (1799-1807) by Robert John Thornton.
File:Linne CoA.jpg, The coat of arms of Carl von Linné

Memorials, monuments and statues

The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh holds a monument to Linnaeus designed in 1778 by the noted Scottish architect Robert Adam. It was originally erected in the Botanic Garden on Leith Walk in 1779 by John Hope, Regius Keeper of the Garden, who was the first to introduce the Linnean system of classification to Scotland. It has been located in the Chilean Terrace of RBGE since 1967.

There are numerous other memorials, monuments and statues of Linnaeus; some examples:Interesting examples online with non- free content:
* The Linnaeus Monument in the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburghbr>
* A bust of Linnaeu

at Gustavus Adolphus College's Linnaeus Arboretum.
* Statue in the Linnaeus Teaching Gardens:


* Stained glass depiction o
Linnaeus at the All Saints' Chapel
in Sewanee: The University of the South
* A mid-19th century marble statue of
The Young Linnaeus
'' held by the Walker Art Gallery

File:Linnaeus Monument by Robert Adam, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.JPG, Monument by Robert Adam at Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh
File:Emma Schenson - Hammarby 1864 -Linnaeus Memorial.jpg, Hammarby, 1864Photograph by Emma Schenson (1827-1913) at Linnaeus Hammarby, 1864. The memorial arrangement features a painting of Linnaeus by Johan Henrik Scheffel from 1755 (in line with the two female portraits on the wall in the background, possibly of Linnaeus' wife and mother), his hat, teacup, teapot, tea caddy and walking stick (leaning against a chair).
File:LA2-Rashult-3.jpg, Monument to Linnaeus at his birthplace in Råshult
File:Linnaeus_-_RA_London.jpg, Statue of Linnaeus in the Royal Academy of London
File:Visby garden linné.JPG, Carved wooden statue of Linnaeus in Visby
File:Linnaeus-Obelisk - Bremen - 2011.jpg, Early 19th century obelisk in BremenThe obelisk commemorates four naturalists, one per side: Linnaeus, Albrecht Wilhelm Roth, Albrecht von Haller and Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin.
File:Uppsala Cathedral - Epitaph of Linnaeus.jpg, Epitaph in Uppsala Cathedral
File:Statue_-_Father_of_Botany.jpg, Linnaeus sculpture in the Chicago Botanic Garden
File:Statue of Carl von Linné by Frithiof Kjellberg (Chicago).jpg, Statue of Linnaeus on the University of Chicago's Midway Plaisance
File:Linnémonumentet.jpg, Statue of Linnaeus in Humlegården, Stockholm.
File:Bust-of-Carl-Linnaeus-by-Anthony-Smith-(Chelsea-Flower-Show-2007).jpg, Bust of Linnaeus by British sculptor Anthony Smith, at the Chelsea Flower Show in 2007

Anniversaries

Anniversaries of Linnaeus' 1707 birth, especially in centennial years, have been marked by major celebrations."Making Memorials: Early Celebrations of Linnaeus" by Hanna Östholm, fro
Special Issue No. 8 of ''The Linnean''
(Newsletter and Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London) In 1807, events were held in Sweden that included Linnaeus' daughters and apostles of Linnaeus, such as Adam Afzelius who was then head of the short-lived Linnéska institutet. A century later, celebrations of the bicentennial expanded globally and were even larger in Sweden. At Uppsala University, honorary doctorates were given to Ernst Haeckel, Francis Darwin and Selma Lagerlöf, among others. The memorials were so numerous that newspaper columnists began to tire of them and printed caricatures of the esteemed Linnaeus. In 1917, on the 210th anniversary of Linnaeus' birth, the Swedish Linnaeus Society was founded and proceeded to restore the Linnaean Garden, which had fallen into disrepair. In 2007, tricentennial celebrations were held. During that year a documentary titled Expedition Linné was produced, which was intended to increase public understanding of and respect for nature.

File:Råshult 1907.jpg, Celebration in Råshult, 1907
File:CarlvonLinne Garden.jpg, The restored Linnaean garden
File:Äppeltavlan 2007, Kivik.jpg, Mosaic portrait of Linnaeus made from apples in Kivik, 2007

Medals and awards

In 1777, Josiah Wedgwood produced a portrait medallion of Linnaeus.

Following the death of Linnaeus, the King of Sweden commissioned a medal to be struck with Linnaeus bearing a twinflower on the front and a dejected Cybele on the back.A print depicting the medal with Cybele described on P. 492 of Pulteney (1805) is #2 depicted o
this page
An example of #1 is pictured o
this page


Some other medals with pictures online:
* A bronze medal produced in 1978 for the bicentennial of his death: Item 74 on ; high-resolution
* A silver medal produced circa 1880 in Belgium for the Royal Linnean Agricultural and Horticultural Society:

In 1830, the London Pharmaceutical Society produced a Linnaeus medal by William Wyon featuring Panacea on the back.

The Linnean Society of New South Wales awards a bursary to assist botany, zoology or geology students at the University of Sydney.

The Chelonian Research Foundation manages a financial endowment called the Linnaeus Fund, named in his honor for being the first turtle taxonomist. Awards have been granted annually since 1992 for turtle research projects.

In 2007, Uppsala University produced a Linnaeus Medal; in gold "for truly outstanding scientific achievement, especially in the Linnaean subject areas but also for meritorious furtherance of the legacy of Linnaeus or Uppsala University" and silver for "estimable administrative service in connection with the Linnaeus Tercentenary."

Linnean Society of London

The Linnean Society of London has awarded the Linnean Medal for excellence in botany or zoology since 1888. Starting in 1978, in commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the death of Linnaeus, the Bicentenary Medal of the Linnean Society has been awarded in recognition of work done by a biologist under the age of forty. In 2007, they produced 300 Linnean Tercentenary Medals which feature an illustration by Linnaeus of Andromeda (mythology) next to one of the plant he named Andromeda, from his expedition to Lapland on the front and a spiral design made from illustrations of his sexual system for plant classification taken from Systema Naturae on the back. They were cast in silver, for those "internationally recognised for their contribution to our understanding of the natural world, particularly at the higher, organisational levels" and "outstanding and effective popularisers, particularly of the broad concepts of evolution and the importance of biodiversity" and bronze for "Fellows of the Society in recognition for their assistance and work."
The society also marked the tercentenary by commissioning a bronze portrait bust of Linnaeus by the sculptor Anthony Smith.

File:Medaille-Linnaeus.jpg, The Gold Medal of the Linnean Society
File:Linnaeus Andromeda.jpg, Linnaeus' original Andromeda drawing

Money and stamps

Linnaeus has appeared on numerous Swedish postage stampsSwedish postage stamps
issued for the 2007 tricentennial anniversary of Linnaeus' birth. See also and banknotes.

In 1986, a new 100 kronor bill was introduced featuring a portrait of Linnaeus, drawings of pollinating plants from his ''Praeludia Sponsaliorum Plantarum'', a sketch of the Linnaean Garden and a quote, often described as Linnaeus' motto, from ''Philosophia Botanica'' which reads "OMNIA MIRARI ETIAM TRITISSIMA": Find wonder in all things, even the most commonplace.Scientists and Mathematicians on Money
Linnaeus is featured on th
100 Swedish Krona banknote
(front and back)
* Linnaeus also appeared on the back o
this 50 kronor note
from 1989.

For the tricentennial anniversary of Linnaeus' birth in 2007, the Sveriges Riksbank issued two commemorative coins: a 2000 krona gold coin featuring Linnaeus' eye "studying nature through a magnifying glass" on the front and a butterfly on the back with the Latin phrase NATURAE MORES DISCERE ("to learn the ways of nature") and a 200 krona silver coin featuring a portrait of Linnaeus surrounded by twinflower plants on the front and a picture of stamens and pistils on the back with the words SYSTEMA NATURAE, Linnaeus' book from which the picture was copied.

File:The Soviet Union 1958 CPA 2115 stamp (Carl Linnaeus).jpg, Linnaeus on a 1957 postage stamp from the Soviet Union

Baby names

People have been named in Linnaeus' honor.

Linnaeus or Linné

The name Linnaeus or Linné has been given as a first or middle name, usually for boys, to several notable people including:

* Linné Ahlstrand, an American model and actress
*George Linnaeus Banks, a British journalist, and playwright
* Charles Linnaeus Benedict, a U.S. federal judge
*Otto Linné Erdmann, a German chemist
*Tore Linné Eriksen, a Norwegian historian
* Linnaeus N. Hines, a former president of Indiana State University
*William Charles Linnaeus Martin, an English naturalist
* Linnaeus Tripe, a British photographer

Linnea or Linnéa

The given name Linnea or Linnéa is highly popular for girls born in Sweden and Norway. Some notable women with the name:

File:Linneahillberg.jpg, Linnéa Hillberg, a Swedish actress
File:Linnea Dale 2.jpg, Linnea Dale, a Norwegian singer
File:Linnea Torstenson.jpg, Linnea Torstenson, a Swedish Olympic athlete

Place names

Linneus, Maine, and Linneus, Missouri were named in his honor.

Kingston upon Hull has a street, originally known as Botanic Lane, which was renamed to Linnaeus Street by 1823.

There is a Linnaean Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts, given that name in honor of the botanist in 1850 because Harvard University's Botanic Garden was located there.

The Australian National University campus in Canberra has a road named Linnaeus Way, which runs past several biology buildings.

Gustavus Adolphus College began its eponymous Linnaeus Arboretum in 1973. The arboretum has a bust of Linnaeus created by Paul Granlund that "takes the shape of a linden tree, and the back of the head includes impressions of Linnaeus's beloved garden in Uppsala, Sweden." In October 2021, the Gustavus Adolphus College Board of Trustees made the decision to remove the name “Linnaeus” from its campus arboretum, citing scrutiny of Linnaeus’ writings on human taxonomy as an example of scientific racism.

Woodward Park in Tulsa, Oklahoma has a section called the Linnaeus Teaching Gardens which features a large bronze statue of Linnaeus.

File:Linnaeus Way, Canberra (131308881).jpg, Linnaeus Way at Australian National University
File:Borgeson cabin.jpg, Borgeson family cabin from 1866 in the Linnaeus Arboretum

Linnaeus University

Following approval by the Parliament of Sweden, Växjö University and Kalmar College merged on 1 January 2010; the resulting institution was named Linnaeus University (in Swedish: Linnéuniversitetet) in his honor. The new university's logo carries much symbolism and is based on a drawing by Linnaeus:

''The inspiration for the design has been Linnaeus’ own books, such as Systema Naturae and the Linnaean Herbarium. The latter publication originates from Linnaeus’s studies in Småland, preserved today at Växjö Town Library. The symbol is made up of a stylized tree. The original is a drawing by Linnaeus from his book of herbs and plants. The symbol conveys both the connection to the name and the roots in soil of the Småland region of southern Sweden. At the same time, the tree may be seen as a symbol for the month of May and for growth and vitality, a symbol which agrees well with the University’s ambition to be a global university with the region as its base and the world as its stage. The logotype consists of the name innéuniversitetetwritten in bold typeface. The idea is that the four fruits from the symbolic tree fall to the ground and enrich the name in turn. The fruits form the dots and accent over the letters i and e in ..Linné.''

File:Linneuniversitetet logo.png, Linnaeus University logo
File:LA2-vx06-vxu-bibliotek2.jpg, Library interior at Växjö
File:Kalmar University, Kronan, Institution of Human Science.JPG, Läkarhuset Kronan, Kalmar

Museums

In the city of Uppsala in which Linnaeus worked and lived for most of his life there are several museums dedicated to him. These include:
* Linnaean Garden - Uppsala University's first botanical garden, planted by Olaus Rudbeck in 1655, and later restored and expanded by Carl Linnaeus; today serving as an outdoor museum, and also as an indoor biographical and science museum dedicated to Linnaeus's personal and professional life, known as the Linnaeus Museum (''Linnémuséet''), located in the house in the garden that was residence of Linnaeus.
* Linnaeus' Hammarby - Located some 10 km south-east of Uppsala. Served as the summer residence of the Linnaeus family. Is today a historic house museum.

CarlvonLinne house.jpg, The Linnaeus Museum
CarlvonLinne Garden.jpg, Linnaean Garden
CarlvonLinne Hammarby.jpg, Linnaeus' Hammarby

Other eponyms

A species of snake, '' Calamaria linnaei'', is named in honor of Linnaeus. Asteroid 7412 Linnaeus was named in his honor. In 2008, '' Linnaeosicyos'', a monotypic genus of flowering plants from the Dominican Republic, belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae, was named him. Other examples are:

File:Linnaea borealis.jpg, The twinflower genus ''Linnaea''''Linnaea borealis'' was a personal emblem for Linnaeus; he is often depicted holding a twinflower (e.g. in :File:LinnaeusWeddingPortrait.jpg from 1739) and the von Linné coat of arms has one at the top.
File:Starr 060225-8712 Solanum linnaeanum.jpg, The nightshade species '' Solanum linnaeanum''
File:Marimo lake akann.jpg, The marimo-forming green algae species ''Aegagropila linnaei''
File:Paeonia Linne.jpg, The double-flowered peony cultivar 'Linné'Peonies (The Manual of the American Peony Society). James Boyd (editor). 1928
Page 40
/ref>
File:Tachinidae (possibly Linnaemya sp.) in Scotland.jpg, The tachina fly genus '' Linnaemya''
File:Linnaeite - USGS Mineral Specimens 722.jpg, The cobalt sulfide mineral Linnaeite
File:Linné crater moon.jpg, The lunar crater Linné

Notes

References

External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Commemoration Of Carl Linnaeus

Carl Linnaeus