Chhena

Chhena () or chhana () are a style of cheese, originating from the Indian subcontinent, made from water buffaloDalby, A 2009, ''Cheese: A Global History'', Reaktion Books, p. 73, Kapoor, S & Kapoor, A 2006, ''Sanjeev Kapoor's No-oil Vegetarian Cooking'', Popular Prakashan, p. 118, or regular cow milk by adding food acids such as lemon juice and calcium lactate instead of rennet and straining the whey through filtration.Amitraj, K, Khamrui, K, Devaraja, HC, & Mandal, S 2016, 'Optimisation of ingredients for a low-fat, Chhana-based dairy spread using response surface methodology' International Journal of Dairy Technology, vol. 69, no. 3, p. 393

Chhena is pressed and may be further processed to make paneer, a form of farmer cheese, or formed into balls to make desserts such as khira sagara, chhena kheeri, rasabali and ras malai, as well as sweets from the Indian subcontinent (''mitha'' or ''Misti'' or '' mithai'') such as chhena jalebi, chhena gaja, chhena poda, pantua, rasogolla / রসগোল্লা, and sandesh. For the sweets, mostly cow milk chhena is used.

Chhena is produced in Bangladesh and eastern India, and it is generally made from cow or buffalo milk. In India, it is a legal requirement for Chhena to have no more than 70% of moisture content, and 50% of milk fat in dry material
The production of chhena in India was estimated to be 200,000 tonnes annually in 2009. Production is highest in the state of Uttar Pradesh, while consumption is highest in the state of West Bengal.

Sahu and Das conducted a study of milk consumption in India and found that 6% of milk produced in India is used in the chhena production process. It is closely related to paneer cheese as they both share a similar production process, but it is kneaded when it is still warm in the manufacture process. The result is a cheese with a 'smooth, whipped-cream consistency', unlike paneer, which is firm.

History

The Vedas religious texts, the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, contain a reference to 'dadhanvat', which has been translated as referencing an 'abundance of curds'. Chitra Banerji states that in the myths of Krishna, a later manifestation of Vishnu, that there is reference to dairy products such as 'milk, butter, ghee and yogurt', but not to chhena.Daniyal, S 2015, Who deserves credit for the rasgulla? Bengalis, Odiyas...or the Portuguese?, Scroll.in, August 4, viewed 12 November 2020, https://scroll.in// The Manasollasa, one of the medieval Indian cooking texts, was written during the reign of King Somesvara III in the 12th century. The Manasollasa details souring milk and draining the curds to make chhena and using them as a base for sweets. The text goes on to stipulate mixing the cheese with rice flour and shaping it into various balls, and then deep-frying to make sweets. Based on texts such as ''Charaka Samhita'', BN Mathur wrote that the earliest evidence of a heat-acid coagulated milk product in India can be traced to 75-300 CE. Sunil Kumar ''et al''. interpret this product as the present-day paneer or chhena.

According to another theory, the Portuguese may have introduced the technique of "breaking" milk with acid to Bengal in the 17th century. Chhena was not widely made or utilised in India before the arrival of the Portuguese in 1517 in Bengal and Odisha, particularly as the curdling of cow's milk is taboo to the adherents of Hinduism and continues to this day. Prior to the arrival of the Portuguese in Bengal, sweets were made with khoa, or condensed milk which was solidified. Bengalis learnt how to prepare cheese for the Portuguese, which inspired chhena. Thus, according to this theory, Indian acid-set cheeses such as paneer and chhena were first prepared in Bengal, under Portuguese influence. Chhena cheese-based sweets were created by confectionery makers known as 'moria' in Bengal. The Halwai caste has long been associated with the production of chhena-based products.Minz, PS & Singh, RRB 2016, 'Modernization of Manufacturing Process for Traditional Indian Dairy Products', Modernization of Traditional Food Processes and Products, pp. 162 It is traditional for Bengalis to end a meal with a sweet, which is known as 'madhurena samapayet'. Today, some traditional sweet makers such as Annapurna Bhandar in New Delhi continue to make fresh chhena in their stores as a base for their products with locally sourced milk.

In the 1990s, chhena was largely produced in country milk sheds by farmers and sent by road and rail to manufacturers.Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations 1990, ''The technology of traditional milk products in developing countries,'' Rome. Batch methods of production are utilised by smaller producers, with their methods and resulting products having different characteristics and flavours compared to commercially produced products. The most popular product produced with chhena is sandesh, a dessert. In recent times, chhena products have become a niche, competing with introduced foreign foods and desserts.

Liberalisation, globalisation and privatisation are actively reshaping the Indian cheese industry. Traditional producers of chhena-based products are under pressure from foreign countries such as the United States of America seeking bilateral trade deals with the Indian government, especially as European-style cheeses such as mozzarella become more popular.Srivastava, S 2020, 'Dairy Farmers Stymie India's Bilateral Trade Deal With U.S., EU', ''Bloomberg'', October 27, viewed 12 November 2020, https://www.bloomberg.com/ Producers argue that they would not be able to compete with international dairy firms as they would have to comply with stricter sanitary and quarantine standards, which would vastly inflate costs of production. Dairy farmers in India are fiercely opposed to liberalisation of the dairy sector, as they fear job losses and the collapse of small industry which still produces traditional dairy products like chhena.

Production

India's yearly production of Chhena is estimated to be 200,000 tonnes as of 2004.Jindal, A., Shoree, M., Shukla, F. and Singh, B. 2004, Studies on the use of chhana and paneer whey in the preparation of puras (pancakes), International Journal of Dairy Technology, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 221 Traditionally, chhena is made in a Karahi, utilising a method similar to ricotta cheese production.Hui, Y.H. 2007, Handbook of Food Products Manufacturing, Wiley, Hoboken, N.J, p. 640 The Food Safety and Standards Regulation of India states that Chhena is to be made from cow or buffalo milk,Kumar, J & Gupta, V. K. & Kumar, S & Kumar, S 2015, 'Effect of coagulants on the quality of chhana and rasogolla obtained from admixture of buffalo milk and butter milk, ''Journal of Food Science and Technology'', vol. 52, no. 3, p. 1736 or a blend of both milks, and the coagulation can be completed with 'sour milk, or lactic or citric acid'. Aged acidic whey from previous batches can also be substituted in the coagulation process to prevent waste of ingredients and streamline the production process.Park, Y.W., Haenlein, G.F.W. and Wendorff, W.L 2017, Handbook of milk of non-bovine mammals, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ

The cheese is prepared by first boiling the chosen milk for 10 minutes, and then introducing an acid or aged acidic whey from a prior batch when the milk has slightly cooled at 75-80 degrees Celsius. Following this step, the whey separates and floats to the top of the pan. The whey is then removed by sieving the resulting curd, the chhena, through a muslin cloth.Menghwar, D.R, Bhutto, S.A & Ahmed, T 2019, 'Quantitative Studies on Chhana (soft cheese) prepared from cow and buffalo milk', ''Abasyn Journal of Life Sciences'', vol. 2, no. 2, p. 56 The pressing of the resulting curd mostly relies on gravity to separate it from the whey,Hui, Y.H. 2007, Handbook of Food Products Manufacturing, Wiley, Hoboken, N.J, p. 639 but weighted boards can also be used to speed up the process. The longer the chhena is drained, the firmer the resulting final product becomes. Chhena is typically made in a small-scale batch process, but it is possible to make it with a continuous process like ricotta cheese in commercial production settings.

In the case of sweet production, the cheese is drained, kneaded on a wooden board and mixed with sugar and a binding agent such as arrowroot or semolina flour.Bladholm, L 2016, ''The Indian Grocery Store Demystified: A Food Lover's Guide to All the Best Ingredients in the Traditional Foods of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh'', St. Martin's Publishing Group, New York, p. 180 It is common now for machines to be used for the kneading process. The chhena is then rolled into balls ready for use in confectionary making. Some of these popular sweets and desserts that use Chhena as its base include ' rasogolla, sandesh, chum-chum, chhana murki, chhana podo, rasomalai, chhana balushahi, khorma/belgrami & pantowait'. Chhena has also been blended with cream and made into a commercial refrigerated spreadable cheese. The chhena production process can be used to create a bioplastic which presents future innovation opportunities for the technology sector of India. However, this has raised ethical concerns domestically regarding food security for the wider population, as segments of the population struggle with rising food prices and malnutrition.

Nutritious beverages can be created from the whey that is typically discarded in the production process of the Chhena by fermenting it with bacteria cultures "Streptococcus thermophilus NCDC-74 and Yoghurt culture YC-470".Saha, P 2017, 'Evaluation of quality and stability of chhana whey beverage fermented with lactic acid bacteria', ''Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research'', vol. 36, no. 02, p. 112 Lactic bacteria can ferment lactose into lactic acid, which means that people with dairy intolerances would be able to consume the beverages. The whey can also be used to make puras, otherwise known as pancakes. The whey must be of high quality and handled hygienically, otherwise the created products may have undesirable qualities and become not suitable for consumption. Three million tonnes of whey is produced each year in the chhena production process and it is typically dumped into the environment, where it is a substantial problem as a pollutant as it has a high amount of organic matter in its mass.

Character

The consistency of the finished cheese product has been shown to differ depending on the method utilised to create the cheese. Levels of milk fats under 4% create 'hard and rubbery' Chhena, whilst levels over 5% result in greasy properties in the products created from it. Buffalo milk in the production process of chhena on average tends to create a larger amount of the cheese product compared to cows milk. However, if it is not mixed with cow's milk the result is often 'hard, chewy, rubbery', with an 'uneven texture'. It is also possible to produce Chhena with soy milk, with favourable results achieved in a blend with 75% cows milk added. Milk composition and milking season also have a significant impact on the quality of the chhena produced.

Chhena typically has a texture like 'whipped cream cheese', and varies from smooth, pasty to crumbly. Chhena is composed of fat, protein, vitamins A and D, and is low in sugar. Chhena produced from cows milk is 'light yellow in colour, has a moist surface, soft body and smooth texture', while Chhena produced from buffalo milk in comparison is 'whitish in colour'. Chhena made from these milk sources has a 'sweetish, mildly acidic taste'. Production in higher temperatures results in a cheese that is grainy and hard, while lower temperatures produce a product which is sticky, and dries slowly. Chhena typically is bland in taste and has an easily malleable texture. Experiments have been conducted to try to utilise Chhena in the manufacturing of other products, including a spread consisting of finely processed chhena, butter and salt.

Storage

Without adequate cold storage and safe handling, chhena spoils easily due to its high moisture content.Agrawal, A.K, Sandey, K.K & Sinha, G 2015, 'Drying of Chhana using Solar Energy: Physical and Thermal Properties of Dried Chhana', International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, vol. 3, no. 20, p.1 Kulkarni states that ' thermoduric and thermophilic bacteria are not destroyed in the boiling process' in the manufacturing of chhena, which is a significant problem. The tropical climate and high humidity of India also contributes to the short shelf life of the products.Jat, BS, Jha, A, Jafri, M, Rai, DC, & Gautam, AK 2014, 'Development of a Process for Manufacture of the Shelf‐Stable Chhana Roll and Its Physicochemical Properties', ''Journal of Food Processing and Preservation'', vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 1661 Refrigeration makes a significant difference to the shelf life of the product, but it is quite uncommon and not readily available. Unsuccessful studies were carried out by Agrawal, Sandey, and Sinha in turning the chhena into powder to preserve it as a dried good and prolong its shelf life, as the reconstituted product was unsuitable for use.

Bladholm writes that chhena cheese-based sweets should be 'refrigerated and eaten within 2–3 days'. Quality control is a significant issue in India, but food inspectors do not have the power to prosecute those engaging in adulteration of products in the pursuit of increasing profits or selling base ingredients that are below accepted standards. Chhena can be adulterated with starch by dishonest manufacturers, which can result in diarrhoea and abdominal discomfort. Improper handling of chhena, and the products that it has been made from, have been proven to also contaminate products made from it. A study by Maity, Jumar and Misra (2011) found the presence of E. coli in 67% of chhena based sweet samples in Kolkata. E. coli in chhena-based products is resultant from 'unsanitary production, handling, storage and transportation', and is prominent in softer sweets as they have less sugar to preserve the cheese base and higher amounts of moisture.Maity, T, Kumar, R, & Misra, A 2010, 'Prevalence of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Chhana Based Indian Sweets in Relation to Public Health', Indian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 50, no. 4, p. 466 These products are often sold without packaging and are produced on a small scale.

See also

* Khoa
* List of cheeses

References

{{Reflist

Curd
Indian cheeses
Acid-set cheeses
Cow's-milk cheeses
Bengali cuisine
Odia cuisine