Codex Boreelianus, ''Codex Boreelianus Rheno-Trajectinus'' (full name), designated by F^e or 09 in the Gregory-Aland numbering and ε 86 in von Soden numbering, is a 9th (or 10th) century

uncial Uncial is a majuscule Glaister, Geoffrey Ashall. (1996) ''Encyclopedia of the Book''. 2nd edn. New Castle, DE, and London: Oak Knoll Press & The British Library, p. 494. script (written entirely in capital letters) commonly used from the 4th to ...

manuscript A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand – or, once practical typewriters became available, typewritten – as opposed to mechanically printed or reproduced in ...

of the four

Gospel Gospel originally meant the Christian message (" the gospel"), but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was set out. In this sense a gospel can be defined as a loose-knit, episodic narrative of the words a ...

s in

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

. The manuscript, written on

parchment Parchment is a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals—primarily sheep, calves, and goats. It has been used as a writing medium for over two millennia. Vellum is a finer quality parchment made from the skins o ...

, is full of

lacuna Lacuna (plural lacunas or lacunae) may refer to: Related to the meaning "gap" * Lacuna (manuscripts), a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or musical work ** Great Lacuna, a lacuna of eight leaves where there was heroic Old Norse p ...

e (or gaps), many of which arose between 1751 and 1830. The codex was named Boreelianus after Johannes Boreel (1577–1629), who brought it from the East. The text of the codex represents the majority of the text (

Byzantine text-type In the textual criticism of the New Testament, the Byzantine text-type (also called Majority Text, Traditional Text, Ecclesiastical Text, Constantinopolitan Text, Antiocheian Text, or Syrian Text) is one of the main text types. It is the form fo ...

), but with numerous alien readings (non-Byzantine). Some of its readings do not occur in any other manuscript (so called singular readings). According to the present textual critics its text is not a very important manuscript, but it is quoted in all modern editions of the Greek New Testament. The manuscript was brought from the East at the beginning of the 17th century. It was in private hands for over 100 years. Since 1830 it has been housed at the

Utrecht University Utrecht University (UU; nl, Universiteit Utrecht, formerly ''Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht'') is a public research university in Utrecht, Netherlands. Established , it is one of the oldest universities in the Netherlands. In 2018, it had an enrollme ...

Description

The codex contains the text of the four

s, on 204 parchment leaves of size , with numerous lacunae (or gaps). The text of the existing codex begins with Matthew 9:1 and ends with John 13:34. Luke is even more incomplete. In 1751 Wettstein remarked that the codex started at Matthew 7:6 and that only the folia with Matthew 8:25 and Mark 11:6–16 were missing. It means that in his time the manuscript was far more complete than at present. At present, lacunae of the manuscript include: : Matthew 1:1–9:1; 12:1–44; 13:55–14:9; 15:20–31; 20:18–21:5; : Mark 1:43–2:8; 2:23–3:5; 11:6–26; 14:54–15:5; 15:39–16:19; : Luke – at least 24 gaps (according to Scrivener); Based on the CSNTM text tags 1:10-40; 2:14-3:1; 3:22-4:7; 5:13-29; 6:1-7:7; 7:27-36; 8:7-14, 33-50; 9:7-25, 31, 35-43; 9:55-10:12; 10:15-16, 18, 22-33; 11:23-12:5; 12:23; 12:28-13:13; 13:25-14:17; 14:29-15:4; 15:11-12; 15:15-16:2; 17:15-18:13; 18:29-40; 19:37-20:11; 20:22-21:27; 22:4-5, 9, 12, 16, 41; 22:43-23:10; 23:37-50; 24:4, 20-43. : John 3:5–14; 4:23–38; 5:18–38; 6:39–63; 7:28–8:10; 10:32–11:3; 12:14–25; 13:34-end. The leaves are unbound and are kept in loose

quires Various measures of paper quantity have been and are in use. Although there are no S.I. units such as quires and bales, there are ISO''ISO 4046-3:2002 Paper, board, pulps and related terms – Vocabulary – Part 3: Paper-making terminology'' ( ...

. The text is written in late

uncial script Uncial is a majuscule Glaister, Geoffrey Ashall. (1996) ''Encyclopedia of the Book''. 2nd edn. New Castle, DE, and London: Oak Knoll Press & The British Library, p. 494. script (written entirely in capital letters) commonly used from the 4th ...

, in two columns per page, with mostly 19 lines per column, in large uncial letters. Palaeographically the writing is close to the

Codex Seidelianus I Codex Seidelianus I, designated by siglum Ge or 011 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 87 ( von Soden), also known as Codex Wolfii A and Codex Harleianus is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Gospels, dated palaeographically to the 9th centu ...

. The letters Η, Μ, Ν, and Π, are square, the letters Ε, Θ, Ο, Σ, and Φ have a round shape. The letters Δ, Ε, Θ, Ο, and especially Ψ in

cruciform Cruciform is a term for physical manifestations resembling a common cross or Christian cross. The label can be extended to architectural shapes, biology, art, and design. Cruciform architectural plan Christian churches are commonly describe ...

, are of the form characteristic for the late uncial script. Φ is large and bevelled at both ends. The letters were written by an 'elegant and careful' hand.J. Heringa, ''Disputatio de Codice Boreeliano, nunc Rheno-Trajectino'', ed. H. E. Vinke (Utrecht, 1843), p. 4 The

nomina sacra In Christian scribal practice, nomina sacra (singular: ''nomen sacrum'' from Latin ''sacred name'') is the abbreviation of several frequently occurring divine names or titles, especially in Greek manuscripts of the Bible. A nomen sacrum consists ...

(or sacred names) are written in an abbreviated way: ΘΣ for θεος, ΙΣ for Ιησους, ΧΣ for χριστος, ΚΣ for κυριος, ΥΣ for υιος, ΣΗΡ for σωτηρ, ΣΡΑ for σωτηρια, ΣΡΙΟΣ for σωτηριος, ΟΥΝΟΣ for ουρανος, ΟΥΝΙΟΣ for ουρανιος, ΠΝΑ for πνευμα, ΠΗΡ for πατηρ, ΜΗΡ for μητηρ, ΑΝΟΣ for ανθρωπος, ΣΤΡΣ for σταυρος, ΔΑΔ for δαβιδ, ΙΗΛ for ισραηλ, ΙΛΗΜ for ιερουσαλημ, etc. The words at the end of lines are sometimes abbreviated too.J. Heringa, ''Disputatio de Codice Boreeliano, nunc Rheno-Trajectino'', ed. H. E. Vinke (Utrecht, 1843), p. 5 It uses

typographic ligature In writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more graphemes or letters are joined to form a single glyph. Examples are the characters æ and œ used in English and French, in which the letters 'a' and 'e' are joined for the firs ...

s.J. Heringa, ''Disputatio de Codice Boreeliano, nunc Rheno-Trajectino'', ed. H. E. Vinke (Utrecht, 1843), p. 6 The codex has a lot of grammar errors, like

hiatus Hiatus may refer to: *Hiatus (anatomy), a natural fissure in a structure * Hiatus (stratigraphy), a discontinuity in the age of strata in stratigraphy *''Hiatus'', a genus of picture-winged flies with sole member species '' Hiatus fulvipes'' * Gl ...

(e.g. νηστευουσιν in Matthew 9:14, ελεγεν in Matthew 9:21, ειπεν in Matthew 9:22, etc.) and

N ephelkystikon In ancient Greek grammar, movable nu, movable N or ephelcystic nu ( grc, νῦ ἐφελκυστικόν ''nû ephelkustikón'', literally "nu dragged onto" or "attracted to") is a letter nu (written ; the Greek equivalent of the letter ''n'') pl ...

.J. Heringa, ''Disputatio de Codice Boreeliano, nunc Rheno-Trajectino'', ed. H. E. Vinke (Utrecht, 1843), p. 7 The error of

iotacism Iotacism ( el, ιωτακισμός, ''iotakismos'') or itacism is the process of vowel shift by which a number of vowels and diphthongs converged towards the pronunciation in post-classical Greek and Modern Greek. The term "iotacism" refers t ...

occurs infrequently. The breathings ( rough and

smooth breathing The smooth breathing ( grc, ψιλὸν πνεῦμα, psilòn pneûma; ell, ψιλή ''psilí''; la, spīritus lēnis) is a diacritical mark used in polytonic orthography. In Ancient Greek, it marks the absence of the voiceless glottal fric ...

) and accents (see e.g. Greek diacritics) are given fully and usually correctly. The breathings are indicated by sigla ⊢ and ⊣, often used in codices from the 9th and 10th century. In some cases breathings are given incorrectly (e.g. Matthew 9,7.16).J. Heringa, ''Disputatio de Codice Boreeliano, nunc Rheno-Trajectino'', ed. H. E. Vinke (Utrecht, 1843), p. 47 The text is divided according to the Ammonian Sections, with the usual number of sections, are written on the left margin, but there are given without references to the

Eusebian Canons Eusebian canons, Eusebian sections or Eusebian apparatus, also known as Ammonian sections, are the system of dividing the four Gospels used between late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The divisions into chapters and verses used in modern texts d ...

. There is no division according to the (''chapters''), but the (''titles'') are given at the top of the pages, sometimes also at the bottom. The capitals at the beginning of the sections stand out in the margin to indicate new sections (as in codices Alexandrinus, Ephraemi, and Basilensis. Although there is no division according to the (''chapters''), the tables of the (''tables of contents'') are placed before each Gospel (except Matthew – because of its defective character). It has some lectionary markings at the margin. The headpieces are decorated, with headings written in gold and red; in some places nicely decorated initial letters can be found (in red or gold). The Ammonian sections are written in red. The pages are numbered; the Greek quire numbers are still found at the top right of some pages. At the top left of the first page of most quires in Gospel of Matthew, Arabic quire numbers are found. There are several different correctors, among which the "first hand" worked on the codex, but the total number of corrections is not high. File:Boreelianus - ligatures.JPG, Ligatures used in the codex File:Boreelianus - small initials.JPG, Small initial letters File:Boreelianus - initials.JPG, Large initial letters (decorated)

Text

The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the

, but with a number of singular readings. According to

Bruce M. Metzger Bruce Manning Metzger (February 9, 1914 – February 13, 2007) was an American biblical scholar, Bible translator and textual critic who was a longtime professor at Princeton Theological Seminary and Bible editor who served on the board of the ...

it is typical Byzantine text. According to Kurt and Barbara Aland it agrees with the Byzantine standard text 156 times, and 78 times with the Byzantine when it has the same reading as the original text. It does not support the "original" text against the Byzantine. It has 11 independent or distinctive readings. Alands placed it in Category V of New Testament manuscripts. It is not a very important codex, but it is an important witness of the Byzantine text-type. Hermann von Soden classified it as Kⁱ (now it is known as textual family E). According to the

Claremont Profile Method The Claremont Profile Method is a method for classifying ancient manuscripts of the Bible. It was elaborated by Ernest Cadman Colwell and his students. Professor Frederik Wisse attempted to establish an accurate and rapid procedure for the classi ...

it has mixed Byzantine text in Luke 1; in Luke 10 and Luke the manuscript is defective.Frederik Wisse, ''The Profile Method for the Classification and Evaluation of Manuscript Evidence, as Applied to the Continuous Greek Text of the Gospel of Luke'', ''William B. Eerdmans Publishing'' (Grand Rapids, 1982), p. 52

Textual variants (against Textus Receptus)

The words before the bracket are the readings of the

Textus Receptus ''Textus Receptus'' (Latin: "received text") refers to all printed editions of the Greek New Testament from Erasmus's ''Novum Instrumentum omne'' (1516) to the 1633 Elzevir edition. It was the most commonly used text type for Protestant deno ...

(''received text'' used in the West from the 16th century until the end of the 19th century), the words after are the readings of the codex. Matthew 9:1 εμβας ] εμβας ο Ιησους (unique reading) Matthew 9:1 ιδιαν ] υδαιαν Matthew 9:5 αφεωνται σοι ] αφεωνται σου Matthew 9:5 εγειραι ] εγειρε Matthew 9:13 ηλθον ] εληλυθα Matthew 9:18 αρχων ελθων ] αρχων προσηλθεν τω Ιησου Matthew 9:18 αυτω λεγων ] αυτω λεγω Matthew 9:18 οτι η θυγατηρ ] τι η θυγατηρ Matthew 9:32 εξερχομενων ] διεξερχομενων Matthew 9:33 οτι ] absent (codices: B C D E G K L S) Matthew 9:36 εκλελυμενοι ] εσκυλμενοι (codices: B C D E F G K S) Matthew 10:4 κανανιτης ] κανατης Matthew 10:5 αποστειλας ] απεστειλεν Matthew 10:8 νεκρους εγειρετε ] absent (codices: E K L M S) Matthew 11:7 (also in Matthew 11:8; 11:9) εξελθετε ] εξεληλυθατε (Alexandrian manuscripts have εξελθατε) Matthew 13:43 ακουετω ] absent Matthew 13:54 εκπληττεσθαι ] εκπλησεσθαι Matthew 14:19 και λαβων ] λαβων (codices: B D E F K L M P S) Matthew 14:22 τους οχλους ] τον οχλον (later hand corrected into τους οχλους) Matthew 14:23 μονος ] absent Matthew 14:34 γεννησαρετ ] γενησαρεθ (codices: K L) Matthew 15:4 σου ] absent (codices: B D E F G S) Matthew 15:14 πεσουνται ] εμπεσουνται Matthew 15:36 μαθηταις ] ματαις (corrected by several later hands) Matthew 16:3 μεν ] absent Matthew 16:27 την πραξιν ] τα εργα Matthew 16:28 των ωδε εστηκοτων ] ωδε εστωτες Matthew 17:9 απο ] εκ (B C D E F H K L M S) Matthew 18:14 υμων ] μου (B H) Matthew 18:8 σκανδαλιζει ] σκανδαλιζη Matthew 19:5 προσκολληθησεται ] κοληθησεται (κολληθησεται B D F G H S) Matthew 19:18 Ιησους ] absent Matthew 21:30 δευτερω ] ετερω (D E F H K) Matthew 22:24 αναστησει ] εξαναστησει (F G) Matthew 22:37 ειπεν ] εφη (B D E F G K L M S) Matthew 23:25 ακρασιας ] αδικιας (C E F G H K S) Matthew 23:27 absent ] τοις ανθρωποις Matthew 23:33 πως φυγητε απο της κρισεως της γεεννης ] πως φυγητε της κρισεως της γεεννης Matthew 26:15 καγω ] και εγω Matthew 26:17 πασχα ] πασα Matthew 26:26 ευλογησας ] ευχαριστησας (A E F H K M S) Matthew 26:33 εγω ουδεποτε σκανδαλισθησομαι ] εγω ουδεποτε σκανδαλισθησομαι εν σοι Matthew 26:40 τω πετρω ] αυτοις (F K M) Matthew 27:17 πιλατος ] πηλατος Matthew 27:41 πρεσβυτερων ] πρεσβυτερων και φαρισαιων (E F K M S) Matthew 28:13 οι μαθηται αυτου νυκτος ελθοντες εκλεψαν αυτον, ημων κοιμωμενων ] ημων κοιμωμενων οι ματηται αυτου ελθοντες εκλεψαν αυτον Matthew 27:55 τω Ιησου ] αυτου Mark 1:9 ναζαρετ ] ναζαρεθ Mark 1:16 βαλλοντας ] αμφιβαλλοντας (A B D F G H L S) Mark 2:9 κραββατον ] κραβαττον Mark 4:3 σπειραι ] σπειραι τον σπορον αυτου (unique reading) Mark 5:6 προσεκυνεσεν ] προσεπεσεν Mark 6:23 ωμοσεν ] ωμολογησεν Mark 7:3 κρατουντες την παραδοσιν των πρεσβυτερων ] κρατουντες των πρεσβυτερων Mark 9:1 εως αν ιδωσι την βασιλειαν του θεου ] εως αν ιδωσι την βασιλειαν του θεου Mark 9:8 Ιησουν μονον μεθ' εαυτων ] Ιησουν μεθ' εαυτων Mark 9:43 (the same in Mark 9:45) εις την γεενναν, εις το πυρ το ασβεστον ] εις τεν γεενναν του πυρος Mark 9:47 εις την γεενναν, εις το πυρ το ασβεστον ] εις το πυρ το ασβεστον Mark 10:26 οι δε περισσως εξεπλησσοντο ] οι δε εξεπλησσοντο Mark 12:28 εις των γραμματεων ] εις γραμματεων Luke 1:64 ανεωχθη δε το στομα αυτου ] ανεωχθη δε και το στομα αυτου Luke 1:78 δια σπλαγχνα ελεους θεου ημων ] absent Luke 7:47 αφεωνται ] αφιονται Luke 8:2 δαιμονια επτα εξεληλυθει ] δαιμονια εξεληλυθει Luke 8:22 αυτος ανεβη ] αυτος ο Ιησους ανεβη Luke 8:30 επηρωτησε ] επερωτησε (lack of Augment (Indo-European), augmentum) Luke 9:45 περι του ρηματος τουτου ] περι τουτου Luke 9:46 εισηλθεν δε διαλογισμος ] εισηλθεν διαλογισμος Luke 10:13 και σποδω ] absent John 2:3 υστερησαντος ] οιστερησαντος John 9:1 ειδεν ] ο ις ειδεν (G H) John 10:8 προ εμου ] absent John 13:17 αποκρινεται ο ιξσους εκεινος εστιν ] absent

Against K^r

The words before the bracket are the readings of the Family Kr, K^r (traditional text used in Constantinople and still used by

Eastern Orthodox Church The Eastern Orthodox Church, also called the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 220 million baptized members. It operates as a communion of autocephalous churches, each governed by its bishops vi ...

), the words after are the readings of the codex. John 5:44 ανθρωπων ] αλληλων John 5:46 εμου γαρ ] γαρ εμου''The Gospel According to John in the Byzantine Tradition'' (Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft: Stuttgart 2007), p. 56 John 6:2 ηκολουθει ] ηκολουθησεν John 6:5 αγορασομεν ] αγορασωμεν John 6:10 αναπεσον ] αναπεσαν John 10:8 ηλθον προ εμου ] ηλθον

History

H. Deane, a paleographer, in 1876 dated the manuscript to the 8th century, Constantin von Tischendorf, Tischendorf and Gregory to the 9th century; Doedes and Tregelles to the 10th century. As of 1995, it is dated by the

Institute for New Testament Textual Research The Institute for New Testament Textual Research (german: Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung — INTF) at the University of Münster, Westphalia, Germany, is to research the textual history of the New Testament and to reconstruct its ...

(INTF) to the 9th century. The ''Codex Boreelianus'' is named after Johann Boreel (1577–1629), Dutch Ambassador at the Court of

James I of England James VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until ...

. There is no record of Boreel's obtaining the codex, but it is generally believed that he brought it to the Netherlands from one of his travels to the Middle East. The connection to Boreel is indicated by Wettstein, who was given a partial collation of the codex in 1730. The collation was made by Izaak Verburg, rector of the Amsterdam gymnasium, and contained text from Matthew 7:2 to Luke 11. Wettstein adds that he was not aware of its current location. Wettstein cited the codex in his ''Novum Testamentum Graecum'' (1751), also in these parts, which do not survive to the present day (e.g. Matthew 7:9). Wettstein designated the codex by

siglum Scribal abbreviations or sigla ( singular: siglum) are abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes writing in various languages, including Latin, Greek, Old English and Old Norse. In modern manuscript editing (substantive and mechani ...

F, Gregory designated it by 09 (because number of New Testament manuscripts increased), von Soden gave for it siglum ε 86. After Johann Boreel's death in 1629, the codex itself was in private hands. Boreel's library was sold in 1632, but the manuscript may not have been among the items for sale. It could have remained in the possession of Boreel's family, for example, in the hands of his younger brother, the theologian

Adam Boreel Adam Boreel (2 November 1602 in Middelburg – 20 June 1665 in Sloterdijk, Amsterdam) was a Dutch theologian and Hebrew scholar. He was one of the founders of the Amsterdam College; the Collegiants were also often called Boreelists, and regard ...

(1602–54).A cut-up gospel
Short description and history of the manuscript, by Bart Jaski, 2011. Retrieved on 4 May 2017 On folio 168 recto of the codex is written the monogram NLB with date "February 9, 1756". On pages 40 recto and 40 verso Dutch notes can found, but they are almost illegible. The codex resurfaced almost two centuries later, in 1823, and was identified as the Boreelianus by the Utrecht professor Jodocus Heringa (1765–1840). Its leaves had become disordered, and some of them were lost. Scrivener even stated: "Few manuscripts have fallen into such unworthy hands". The manuscript was now in the private hands of Johannes Michaelis Roukens in

Arnhem Arnhem ( or ; german: Arnheim; South Guelderish: ''Èrnem'') is a city and municipality situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands about 55 km south east of Utrecht. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland, located on both ban ...

. In a letter of 11 March 1830 Roukens explained that the manuscript had been in the possession of his father, Arend Anton Roukens, who had inherited it from his father, Johannes Michaelis Roukens.The Codex Boreelianus
: Description and History of the Manuscript, by Bart Jaski of the

In 1841 Constantin von Tischendorf, Tischendorf wanted to see and examine the codex, but he was allowed to read only Heringa's papers on it because Heringa was preparing his collation. Heringa's papers were edited and published by Vinke in 1843 under the title ''Jodoci Heringa El. Fil. Disputatio de codice Boreeliano, nunc Rheno-Trajectino ab ipso in lucem protracto'', which includes a full and exact collation of the text. In 1850

Samuel Prideaux Tregelles Samuel Prideaux Tregelles (30 January 1813 – 24 April 1875) was an English biblical scholar, lexicographer, Christian Hebraist, textual critic, and theologian. Life Tregelles was born at Wodehouse Place, Falmouth, of Quaker parents, but ...

, though with some difficulty, examined the codex. Philipp Schaff in Introduction to the American Edition of Westcott-Hort (1881) wrote that it is not an important manuscript.Codex Boreelianus Revisited
/ref> The same opinion gave biblical scholar Frederic G. Kenyon, according to whom the text of the codex has "comparatively little authority". Despite these opinions, the codex continues to be cited in critical editions of '' Novum Testamentum Graece''. Edition of Nestle-Aland cited the codex from its first verse – i.e. Matthew 9:1 – in critical apparatus.''Novum Testamentum Graece'' (1993), Barbara and Kurt Aland, eds. Stuttgart:

Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft The Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft ("German Bible Society") is a religious foundation regulated by public law. It is involved in publishing and in spreading the message of the Bible. The Society publishes the Bible in the original languages and in ...

, p. 20 Since 1830, the codex has been located in the library of the

(Ms. 1). In March 2007

David Trobisch David Johannes Trobisch (born on August 18, 1958) is a German scholar whose work has focused on formation of the Christian Bible, ancient New Testament manuscripts and the epistles of Paul. Life Trobisch grew up in Cameroon where his parents ...

visited Utrecht and viewed the manuscript with a number of colleagues. In October 2007 the manuscript was digitized.

References

External links

Images of Codex Boreelianus

Digital facsimile of the Codex Boreelianus
at the Special Collections of the

Articles on Codex Boreelianus

Description and History of the Manuscript
by Bart Jaski of the

*
Codex Boreelianus Rheno-Trajectinus (F 09). A Fresh Look after 160 Years

Codex Boreelianus Revisited
{{DEFAULTSORT:Boreelianus Greek New Testament uncials 9th-century biblical manuscripts

Description

Text

Textual variants (against Textus Receptus)

Against K^r

History

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Images of Codex Boreelianus

Articles on Codex Boreelianus

Description

Text

Textual variants (against Textus Receptus)

Against Kr

History

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Images of Codex Boreelianus

Articles on Codex Boreelianus

Against K^r