Clapper rail

The clapper rail (''Rallus crepitans'') is a member of the rail family, Rallidae. The taxonomy for this species is confusing and still being determined. It is a large brown rail that is resident in wetlands along the Atlantic coasts of the eastern United States, eastern Mexico and some Caribbean islands. This species was formerly considered to be conspecific with the mangrove rail.

Taxonomy

The clapper rail was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's '' Systema Naturae''. He placed it with all the other rails in the genus ''Rallus'' and coined the binomial name ''Rallus crepitans''. Gmelin based his description on those by Thomas Pennant and John Latham. The type locality is Long Island, New York. The genus ''Rallus'' had been erected in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his ''Systema Naturae''. The specific epithet ''crepitans'' is Latin meaning "breaking wind" or "resounding".

The clapper rail was formerly treated as a subspecies of the mangrove rail (''Rallus longirostris''). The decision to treat the clapper rail as a separate species was based on the results of a molecular phylogenetic study that was published in 2013. A cladogram based on the 2013 genetic study is as follows:

Eight subspecies of the clapper rail are recognised:

* ''R. c. crepitans'' Gmelin, JF, 1789 – coastal Connecticut to northeast North Carolina (USA)
* ''R. c. waynei'' Brewster, 1899 – coastal southeast USA
* ''R. c. saturatus'' Ridgway, 1880 – Gulf Coast from southwest Alabama to northeast Mexico
* ''R. c. scottii'' Sennett, 1888 – coastal Florida (USA)
* ''R. c. insularum'' Brooks, WS, 1920 – Florida Keys (USA)
* ''R. c. coryi'' Maynard, 1887 – Bahamas
* ''R. c. caribaeus'' Ridgway, 1880 – Cuba to Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles to Antigua and Guadeloupe
* ''R. c. pallidus'' Nelson, 1905 – north Yucatán Peninsula, islands off Quintana Roo (southeast Mexico), Ycacos Lagoon (Belize)

Description

The clapper rail is a chicken-sized bird that rarely flies. It is grayish brown with a pale chestnut breast. Males and females have similar plumage. The bill which curves slightly downwards is orange yellow at the base in males and duller in females. An adult bird has an overall length of and weighs .

Distribution and habitat

The clapper rail is found along the Atlantic coasts of the eastern U.S., the Gulf of Mexico, eastern Mexico, some Caribbean islands, and south through eastern Central America, as well at several inland locales. Populations are stable on the East Coast of the U.S., although the numbers of this bird have declined due to habitat loss. Clapper rails are saltmarsh specialists, and are highly mobile across their range, with females showing weak philopatry and a lack of philopatry in males.

Behaviour

Feeding

These birds eat crustaceans, aquatic insects, and small fish. They search for food while walking, sometimes probing with their long bills, in shallow water or mud.

Breeding

The nest is a large platform of dry grasses and is usually placed on the ground in dense vegetation. The clutch size varies between 4 and 16 eggs with an average of 9. The eggs measure and are creamy white with irregular blotches of reddish-brown, grey or lilac. They are incubated for 20 days by both parents with the male incubating at night. The young are brooded by the adults for several days. They become independent of the adults when 6 weeks old and can fly when 10 weeks old.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q26235798

clapper rail
Native birds of the Southeastern United States
Birds of Belize
Birds of the Yucatán Peninsula
Birds of the Caribbean
Birds of Hispaniola
Birds of the Dominican Republic
Birds of Haiti
clapper rail
clapper rail