Cockney

Cockney is a dialect of the English language, mainly spoken in London and its environs, particularly by Londoners with working-class and lower middle class roots. The term ''Cockney'' is also used as a demonym for a person from the East End, or, traditionally, born within earshot of Bow Bells.

Estuary English is an intermediate accent between Cockney and Received Pronunciation, also widely spoken in and around London, as well as in wider South Eastern England. In multicultural areas of London, the Cockney dialect is, to an extent, being replaced by Multicultural London English—a new form of speech with significant Cockney influence.

Words and phrases

Etymology of ''Cockney''

The earliest recorded use of the term is 1362 in passus VI of William Langland's ''Piers Plowman'', where it is used to mean "a small, misshapen egg", from Middle English ''coken'' + ''ey'' ("a cock's egg"). Concurrently, the mythical land of luxury Cockaigne ( attested from 1305) appeared under a variety of spellings, including ''Cockayne'', ''Cocknay'', and ''Cockney'', and became humorously associated with the English capital London. Cockney: a native of London. An ancient nickname implying effeminacy, used by the oldest English writers, and derived from the imaginary fool's paradise, or lubber-land, ''Cockaygne''.

The meaning of ''Cockney'' comes from its use among rural Englishmen (attested in 1520) as a pejorative term for effeminate town-dwellers, from an earlier general sense (encountered in "The Reeve's Tale" of Geoffrey Chaucer's ''The Canterbury Tales'' ) of a "cokenay" as "a child tenderly brought up" and, by extension, "an effeminate fellow" or "a ". This may have developed from those sources or separately, alongside such terms as "" and "" which both have the sense of "to make a  ... or the darling of", "to indulge or pamper". By 1600, this meaning of ''Cockney'' was being particularly associated with the Bow Bells area. In 1617, the travel writer Fynes Moryson stated in his ''Itinerary'' that "Londoners, and all within the sound of Bow Bells, are in reproach called Cockneys." The same year, John Minsheu included the term in this newly restricted sense in his dictionary ''Ductor in Linguas''.

Other terms

* Cockney sparrow: Refers to the archetype of a cheerful, talkative Cockney.
* Cockney diaspora: The term Cockney diaspora refers to the migration of Cockney speakers to places outside London, especially new towns. It also refers to the descendants of those people, in areas where there was enough migration for identification with London to persist in subsequent generations.
* Mockney: Refers to a fake Cockney accent, though the term is sometimes also used as a self-deprecatory moniker by second, third, and subsequent generations of the Cockney diaspora.

Region

Initially, when London consisted of little more than the walled City, the term applied to all Londoners, and this lingered into the 19th century. As the city grew, the definitions shifted to alternatives based on dialect or more specific areas; the East End and the area within earshot of Bow Bells.

The East End of London and the vicinity of Bow Bells are often used interchangeably, representing the identity of the East End. The region within the audible range of the bells varies depending on the direction of the wind, but there is a correlation between the two geographic definitions under the typical prevailing wind conditions. The term can apply to East Londoners who do not speak the dialect and those who do.

London's East End

The traditional core districts of the East End include the Middlesex towns of Bethnal Green, Whitechapel, Spitalfields, Shoreditch, Stepney, Wapping, Limehouse, Poplar, Haggerston, Shoreditch, Hackney, Hoxton, Bow and Mile End. Nearly all of these areas had originally been part of the Manor and Parish of Stepney. In the 1600s and 1700s a Cockney's Feast, also later known as the Stepney Feast was held in Stepney each May. The purpose of the event was to raise money so that Stepney boys could be apprenticed in the maritime trades.

The informal definition of the East End has gradually expanded to areas including as Poplar, Stratford, West Ham and Canning Town, as these have formed part of London's growing conurbation.

Bow Bells' audible range

The church of St Mary-le-Bow is one of the oldest, largest, and historically most important churches in the City of London. The definition based on being born within earshot of the bells, cast at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, reflects the early definition of the term as relating to all of London.

The audible range of the Bells is dependent on geography and wind conditions. The east is mostly low lying, a factor which combines with the strength and regularity of the prevailing wind, blowing from west-south-west for nearly three-quarters of the year, to carry the sound further to the east, and more often. A 2012 study showed that in the 19th century, and under typical conditions, the sound of the bells would carry as far as Clapton, Bow and Stratford in the east but only as far as Southwark to the south and Holborn in the west. An earlier study suggested the sound would have carried even further. The 2012 study showed that in the modern era, noise pollution means that the bells can only be heard as far as Shoreditch. According to legend, Dick Whittington heard the bells 4.5 miles away at Highgate Hill, in what is now north London. The studies mean that it is credible that Whittington might have heard them on one of the infrequent days that the wind blows from the south.

The church of St Mary-le-Bow was destroyed in 1666 by the Great Fire of London and rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren. Although the bells were destroyed again in 1941 in the Blitz, they had fallen silent on 13 June 1940 as part of the British anti-invasion preparations of World War II. Before they were replaced in 1961, there was a period when, by the "within earshot" definition, no "Bow Bell" Cockneys could be born. The use of such a literal definition produces other problems since the area around the church is no longer residential, and the noise pollution in that area combined with the absence of maternity wards there means that few are born within earshot.

Blurred definitions

Regional definitions are sometimes blurred. Ahead of the 2024–25 season, West Ham United released an away shirt which it called the "Cockney Kit". The promotional material celebrated a Cockney identity for East London based on a territory rather than dialect.

The kit featured the Bow Bells on the reverse as a symbol of the area, and the promotional video included the church of St Mary-le-Bow and parts of East London within earshot of the bells – such as Brick Lane, Upper Clapton and Stratford – as well as a scene in Romford, in suburban East London.

Dialect

Cockney speakers have distinctive accents and dialects and occasionally use rhyming slang. The Survey of English Dialects took a recording from a long-time resident of Hackney in the 1950s, and the BBC made another recording in 1999 which showed how the accent had changed. One of the characteristic pronunciations of Cockney is ''th''-fronting.

The early development of Cockney vocabulary is obscure, but appears to have been heavily influenced by Essex and related eastern dialects, while borrowings from Yiddish, including ''kosher'' (originally Hebrew, via Yiddish, meaning ''legitimate'') and ''shtum'' ( originally German, via Yiddish, meaning ''mute''), as well as Romani, for example ''wonga'' (meaning ''money'', from the Romani "wanga" meaning coal), and ''cushty'' (Kushty) (from the Romani ''kushtipen'', meaning good) reflect the influence of those groups on the development of the speech.

John Camden Hotten, in his ''Slang Dictionary'' of 1859, refers to "their use of a peculiar slang language" when describing the costermongers of London's East End.

Migration and evolution

A dialectological study of Leytonstone in 1964 found that the area's dialect was very similar to that recorded in Bethnal Green by Eva Sivertsen, but there were still some features that distinguished Leytonstone speech from Cockney.

Linguistic research conducted in the early 2010s suggests that today, some aspects of the Cockney accent are declining in usage within multicultural areas, where some traditional features of Cockney have been displaced by Multicultural London English, a multiethnolect particularly common amongst young people from diverse backgrounds. Nevertheless, the glottal stop, double negatives, and the vocalisation of the dark L (and other features of Cockney speech) are among the Cockney influences on Multicultural London English, and some rhyming slang terms are still in common usage.

An influential July 2010 report by Paul Kerswill, professor of sociolinguistics at Lancaster University, ''Multicultural London English: the emergence, acquisition, and diffusion of a new variety'', predicted that the Cockney accent would disappear from London's streets within 30 years. The study, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, said that the accent, which has been around for more than 500 years, is being replaced in London by a new hybrid language. "Cockney in the East End is now transforming itself into Multicultural London English, a new, melting-pot mixture of all those people living here who learned English as a second language", Kerswill said.

A series of new and expanded towns have often had a strong influence on local speech. Many areas beyond the capital have become Cockney-speaking to a greater or lesser degree, including the new towns of Hemel Hempstead, Basildon, and Harlow, and expanded towns such as Grays, Chelmsford and Southend. However, this is, except where least mixed, difficult to discern because of common features: linguistic historian and researcher of early dialects Alexander John Ellis in 1890 stated that Cockney developed owing to the influence of Essex dialect on London speech.

Writing in 1981, the dialectologist Peter Wright identified the building of the Becontree estate in Dagenham as influential in the spread of the Cockney dialect. This vast estate was built by the Corporation of London to house poor East Enders in a previously rural area of Essex. The residents typically kept their Cockney dialect rather than adopt an Essex dialect. Wright also reports that the Cockney dialect spread along the main railway routes to towns in the surrounding counties as early as 1923, spreading further after World War II when many refugees left London owing to the bombing, and continuing to speak Cockney in their new homes.

A more distant example where the accent stands out is Thetford in Norfolk, which tripled in size from 1957 in a deliberate attempt to attract Londoners by providing social housing funded by the London County Council.

Typical features

As with many accents of the United Kingdom, Cockney is non-rhotic. A final ''-er'' is pronounced or lowered in broad Cockney. As with all or nearly all non-rhotic accents, the paired lexical sets COMMA and LETTER, PALM/BATH and START, THOUGHT and NORTH/FORCE, are merged. Thus, the last syllable of words such as ''cheetah'' can be pronounced as well in broad Cockney.

A broad is used in words such as ''bath'', ''grass'' and ''demand''. This originated in London in the 16th–17th centuries and is also part of Received Pronunciation (RP).

The accent features T-glottalisation, with use of the glottal stop as an allophone of in various positions, including after a stressed syllable. Glottal stops also occur, albeit less frequently, for and , and occasionally for mid-word consonants. For example, Richard Whiteing spelled "Hyde Park" as ''Hy' Par. ''Like'' and ''light'' can be homophones. "Clapham" can be said as ''Cla'am'' (i.e., ). This feature results in Cockney being often mentioned in textbooks about Semitic languages while explaining how to pronounce the glottal stop. may also be flapped intervocalically, e.g. ''utter'' . London are often aspirated in intervocalic and final environments, e.g., ''upper'' , ''utter'' , ''rocker'' , ''up'' , ''out'' , ''rock'' , where RP is traditionally described as having the unaspirated variants. Also, in broad Cockney at least, the degree of aspiration is typically greater than in RP, and may often also involve some degree of affrication . Affricatives may be encountered in initial, intervocalic, and final position.

Cockney also demonstrates:
* ''Th''-fronting:
** can become in any environment. "thin", "maths".
** can become in any environment except word-initially when it can be . "they", "bother".
*''Yod''-coalescence, in words such as ''tune'' or ''reduce'' (compare traditional RP ).
*The alveolar stops , are often omitted in informal Cockney, in non-prevocalic environments, including some that cannot be omitted in Received Pronunciation. Examples include ''Dad's gonna'' and ''turn left''.
* ''H''-dropping. Sivertsen considers that is to some extent a stylistic marker of emphasis in Cockney.

Phonemic correspondence

* correspond to the RP sounds (though and are most commonly written with and , respectively). can be considered to be an allophone of (with both corresponding to RP ). also can be considered to be an allophone, a positional variant of (with both corresponding to RP ) – see below.
* corresponds to RP .
* corresponds to RP .
* correspond to the centering diphthongs in traditional RP. is often missing from Cockney, being replaced with or a disyllabic .
* corresponds to RP .
* and correspond to relatively less diphthongal and in traditional RP.
* correspond to in RP.

Phonetic realisation

The diphthong offsets are only fully close in and : . In all other cases, they are more similar to or . According to Beaken, and typically glide towards : , towards : , and the wide allophone of towards : , whereas and both towards : . According to Mott, do not occur at all as glides: (he does not show on his charts). Furthermore, Wells remarks on the laxness of the unrounded offset of , which is a kind of a centralised : .

In the rest of the article, this is treated as a simple allophonic rule and only and are used for the diphthong offsets. In narrow phonetic transcription, their rounded and unrounded counterparts are written with and (phonetically and in fully narrow transcription). Only the central offglides and are transcribed as non-syllabic vowels due to the lack of appropriate glide symbols.

Diphthong alterations in Cockney are:
* is realised as : "beet"
* is realised as : "bait"
* is realised as or even in "vigorous, dialectal" Cockney. The second element may be reduced or absent (with compensatory lengthening of the first element), so that there are variants such as . This means that pairs such as ''laugh''-''life'', ''Barton''-''biting'' may become homophones: , . But this neutralisation is an optional, recoverable one: "bite"
* is realised as : "choice"
* is realised as or a monophthongal , perhaps with little lip rounding, or : "boot"
* typically starts in the area of , . The endpoint glides towards , but more commonly, it is completely unrounded, i.e. . Thus, the most common variants are and , with and also being possible. The broadest Cockney variant approaches . There is also a variant that is used only by women, namely . In addition, there are two monophthongal pronunciations, as in 'no, nah' and , which is used in non-prominent variants. "coat"
* may all feature centering glides . Alternatively, may be realised as a closing diphthong . Wells states that "no rigid rules can be given for the distribution of monophthongal and diphthongal variants, though the tendency seems to be for the monophthongal variants to be commonest within the utterance, but the diphthongal realisations in utterance-final position, or where the syllable in question is otherwise prominent." Furthermore, the main difference between and is length, with the quality being secondary. The contrast appears only in the word-internal position, exactly where the monophthongal variants of are the most common. Thus, word pairs such as ''his'' – ''here's'' , ''merry'' – ''Mary'' , ''at'' – ''out'' and ''Polly'' – ''poorly'' contrast mainly by length, though may be slightly higher than .
* Disyllabic realisations of are also possible, and at least are regarded as very strongly Cockney. Among these, the triphthongal realisation of occurs most commonly. There is not a complete agreement about the distribution of these; according to , they "occur in sentence-final position", whereas according to , these are "most common in final position".
* When diphthongal, and have higher starting points than in RP: . However, Beaken considers the former to be unshifted in comparison with traditional RP: .

Other vowel differences include
* may be or , with the latter occurring before voiced consonants, particularly before : "back", "bad"
* may be , , or before certain voiced consonants, particularly before : "bed"
* According to Wells, may be somewhat less open than RP , that is . Beaken, on the other hand, considers variants no more open than to be the norm: "cot"
* has a fully back variant, qualitatively equivalent to cardinal 5, which Beaken (1971) claims characterizes "vigorous, informal" Cockney.
* is on occasion somewhat fronted and lightly rounded, giving Cockney variants such as , .
* is realised as or a quality like that of cardinal 4, : "jumped up"
* is realised as or a closing diphthong of the type when in non-final position, with the latter variants being more common in broad Cockney: "sauce"-"source", "laud"-"lord", "water."
* is realised as or a centering diphthong/triphthong of the type when in final position, with the latter variants being more common in broad Cockney; thus "saw"-"sore"-"soar", "law"-"lore", "war"-"wore". The diphthong is retained before inflectional endings, so that ''board'' and ''pause'' contrast with ''bored'' and ''paws'' . has a somewhat tenser onset than the cardinal , that is .
* becomes something around or even in broad Cockney before dark l. These variants are retained when the addition of a suffix turns the dark l clear. Thus a phonemic split has occurred in London English, exemplified by the minimal pair ''wholly'' vs. ''holy'' . The development of ''L''-vocalisation (see next section) leads to further pairs such as ''sole''-''soul'' vs. ''so''-''sew'' , ''bowl'' vs. ''Bow'' , ''shoulder'' vs. ''odour'' , while associated vowel neutralisations may make ''doll'' a homophone of ''dole'', compare ''dough'' . All this reinforces the phonemic nature of the opposition and increases its functional load. It is now well-established in all kinds of London-flavoured accents, from broad Cockney to near-RP.
* in some words (particularly ''good'') is central . In other cases, it is near-close near-back , as in traditional RP.

The dialect uses the vocalisation of dark L, hence for Millwall. The actual realisation of a vocalised is influenced by surrounding vowels, and it may be realised as , , or . It is also transcribed as a semivowel by some linguists, e.g., Coggle and Rosewarne. However, according to , the vocalised dark l is sometimes an unoccluded lateral approximant, which differs from the RP only by the lack of the alveolar contact. Relatedly, there are many possible vowel neutralisations and absorptions in the context of a following dark L () or its vocalised version; these include:
*In broad Cockney, and to some extent in general popular London speech, a vocalised is entirely absorbed by a preceding : e.g., ''salt'' and ''sort'' become homophones (although the contemporary pronunciation of ''salt'' would prevent this from happening), and likewise ''fault''-''fought''-''fort'', ''pause''-''Paul's'', ''Morden''-''Malden'', ''water''-''Walter''. Sometimes such pairs are kept apart, in a more deliberate speech at least, by a kind of length difference: ''Morden'' vs. ''Malden''.
*A preceding is also fully absorbed into vocalised . The reflexes of earlier and earlier are thus phonetically similar or identical; speakers are usually ready to treat them as the same phoneme. Thus ''awful'' can best be regarded as containing two occurrences of the same vowel, . The difference between ''musical'' and ''music-hall'', in an ''H''-dropping broad Cockney, is thus nothing more than a matter of stress and perhaps syllable boundaries.
*With the remaining vowels, a vocalised is not absorbed but remains phonetically present as a back vocoid in such a way that and are kept distinct.
*The clearest and best-established neutralisations are those of and . Thus ''rill'', ''reel'' and ''real'' fall together in Cockney as ; while ''full'' and ''fool'' are and may rhyme with ''cruel'' . Before clear (i.e., prevocalic) the neutralisations do not usually apply, thus ''silly'' but ''ceiling''-''sealing'', ''fully'' but ''fooling''.
*In some broader types of Cockney, the neutralisation of before non-prevocalic may also involve , so that ''fall'' becomes homophonous with ''full'' and ''fool'' .
*The other pre- neutralisation which all investigators agree on is that of . Thus, ''Sal'' and ''sale'' can be merged as , ''fail'' and ''fowl'' as , and ''Val'', ''vale''-''veil'' and ''vowel'' as . The typical pronunciation of ''railway'' is .
*According to Siversten, and can also join in this neutralisation. They may, on the one hand, neutralize concerning one another so that ''snarl'' and ''smile'' rhyme, both ending , and ''Child's Hill'' is in danger of being mistaken for ''Charles Hill''; or they may go further into a fivefold neutralisation with the one just mentioned, so that ''pal'', ''pale'', ''foul'', ''snarl'' and ''pile'' all end in . But these developments are restricted to broad Cockney, not being found in London speech in general.
*A neutralisation discussed by Beaken (1971) and Bowyer (1973), but ignored by Siversten (1960), is that of . It leads to the possibility of ''doll'', ''dole'' and ''dull'' becoming homophonous as or . Wells' impression is that the ''doll''-''dole'' neutralisation is rather widespread in London, but that involving ''dull'' less so.
*One further possible neutralisation in the environment of a following non-prevocalic is that of and , so that ''well'' and ''whirl'' become homophonous as .

Cockney has been occasionally described as replacing with , for example, ' (or ''fwee'') instead of ''three'', ' instead of ''frosty''. Peter Wright, a Survey of English Dialects fieldworker, concluded that this was not a universal feature of Cockneys but that it was more common to hear this in the London area than elsewhere in Britain. This description may also be a result of mishearing the labiodental R as , when it is still a distinct phoneme in Cockney.

An unstressed final ''-ow'' may be pronounced . In broad Cockney, this can be lowered to . This is common to most traditional, Southern English dialects except for those in the West Country.

Regarding grammar, Cockney uses ''me'' instead of ''my'', for example, At's me book you got 'ere" . (where ere' means 'there'). It cannot be used when "my" is emphasised; e.g., At's ''my'' book you got 'ere" . It also uses the term ''ain't'', as well as double negatives, for example, "I didn't see nuffink".

By the 1980s and 1990s, most of the features mentioned above had partly spread into more general south-eastern speech, giving the accent called Estuary English; an Estuary speaker will use some but not all of the Cockney sounds.

Perception

The Cockney accent has long been regarded as an indicator of low status. For example, in 1909 the Conference on the Teaching of English in London Elementary Schools issued by the London County Council, stating that "the Cockney mode of speech, with its unpleasant twang, is a modern corruption without legitimate credentials, and is unworthy of being the speech of any person in the capital city of the Empire". Others defended the language variety: "The London dialect is really, especially on the South side of the Thames, a perfectly legitimate and responsible child of the old Kentish tongue ..the dialect of London North of the Thames has been shown to be one of the many varieties of the Midland or Mercian dialect, flavoured by the East Anglian variety of the same speech". Since then, the Cockney accent has been more accepted as an alternative form of the English language rather than a lesser one, though the low status mark remains.

In the 1950s, the only accent to be heard on the BBC (except in entertainment programs such as ''The Sooty Show'') was the RP of Standard English, whereas nowadays many different accents, including Cockney or accents heavily influenced by it, can be heard on the BBC. The Cockney accent often featured in films produced by Ealing Studios and was frequently portrayed as the typical British accent of the lower classes in movies by Walt Disney, though this was only so in London.

Spread

Studies have indicated that the heavy use of South East England accents on television and radio may have caused the spread of Cockney English since the 1960s."Contributory factors in accent change in adolescents"
. Cockney is becoming increasingly influential, and some claim that in the future, many features of the accent may become standard.

Scotland

Studies have indicated that working-class adolescents in areas such as Glasgow have begun to use certain aspects of Cockney and other Anglicisms in their speech. infiltrating the traditional Glasgow patter. For example, ''TH''-fronting is commonly found, and typical Scottish features such as the postvocalic are reduced. Research suggests the use of English speech characteristics is likely to be a result of the influence of London and South East England accents featuring heavily on television, such as the popular BBC One soap opera ''EastEnders''. However, such claims have been criticised.

England

Certain features of Cockney – ''Th''-fronting, ''L''-vocalisation, ''T''-glottalisation, and the fronting of the GOAT and GOOSE vowels – have spread across the south-east of England and, to a lesser extent, to other areas of Britain. However, Clive Upton has noted that these features have occurred independently in some other dialects, such as TH-fronting in Yorkshire and L-vocalisation in parts of Scotland.

The term Estuary English has been used to describe London pronunciations slightly closer to RP than Cockney. The variety first came to public prominence in an article by David Rosewarne in the ''Times Educational Supplement'' in October 1984. Rosewarne argued that it may eventually replace Received Pronunciation in the south-east. The phonetician John C. Wells collected media references to Estuary English o
a website
Writing in April 2013, Wells argued that research by Joanna Przedlacka "demolished the claim that EE was a single entity sweeping the southeast. Rather, we have various sound changes emanating from working-class London speech, each spreading independently".

Pearly tradition

The Pearly Kings and Queens are famous as an East End institution, but that perception is not wholly correct as they are found in other places across London, including Peckham and Penge in south London.

Notable Cockneys

*Adele, musician, from Tottenham
*Danny Baker, broadcaster, born in Deptford
*Michael Barrymore, actor, comedian, and television presenter, born in Bermondsey
*Alfie Bass, actor, from Bethnal Green
*David Beckham, footballer, born in Leytonstone, raised in Chingford
*Rob Beckett, comedian, from Lewisham
* Roger Bisby, DIY expert, television presenter, and journalist, born in the City of London
*Russell Brand, comedian, actor, television presenter, YouTuber, author, activist, from Grays
* Jay Blades, furniture restorer and television presenter, from Hackney
* Jamie Borthwick, actor, born in Barking
*Billy Bragg, musician, from Barking
*Eric Bristow, darts champion, born in Hackney, nicknamed the "Crafty Cockney"
* James Buckley, actor and comedian known for playing Jay in The Inbetweeners, born in Croydon, raised in Dagenham
* Jimmy Bullard, footballer and television personality, born in East Ham
*Kathy Burke, actress and comedian, from Islington
*Garry Bushell, journalist and rock musician, from Woolwich
*Michael Caine, actor, born in Rotherhithe, raised in Southwark and Elephant and Castle
* Harry Champion, music hall singer and comedian, born in Bethnal Green
*Charlie Chaplin, comic actor, filmmaker, and composer, 16 April 1889, born in Walworth, raised in Kennington
* Lorraine Chase, actress and model, from Deptford
*Albert Chevalier, Victorian music hall singer, born in Royal Crescent
*Rylan Clark, television personality, presenter, and singer, born in Stepney
* Cockney Rejects, credited with creating a sub-genre of punk rock called Oi!, which gained its name from the use of Cockney dialect
*Joe Cole, footballer, born in Paddington, raised in Somers Town, London, Somers Town
*Gemma Collins, media personality and businesswoman, born in Romford
*Roisin Conaty, comedian and actress, from Camden Town, Camden
*Brian Conley, comedian, television presenter, and actor, born in Paddington
*Henry Cooper, boxer, born in Lambeth
*Tony Cottee, footballer and commentator, born in Forest Gate, raised in East Ham
*Dave Courtney, author and former gangster, born in Bermondsey
*Phil Daniels, actor from Islington
*Dapper Laughs, comedian from Kingston upon Thames
*Jack Dash, political activist, born in Southwark
*Jim Davidson, comedian and television presenter, from Kidbrooke
*Steve Davis, former snooker world champion, from Plumstead
*Peter Dean (actor), Peter Dean, actor, born in Hoxton
*Devlin (rapper), Devlin, rapper, born in Bermondsey, raised in Dagenham
*Chris Difford, musician from Greenwich
*Louis Dunford, musician from Islington
*Ian Dury, musician, born in Harrow, London, Harrow, raised in Cranham
*Dani Dyer, actress and television personality, from Newham
*Danny Dyer, actor and TV presenter, from Custom House, Newham, Custom House
*Joey Essex, television personality, born in Southwark
*Craig Fairbrass, actor, born in Mile End
*Perry Fenwick, actor, from Canning Town
*Johnny Fisher, boxer from Romford known as the Romford Bull
*Micky Flanagan, comedian, born in Whitechapel, raised in Bethnal Green
*Alan Ford (actor), Alan Ford, actor, born in Walworth
*Jamie Foreman, actor, born in Bermondsey
*Frankie Fraser, "Mad" Frankie Fraser, gangster, born in Waterloo, London, Waterloo and raised in Elephant and Castle
*Dean Gaffney, actor, born in Hammersmith
*Bill Gardner (football hooligan), Bill Gardner, former football hooligan, born in Hornchurch
*Bobby George, darts player and television presenter, born in Manor Park, London, Manor Park
*Len Goodman, ballroom dancer and television personality, from Bethnal Green
*Leslie Grantham, actor, born in Camberwell
*Jimmy Greaves, footballer, born in Manor Park, London, Manor Park, raised in Hainault, London, Hainault
*Tony Hadley, lead singer of Spandau Ballet, from Islington
*Steve Harley, musician, frontman of the band Cockney Rebel, born in Deptford
*Simon Harris (musician), Simon Harris, DJ and record producer, born in City of Westminster, Westminster
*Steve Harris (musician), Steve Harris, musician, founder of Iron Maiden, from Leytonstone
*Brian Harvey, musician and original lead singer of East 17, from Walthamstow
*Barry Hearn, sporting events promoter, born in Dagenham
*Eddie Hearn, sporting events promoter, born in Dagenham
*The Wealdstone Raider, Gordon Hill, also known as the Wealdstone Raider, internet meme, from Wealdstone
*Alfred Hitchcock, film director, born in Leytonstone and raised there, Limehouse and Stepney.
*Glenn Hoddle, former football player and England national football team, England manager, born in Hayes, Hillingdon, Hayes
*Chas Hodges, musician, member of the "Rockney" duo Chas & Dave, from Edmonton, London, Edmonton
*Roy Hodgson, football manager and former player, born in Croydon
*Bob Hoskins, actor, raised in Finsbury Park (area), Finsbury Park
*Derek Jameson, journalist and broadcaster from Hackney
*Steve Jones (musician), Steve Jones, rock guitarist with the Sex Pistols, singer, actor and radio DJ, from Shepherd's Bush
*Vinnie Jones, actor and former footballer, from Watford
*Harry Kane, footballer, born in Walthamstow, raised in Chingford
*Gary Kemp, musician and actor, born in Smithfield, London, Smithfield
*Martin Kemp, musician and actor, born in Islington
*Ronnie Knight, former nightclub owner and gangster, born in Hoxton
*Kray twins, Ronnie and Reggie Kray, identical twin brothers, gangsters, and business owners, born in Hoxton and lived in Bethnal Green
*Frank Lampard, football manager and former player, born in Romford
*Frank Lampard Sr, former footballer, born in East Ham
*Ken Livingstone, former Mayor of London and leader of the Greater London Council, born in Streatham
*John Lydon, also known as Johnny Rotten, punk rock singer with the Sex Pistols, born in Holloway, London, Holloway
*Kellie Maloney, boxing promoter, born in Peckham
*Glen Matlock, rock and punk rock musician, from Paddington
*Derek Martin, actor, born in Bow
*Hoxton Tom McCourt, punk rock/Oi! musician, from Hoxton/Shoreditch
*Steve McFadden, actor, known for playing Phil Mitchell on EastEnders, from Maida Vale
*Lenny McLean, bare-knuckle/unlicensed boxer, actor, born in Hoxton
*Paul Merson, footballer, manager and Sky Sports pundit, from Harlesden
*Warren Mitchell, actor, known for playing Alf Garnett in ''Till Death Us Do Part'', from Stoke Newington'
*Charlie Mullins, businessman, founder of Pimlico Plumbers, born in St Pancras, London, St Pancras, raised in Elephant and Castle
*Billy Murray (actor), Billy Murray, actor, born in Forest Gate, raised in Upton Park, London, Upton Park
*Terry Naylor, former footballer, born in Islington
*Mark Noble, former footballer, born in Canning Town, raised in Beckton
*Chubby Oates, club comedian and actor, from Bermondsey
*Des O'Connor, television personality and singer, born in Stepney
*Ronnie O'Sullivan, snooker player from Chigwell
*Cliff Parisi, actor and former stand-up comedian, born in Poplar
*Joe Pasquale, comedian, actor, and television presenter, born in Grays
*Dave Peacock (musician), Dave Peacock, musician, member of the "Rockney" duo Chas & Dave, from Enfield, London, Enfield
*Jack Petchey, businessman and philanthropist, born in Plaistow, Newham, Plaistow
*Martin Peters, former footballer and manager, born in Plaistow, Newham, Plaistow, raised in Dagenham
*Claude Rains, the actor born in Camberwell in 1889, became famous after abandoning his heavy Cockney accent and developing a unique Good American Speech, Mid-Atlantic accent described as "half American, half English and a little Cockney thrown in"
*Harry Redknapp, former footballer and manager, born in Poplar
*Mike Reid (actor), Mike Reid, actor and comedian, from Hackney
*Shane Richie, actor and television presenter, born in Kensington
*Linda Robson, actress and TV presenter from Islington
*Jonathan Ross, television and radio presenter, born in St Pancras, London, St Pancras, raised in Leytonstone
*Paul Ross, television and radio presenter, born in Romford, raised in Leytonstone
*Roy Shaw, author, businessman, and former criminal, born in Stepney, lived in Bethnal Green and Waltham Abbey
*Teddy Sheringham, footballer and manager, from Highams Park
*Marina Sirtis, actress, born in Hackney
*Thomas Skinner (businessman), Thomas Skinner, businessman and television personality, from Romford
*Arthur Smith (comedian), Arthur Smith, comedian, from Bermondsey
*Stacey Solomon, singer and television personality, born in Dagenham
*Terence Stamp, actor, born in Stepney
*Nicola Stapleton, actress, born in Elephant and Castle, raised in Walworth
*Tommy Steele, 1950s pop and film artist, born in Bermondsey
*Mark Strong, actor, born in Clerkenwell
*Alan Sugar, business magnate and television personality, from Hackney
*Suggs, lead singer of Madness (band), Madness known for singing in his Cockney accent, from Camden Town, Camden
*Joe Swash, actor and television presenter, from Islington
*Reg Varney, actor and comedian, born in Canning Town
*Terry Venables, former footballer and manager, from Dagenham
*Sid Vicious, punk rock musician, born in Lewisham
*Gregg Wallace, television presenter and former greengrocer, born in Peckham
*Jessie Wallace, actress, born in Enfield, London, Enfield
*Shani Wallis, actress, known for her role as Nancy in the 1968 Musical Film "Oliver!", born in Tottenham
*Danniella Westbrook, actress, born in Walthamstow
*Barbara Windsor, actress, born in Shoreditch
*Amy Winehouse, musician, born in Enfield, London, Enfield, raised in Southgate, London, Southgate
*Anna Wing, actress, from Hackney
*Ray Winstone, actor, born in Homerton, raised in Plaistow, Newham, Plaistow and Enfield, London, Enfield
*Jake Wood, actor and GEICO gecko voiceover artist, born in City of Westminster, Westminster
*Adam Woodyatt, actor from Walthamstow
*Jess Wright, television personality, model, and singer, born in Tower Hamlets
*Mark Wright (TV personality), Mark Wright, television personality and footballer, born in Buckhurst Hill

Use in films and media

*Many of Ken Loach's early films were set in London. Loach has a reputation for using genuine dialect speakers in films:
** ''3 Clear Sundays''
** ''Up the Junction (The Wednesday Play), Up the Junction''
** ''Cathy Come Home''
** ''Poor Cow'' (the title being a Cockney expression for "poor woman")
*''Alfie (1966 film), Alfie''
*''The Mighty Boosh (TV series), The Mighty Boosh''. The Hitcher, played by Noel Fielding, is notoriously Cockney.
*''Oliver! (film), Oliver!''. Fagin and his working orphans, particularly The Artful Dodger and Nancy, speak in Cockney
* ''Sparrows Can't Sing''. The film had to be subtitled when released in the United States due to audience comprehension difficulties.
* ''Bronco Bullfrog''. The film's tagline was "Cockney Youth – With English Subtitles".
* ''The Long Good Friday''. The DVD of this film has an extra feature that explains the rhyming slang used.
*''Pygmalion (play), Pygmalion'', a play by George Bernard Shaw.
* ''My Fair Lady'', a musical based on Bernard Shaw's play.
*''Fings Ain't Wot They Used T'Be'', a West End musical comedy (with Cockney speech in the title) about Cockney low-life characters.
* In ''A Clockwork Orange (film), A Clockwork Orange'', the fictional language used of Nadsat had some influence from Cockney.
* ''Mary Poppins (film), Mary Poppins'' (and featuring Dick Van Dyke's infamous approximation of a Cockney accent)
* ''Mary Poppins Returns'' (with Lin-Manuel Miranda, who plays Jack, stating "If they [the audience] didn't like Dick Van Dyke, Dick's accent, they'll be furious with mine")
* Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film), ''Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street'' — Mrs. Lovett, Mrs. Nellie Lovett and Tobias Ragg have Cockney accents.
* ''Passport to Pimlico''. A newspaper headline in the film refers to the Pimlico residents as "crushed Cockneys".
* ''Cockneys vs Zombies''
* The Lord of the Rings (film series), ''The Lord of the Rings'' film series. The orcs speak in Cockney accents.
* ''My Little Pony: Equestria Girls – Spring Breakdown''. Ragamuffin, portrayed by Jason Michas, has a Cockney accent.
* Pinocchio (1940 film), ''Pinocchio'', The Coachman, voiced by Charles Judels, has a Cockney accent.
* ''The Gentlemen (2020 film), The Gentlemen''
* ''The Football Factory (film), Football Factory''
* ''Green Street Elite''
* ''Legend (2015 film), Legend''. The two main characters, Ronnie and Reggie Kray plus a certain number of other characters have a cockney accent.
* ''Peaky Blinders (TV series), Peaky Blinders''. The characters Alfie Solomons and Billie Kimber speak with a cockney accent.
* ''The Getaway (video game), The Getaway'' and ''Blood & Truth'' are video games released by Sony that center around cockney gangster culture.
* ''Downton Abbey: A New Era''. Myrna Dalgleish (played by Laura Haddock) is a silent film actress whose Cockney accent becomes a problem when transition to talking films.

See also

* Cockney Wanker
* ''EastEnders''
* Estuary English
* Languages of the United Kingdom
* List of British regional nicknames
* Madras Bashai and Bambaiya Hindi, similar working class dialects of Tamil language, Tamil and Hindi respectively used in the cities of Chennai and Mumbai, India
* London slang
* Mockney
* Possessive me
* Cockney rhyming slang

References

Bibliography

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

External links

*
*
*
* — Listen to examples of London and other regional accents and dialects of the UK on the British Library's "Sounds Familiar" website
*
*

{{Authority control

English language in England
English language in London
British regional nicknames
City colloquials
Culture in London
Working-class culture in England
English words