Transphonologization resulting in a new contrast on vowels
Umlaut
A common example of transphonologization is Germanic umlaut. ;Germanic In many Germanic languages around 500–700 AD, a sound change fronted a back vowel when an or followed in the next syllable. Typically, the or was then lost, leading to a situation where a trace of the original or remains in the fronted quality of the preceding vowel. Alternatively, a distinction formerly expressed through the presence or absence of an or suffix was then re-expressed as a distinction between a front or back vowel. As a specific instance of this, in prehistoric Old English, a certain class of nouns was marked by an suffix in the (nominative) plural, but had no suffix in the (nominative) singular. A word like "mouse", for example, had a plural "mice". After umlaut, the plural became pronounced , where the long back vowel was fronted, producing a new subphonemic front-rounded vowel , which serves as a secondary indicator of plurality. Subsequent loss of final , however, made a phoneme and the primary indicator of plurality, leading to a distinction between "mouse" and "mice". In this case, the lost sound left a trace in the presence of ; or equivalently, the distinction between singular and plural, formerly expressed through a suffix , has been re-expressed using a different feature, namely the front-back distinction of the main vowel. This distinction survives in the modern forms "mouse" and "mice" , although the specifics have been modified by the Great Vowel Shift. ;Outside Germanic Similar phenomena have been described in languages outside Germanic. * Seventeen Austronesian languages, Austronesian languages of northern Vanuatu have gone through a process whereby former *CVCV disyllables lost their final vowel, yet preserved their contrast through the creation of new vowels: e.g. Proto-Oceanic language, Proto-Oceanic *paRi "stingray" and *paRu "hibiscus" transphonologized to and in Mwesen language, Mwesen. This resulted in the expansion of vowel inventories in the region, from an original five-vowel system (*a *e *i *o *u) to inventories ranging from 7 to 16 vowels (depending on the language).Nasalization of vowels
* In French, a final sound disappeared, but left its trace in the nasalization of the French phonology#Nasal vowels, preceding vowel, as in ''vin blanc'' , from historical . * In many languages (Sino-Tibetan, Austroasiatic, Oceanic languages, Oceanic, Celtic languages, Celtic…), a vowel was nasalized by the nasal consonant preceding it: this "historical transfer of nasality between consonantal onset and vowel" is a case of transphonologization.Compensatory lengthening
* In American English, the words ''rider'' and ''writer'' are pronounced with a instead of and as a result of flapping. The distinction between the two words can, however, be preserved by (or transferred to) the length of the vowel (or in this case, diphthong), as vowels are pronounced longer before voiced consonants than before voiceless consonants. Before disappearing, a sound may trigger or prevent some phonetic change in its vicinity that would not otherwise have occurred, and which may remain long afterward. For example: * In the English language, English word ''night, '' the sound (spelled ''gh'') disappeared, but before, or perhaps as it did so (see "compensatory lengthening"), it lengthened the vowel , so that the word is pronounced "nite" rather than the "nit" that would otherwise be expected for a closed syllable.Tone languages
*The existence of Tone (linguistics), contrastive tone in modern languages often originates in transphonologization of earlier contrasts between consonants: e.g. a former contrast of consonant voicing (* vs. *) transphonologizes to a tonal contrast (* vs. *) * The tonogenesis, tone split of Chinese language, Chinese, where the voiced consonants present in Middle Chinese lowered the varieties of Chinese#Phonology, tone of a syllable and subsequently lost their voicing in many varieties. * Floating tones are generally the remains of entire disappeared syllables.Transphonologization resulting in a new contrast on consonants
* Consonant mutation#Celtic languages, Consonant mutation in Celtic languages (a lost vowel triggered initial consonant lenition, and a lost nasal triggered nasalization). * In Sanskrit, voiced sibilants *z and *ž of the Proto-Indo-Iranian language were deleted, which lengthened the preceding vowel. Additionally, the elision of the sound *ž resulted in the following voiced dental consonant to become retroflexed, as seen in the development of Proto-Indo-European ''*nizdós'' ("nest") --> Proto-Indo-Iranian ''*niždás'' --> Sanskrit ''nīḍáḥ''. In case of a plain *z, the preceding vowel was lengthened without causing the retroflexion of the following consonant as seen in Proto-Indo-European ''*sízdeti'' ("sits down") --> Proto-Indo-Iranian ''*sízdati'' --> Sanskrit ''sī́dati''.Other examples
* The prevention of sound change by a lost consonant in Lahu language, Lahu; * In Estonian language, Estonian and some other Uralic languages, when case endings are elided, the changed root indicates the presence of the case, see consonant gradation.Other names
Rephonologization was a term used by Roman Jakobson (1931 [1972]) to refer to essentially the same process but failed to catch on because of its ambiguity. In a 1994 paper, Jerry Norman (sinologist), Norman (1994) used it again in the context of a proposed Old Chinese sound change that transferred a distinction formerly expressed through putative pharyngealization of the initial consonant of a syllable to one expressed through presence or absence of a palatal glide before the main vowel of the syllable. However, ''rephonologization'' is occasionally used with another meaning, referring to changes such as the Germanic sound shift or the Slavic change from to , where the phonological relationships among sounds change but the number of phonemes stays the same. That can be viewed as a special case of the broader process being described here. James Matisoff (1991:443) coined cheshirization as a synonym for transphonologization. The term jokingly refers to the Cheshire Cat, a character in the book ''Alice in Wonderland'', who "vanished quite slowly, beginning with the end of the tail, and ending with the grin, which remained some time after the rest of it had gone".Lewis Carroll, ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland''Notes
References
* Chappell, Hilary. 2006,