Coat of arms of Portugal

The coat of arms of Portugal is the main heraldic insignia of Portugal. The present model was officially adopted on 30 June 1911, along with the present model of the Flag of Portugal. It is based on the coat of arms used by the Portuguese Kingdom since the Middle Ages. The coat of arms of Portugal is popularly referred as the ''Quinas'' (a ''quina'' being a group of five things).

The current design of the coat of arms

The present model of the coat of arms of Portugal was designed by the painter Columbano, member of the commission appointed on the 15 October 1910 to present the project for a new National Flag, following the establishing of the Portuguese republic on the 5 October 1910. The models chosen by the commission were approved by the Provisional Government of the Republic on the 29 November 1910, confirmed by the Constituent Assembly through the decree of 19 June 1911, with its details being specified in the ''Diário do Governo'' (official journal) no 150 of 30 June 1911.

Three versions of the coat of arms were established, intended for different types of use. All three include, as its central element, the shield of the traditional Portuguese arms placed over a golden armillary sphere.

The basic version consists of only the Portuguese shield over the armillary sphere. This version was intended to be used on the National Flag and on the naval jack. From the 23 September 1911, this version was also used on the naval distinctive flags of the President of the Republic, ministers and other state authorities, latter being also used on some governmental and state flags created afterwards. Occasionally, this version is unofficially referred as the "lesser arms of Portugal".

The second version consists of the Portuguese shield over the armillary sphere, with this being surrounded by two branches of laurel, tied in the base with a white scroll with the Camões verse ''Esta é a ditosa Pátria minha amada'' ("This is my beloved merry homeland"). This version was intended to be used on the regimental colors of the military units.

Finally, the third version is similar to the second one but the scroll does not include the verse and is usually represented in red and green. This version was intended to be used in seals, coins and other emblems.

Present and past elements of the arms of Portugal

''Quinas''

''Quina'' (plural ''quinas'') is the Portuguese word for quincunx.

After the official recognition of the Kingdom of Portugal as an independent country in 1143 (it had been self declared as so in 1139), silver bezants were added to the blue cross of the shield, symbolising coins and the right of the monarch to issue currency, as leader of a sovereign state. Eventually, and given the enormous dynamism of medieval heraldry, it is believed that the shield degraded and lost some elements in battle, eventually losing the cross format. This is how King Sancho I inherited the shield from his father, Afonso Henriques, with the cross replaced by escutcheons with the silver bezants. A traditional legend explains that these escutcheons represent the five moor kings defeated by King Afonso I of Portugal in the battle of Ourique.

The number of silver bezants in each escutcheon varied extensively, with versions having represented from four up to eleven. In the late 14th century however, the number of bezants was fixed in five. Late explanations interpret them as the five wounds of Jesus Christ and/or the thirty pieces of silver (with the five bezants in the middle escutcheon counted twice), although this is highly improbable.

From the fixation of the number of bezants in five, the groups of the five escutcheons, each with five bezants of the Portuguese shield became popularly referred as ''quinas''. By synecdoche, the term "''Quinas''" came to be used as an alternative designation of the coat of arms of Portugal and came even be used as a reference to anything that represents Portugal (e.g. the Flag of Portugal being often referred as the "Flag of the ''Quinas''").

Castles

It was during the reign of Afonso III that the red bordure with golden castles (not towers, as some sources state) was added. Although the number of castles could vary between eight and twelve, Afonso IV would define them as twelve, and Sebastian I would finally fix them as seven. They supposedly represent the Moorish castles conquered by the Kingdom of Portugal during the Reconquista. Their origin is probably Castilian, but unlike Spanish castles, which usually have their gates coloured blue (hence opened), Portuguese castles were usually depicted with gold gates (hence closed). As a matter of fact, Afonso III was the second son of King Afonso II of Portugal and thus was not expected to inherit the throne, which was destined to go to his elder brother King Sancho II of Portugal. As a second son, the coat of arms of Afonso III included both the arms of his father and the arms of his mother Urraca of Castile, thus the Castillan red border with golden castillan castles, around the Portuguese shield inherited from his father.

Armillary sphere

An important element of Portuguese heraldry since the 15th century, the armillary sphere was many times used in Portuguese naval and colonial flags, mainly in Brazil. It was a navigation instrument used to calculate distances and represents the importance of Portugal during the Age of Discovery, as well as the vastness of its colonial empire when the First Republic was implemented.

The use of the armillary predates the current flag by centuries. It was the personal emblem of King Manuel I. It was first added to the flag in 1815 as part of the flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.

The 1910 commission appointed by the government to study the symbols of the new republic suggested the armillary sphere as “the eternal standard of our adventurous spirit”.

Laurel branch supporters

The original 1910 republican design of the coat of arms of Portugal incorporated a pair of laurel branches forming a wreath. In some older renditions, the supporters are distinct.

History and evolution

The national heraldry of Portugal evolved from the royal heraldry, with the royal coat of arms gradually coming to be considered a national coat of arms.

The Portuguese coat of arms itself is the result of almost a millennium of modifications and alterations. Starting with the cross ''azur'' on field ''argent'', which constituted the putative shield of Henry, Count of Portugal in the 12th century, successive elements were added or taken, culminating with the complex heraldic design that was officially adopted in 1911 (after the Republican Revolution of 1910).

Evolution

The main and constant element of the coat of arms of Portugal is and has always been the Portuguese shield. This resulted from around 300 years of evolution, from the 12th to the 15th centuries.

The heraldic shield used by Afonso Henriques, who became the first King of Portugal, is believed to have been ''Argent, a cross azure'' (a blue cross on a white field), apparently the same as that used by his father, Count Henry.

The original shield evolved to ''Argent, five escutcheons crosswise the dexter and sinister ones pointing to the center azure each semée of plates'' (a field ''argent'' with five escutcheons ''azure'' forming a cross, the ''dexter'' and ''sinister'' ones pointing to the center, with each escutcheon ''semée'' of plates). This is the earliest verifiable form of the Portuguese shield. Apparently it was introduced during the reign of Afonso Henriques (Afonso I) and definitely was used during the reign of his successor King Sancho I (1185-1211), during the period in which heraldry came into widespread use throughout western Europe.

Inescutcheons

There are several legends which seek to explain the significance of the five escutcheons and of the plates. The escutcheons are said to represent either the Five Holy Wounds of Christ on the Cross, the five wounds suffered by Afonso Henriques in the Battle of Ourique or the five Moorish kings defeated by him in that battle. The plates are supposed to represent either the pieces of silver received by Judas Iscariot to betray Jesus or the sovereignty of the Portuguese Kings, symbolized by the right to issue their own money. A more mundane theory suggests that the heraldry represents merely the physical fabric of the battle-shield of Afonso Henriques, which may have comprised two blue leather bands nailed to a white base; after having been repeatedly hit in battle, most of the bands had become cut off, except for the five pieces on top of the clusters of nails. These remaining five pieces of blue leather with the bright heads of the nails showing through, are thus proposed as the origin of the five escutcheons ''azur'', each ''semée'' of plates.

Bordure

When the future Afonso III of Portugal asserted his claim to the throne occupied by his brother Sancho II, he adopted as his coat of arms the Portuguese shield differenced by the addition of a bordure ''gules semée of castles or''. When Afonso III eventually became King in 1247, he retained use of this differenced shield, instead of reverting to the original shield without the bordure. There are several theories which seek to explain the significance of the castles within the bordure, the most popular one being that they represent the last castles conquered in the Algarve from the Moors by that king, completing the Portuguese ''Reconquista''. However, the most common presently accepted theory is that the bordure was merely a mark of cadency to signify that Afonso was not the head of the Royal family, the castles probably having been suggested as suitable elements from the arms of his mother Urraca of Castile. Later the number of castles within the bordure became fixed at seven, this being the version of the shield still in use today.

Cross of Aviz

During the 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, one of the emerging candidates to the throne was John, master of the Order of Aviz, an illegitimate son of King Peter I of Portugal. John was elected Regent and Defender of Kingdom in 1383 and acclaimed King of Portugal in 1385, as John I and during his reign the royal Portuguese shield was added to by the inclusion of the insignia of the Order of Aviz, namely a '' cross flory vert'' (a green cross with a fleur-de-lys at the end of each arm). This was effected in various ways: by insertion within the bordure, alternating with the castles; more commonly inserted within the shield, and occasionally shown outside the shield with the latter laying over it.

Escutcheons erected

Finally, in 1485, King John II ordered the correction of the Portuguese shield, eliminating features identified as heraldic errors.Although long intended, chroniclers Ruy da Pina and Garcia de Resende date the change to a royal council held in Beja in 1485, when a new issue of royal coinage was decided and the shield adjusted for it. The chroniclers claim the coinage order was issued June 1485. See Garcia de Resende (1545) ''Crónica del-Rei D. João II'', ch.57 902 ed, v.1, p.137 Thus the cross of the Order of Aviz was removed and the '' dexter'' and ''sinister'' escutcheons were set upright, lest left couchée they might be assumed to symbolize bastardy, which was not appropriate in the case of that monarch. Furthermore, the ''semée'' of plates on the field of each of the five escutcheons was fixed in number at five as a reference to the Five Holy Wounds of Christ, being the personal devotion of that monarch, and were arranged in saltire thus forming a quincunx. Thus, the arrangement of five escutcheons, each with five plates started to be known as ''quinas'', signifying "groups of five", and by synecdoche, the Portuguese shield itself started to be referred as the ''quinas''.

During some periods of effective or claimed Royal union of Portugal with other states, the Portuguese shield was used marshaled with the coats of arms of those states. Beatrice of Portugal, who claimed the Portuguese crown during the 1383-1385 interregnum, used the Portuguese arms in the II and III positions of the shield, marshaled with the arms of her husband King John I of Castile in the I and IV. King Afonso V of Portugal, who claimed the crown of Castile during the 1475-1479 period, used the Portuguese arms in the I and IV, marshaled with the arms of Castile and León in the II and III. During the period of the Iberian Union (1580-1640), the Portuguese shield was placed in the honour point of the complex coat of arms of the House of Habsburg. These marshaled coats of arms had, however, a very limited use, with the simple Portuguese coat of arms being used in the national context and the marshaled arms being only used when they intended to represent personally the monarch.

When the status of Brazil was raised from that of state to a constituent kingdom of the Portuguese Monarchy, giving origin to the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, the Royal coat of arms was altered by the addition of an armillary sphere ''or'' over a field ''azur'', these being the Brazilian arms. The new Royal achievement of arms consisted therefore of the Portuguese shield (representing Portugal and the Algarves) over the armillary sphere (representing Brazil), all topped by the Royal crown. Although displayed as a supporter of the Portuguese shield and not as part of it, it is controversial if the armillary sphere should be considered or not part of the main field of the new achievement. This achievement of arms was used in Portugal from 1815 to 1826 (despite Brazil having achieved independence in 1822, only when King John VI died in 1826 did Portugal revert to the use of the old coat of arms).

The elements surrounding the shield

Until the early 14th century, the achievement of arms of Portugal consisted solely in the shield, with no external elements surrounding it being represented.

A crown over the shield started to appear in some representations of the Portuguese coat of arms in the 14th century. Initially, a crude open crown was represented, this evolving to a crown similar to the present coronet of duke, so consisting of a circlet surmounted by leaves. The crown come to appear more and more in the representations of the coat of arms of Portugal, becoming virtually inseparable from the Portuguese shield. In most of the cases the crown was represented laying directly over the shield, although in the rare occasions in which the helmet was represented, the crown was placed over it. From the 16th century until the establishment of the republican coat of arms in 1910, the Royal crown was virtually present in all representations of the coat of arms of Portugal, being also the only constant external element of the shield. In the reign of King Sebastian (1557-1578), the open Royal crown was replaced by a crown closed with a single arch. This latter evolved to a crown with two arches. The final model of heraldic crown was adopted in the reign of Peter II (1683-1706), this being a crown closed with four arches, surmounted by a globe topped with a cross. At the same time, the previous crown with two arches became the crown of the Prince apparent heir of the Portuguese crown.

Other external elements surrounding the shield, started to be also represented in the Portuguese coat of arms from the 14th century, although none of them has reached the status of a constant element, as the Royal crown.

One of the most important of these elements was the heraldic crest, which at least from the reign of John I became a dragon, probably associated to the adoption of Saint George as the patron saint of Portugal. Until the 17th century, the dragon was represented in ''or'', but since then, it started to be represented in ''vert''. This change of color was probably due to the ascension to the throne, in 1640, of the House of Braganza, which had the green as its livery color, this also becoming the national color of Portugal. During the period of the House of Braganza, two dragons ''vert'' became frequently used as the supporters of the Portuguese Royal shield.

Other of the external elements was the helmet ''or'' with bars, that was frequently represented between the 14th and the 16th centuries, but rarely appearing in the achievement afterwards. Both the torse and the mantling that appeared in the helmet were represented in ''argent'' and ''gules'' during the reign of King Manuel I (1495-1521), these being his livery colors. In latter representations of the Royal achievement of arms, the torse and the mantling included the four colors of the Portuguese shield ''argent'', ''gules'', ''or'' and ''azur''.

Supporters also were frequently represented in many artistic representations of the Portuguese coat of arms. The most frequently represented supporters until the 18th century were the angels. Usually two angels were represented, one in ''dexter'' and the other in ''sinister'', but in some representations the shield is supported by a single angel. Occasionally, the supporter angel was represented using a tabard or surcoat with the Portuguese arms, what may indicate that he was not a generic angel but specifically the Guardian Angel of Portugal. From the reign of King Manuel I forward, it was common to represent the angels handling armillary spheres and crosses of the Order of Christ or handling flags with those badges. From the 18th century onwards, the dragons ''vert'' that served as the Portuguese crest became also the most often represented supporters in the achievement of arms of Portugal. In latter representations of the Portuguese coat of arms, the dragons ''dexter'' and ''sinister'' carry each one a flag with elements of the Portuguese shield, the ''dexter'' being ''argent'' with the five escutcheons and the ''sinister'' being ''gules'' with seven castles ''or''.

In the reign of King Manuel I, his personal heraldic badge (the armillary sphere) and his insignia as master of the Order of Christ (the cross of this order) started be intensively represented, usually as elements surrounding the Portuguese shield. These two heraldic insignia were so intensively used that they evolved from being mere personal insignias of Manuel I to be considered national insignias, continuing to be used even after the end of the reign of this king. Occasionally, the armillary sphere was represented as the supporter of the Portuguese shield, in a similar composition to those that, centuries latter, would be used in the arms of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves and of the Portuguese Republic.

During the reign of Henry, a peculiar Royal achievement of arms was used, which included a red ecclesiastical hat (galero) and respective tassels, combined with the Royal crown, to reflect the cardinal standing of the King.

During the 1815-1825 period, the Royal coat arms were changed to reflect the establishment of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, starting to include also the armillary sphere ''or'' over a field ''azur'', which was adopted as the coat of arms of the newly created Kingdom of Brazil. The new achievement consisted so of the Portuguese shield (representing Portugal and the Algarve) over the armillary sphere (representing Brazil), all topped by the Royal crown. The armillary sphere appeared so as a kind of supporter of the shield, although it is controversial if it should be really considered a supporter or part of the main element of the arms.

From the second half of the 19th century, the Royal coat of arms became commonly represented with the shield covered by a pavilion purple lined ermine issuing from the Royal crown.

Representations of the Portuguese coats of arms

File:Mosteiro da Batalha 12.jpg, Portuguese coat of arms, with the Cross of the Order of Aviz as supporter and the dragon as crest, in a late 14th-century gate of the Batalha Monastery
File:Belem Tower - detail P1000102.JPG, Manueline style coat of arms in the Belém Tower, Lisbon
File:Relief CoA Philip II Spain Facade monastery San Lorenzo de El Escorial Spain.jpg, Relief achievement of arms of the House of Habsburg at the El Escorial, Spain, with the Portuguese shield in the honour point
File:Fortaleza de Santiago - Brasão Real na porta da fortaleza.JPG, Stone coat of arms in the fort ''Santiago'' in Sesimbra
File:Heraldic Angel, from the Mosteiro de Santa Cruz, by Diogo Pires-o-Moco, 1500-1525 - Museu Nacional de Machado de Castro - Coimbra, Portugal -DSC09916.jpg, Coat of arms supported by Angel of Portugal in the Machado de Castro Museum, Coimbra
File:Ponte do Prado Brasão (1).JPG, 17th century coat of arms on the Prado bridge at Vila Verde
File:Igr miser angra 2.jpg, 18th century coat of arms in the façade of the Misericórdia Church of Angra do Heroísmo
File:Coat of Arms Misericordia.JPG, Baroque coat of arms on the portal of the Misericórdia Church of Braga
File:Igreja do Bom Jesus (Brasão).JPG, Stone relief the coat of arms of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Braga
File:Estremoz September 2013-1.jpg, Trophy with the coat of arms of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in the façade of the Castle of Estremoz
File:10,000 Reis, Portugal, 1884 - Bode-Museum - DSC02613.JPG, Coat of arms in the 10 000 réis coin of 1884
File:CPV004.JPG, (On the left) Portuguese coat of arms over the cross of the Order of Christ in the Cape Verde 2.5 escudos coin of 1967
File:PRT-20e1953.jpg, 1953 20 escudos coin.
File:Ingeram Codex 036.jpg, Portuguese shield in the ''Codex Gottha'', 1459
File:Brasão de Armas de Portugal.gif, Represented in the ''Livro da Nobreza e Perfeição das Armas'' by António Godinho
File:Museu Nacional Ferroviário DSC 5442 (34462165800).jpg, 20th century coat of arms painted on an ''azulejo'' panel at a train station
File:Arcanjo Tenente com as Armas de Portugal - Lisboa, 1641-1666 (MNAz inv. 6118 Az).png, "Lieutenant Archangel holding the arms of Portugal" in a tile panel in the National Azulejo Museum
File:Armas Reais de Portugal, pintura sous-verre, séc XIX-XX.png, Royal coat of arms in a glass painting of the early 20th century
File:Efígie da República (1916) - Anjos Teixeira (cropped).png, Coat of arms in the Chamber of Sessions of the São Bento Palace
File:COA Portuguese consulate 1914.jpg, Coat of arms in the plaque of the Portuguese consulate at Haifa
File:4473 - Piacenza - Francesco Mochi - dett. del mon. a Ranuccio Farnese - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto 14-7-2007.jpg, Relief achievement of arms of Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (House of Farnese) at the Piazza dei Cavalli, Piacenza, Italy, with the Portuguese shield in the middle
File:Teatro San Carlo-coat of arms above proscenium.jpg, Relief achievement of arms of Two Sicilies in the Teatro di San Carlo, Naples, Italy, with the Portuguese shield depicted in sinister side
File:Portuguese Park Hayward column.jpg, Royalist style Portuguese coat of arms on a column at Julio Bras Portuguese Park in Hayward, California
File:Olhares sobre o Museu do Ipiranga 2017 041 (cropped).jpg, (On the right) Portuguese coat of arms on the tomb of Emperor Pedro I at São Paulo, Brazil

See also

*Portuguese heraldry
*Flag of Portugal
*History of Portugal
* Armorial of Portuguese colonies
* Coat of arms of Ceuta

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coat Of Arms Of Portugal
Portugal

National symbols of Portugal
Portugal
Portugal