Cheng Hao
   HOME

TheInfoList



Click Here for Items Related To - Cheng Hao
OR:
Cheng Hao on:   [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Amazon]

Chéng Hào (, 1032–1085),
Courtesy name A courtesy name (), also known as a style name, is a name bestowed upon one at adulthood in addition to one's given name. This practice is a tradition in the East Asian cultural sphere, including China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.Ulrich Theob ...
Bóchún (), was a Chinese philosopher and politician from
Luoyang Luoyang is a city located in the confluence area of Luo River and Yellow River in the west of Henan province. Governed as a prefecture-level city, it borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the east, Pingdingshan to the southeast, Nanyang ...
, China. In his youth, he and his younger brother Cheng Yi were students of
Zhou Dunyi Zhou Dunyi (; 1017–1073) was a Chinese cosmologist, philosopher, and writer during the Song dynasty. He conceptualized the Neo-Confucian cosmology of the day, explaining the relationship between human conduct and universal forces. In this w ...
, one of the architects of
Neo-Confucian Neo-Confucianism (, often shortened to ''lǐxué'' 理學, literally "School of Principle") is a moral, ethical, and metaphysical Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism, and originated with Han Yu (768–824) and Li Ao (772–841) in t ...
cosmology Cosmology () is a branch of physics and metaphysics dealing with the nature of the universe. The term ''cosmology'' was first used in English in 1656 in Thomas Blount's ''Glossographia'', and in 1731 taken up in Latin by German philosopher ...
. His philosophy was dualistic (between all that is tangible and all that is intangible) and
pantheistic Pantheism is the belief that reality, the universe and the cosmos are identical with divinity and a supreme supernatural being or entity, pointing to the universe as being an immanent creator deity still expanding and creating, which has ...
(believing that all that is intangible is the same thing, such as
god In monotheistic thought, God is usually viewed as the supreme being, creator, and principal object of faith. Swinburne, R.G. "God" in Honderich, Ted. (ed)''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy'', Oxford University Press, 1995. God is typically ...
, the
human nature Human nature is a concept that denotes the fundamental dispositions and characteristics—including ways of thinking, feeling, and acting—that humans are said to have naturally. The term is often used to denote the essence of humankind, or ...
,
feelings Feelings are subjective self-contained phenomenal experiences. According to the ''APA Dictionary of Psychology'', a feeling is "a self-contained phenomenal experience"; and feelings are "subjective, evaluative, and independent of the sensations ...
,
actions Action may refer to: * Action (narrative), a literary mode * Action fiction, a type of genre fiction * Action game, a genre of video game Film * Action film, a genre of film * ''Action'' (1921 film), a film by John Ford * ''Action'' (1980 fi ...
(we see things acting, but not the action itself), movement (likewise), social roles and relations (likewise), chance, etc., and that such a unified, universal principle is ''in'' everything that is sensible an_external_reality_as_in_ an_external_reality_as_in_Platonism">Analogy_of_the_divided_line">an_external_reality_as_in_
an_external_reality_as_in_Platonism">Analogy_of_the_divided_line">an_external_reality_as_in_Platonism">Platonism.html"_;"title="Analogy_of_the_divided_line">an_external_reality_as_in_Platonism">Analogy_of_the_divided_line">an_external_reality_as_in_
an_external_reality_as_in_Platonism">Analogy_of_the_divided_line">an_external_reality_as_in_Platonism">Platonism.html"_;"title="Analogy_of_the_divided_line">an_external_reality_as_in_Platonism">Analogy_of_the_divided_line">an_external_reality_as_in_Platonism;_among_his_quotation">quotes_ Quote_is_a_hypernym_of__quotation,_as_the_repetition_or_copy_of_a_prior_statement_or_thought.__Quotation_marks_are_punctuation_marks_that_indicate_a_quotation._Both_''quotation''_and_''quotation_marks''_are_sometimes_abbreviated_as_"quote(s)". __...
_are_"outside_'' an_external_reality_as_in_Platonism">Analogy_of_the_divided_line">an_external_reality_as_in_Platonism">Platonism.html"_;"title="Analogy_of_the_divided_line">an_external_reality_as_in_Platonism">Analogy_of_the_divided_line">an_external_reality_as_in_Platonism;_among_his_quotation">quotes_ Quote_is_a_hypernym_of__quotation,_as_the_repetition_or_copy_of_a_prior_statement_or_thought.__Quotation_marks_are_punctuation_marks_that_indicate_a_quotation._Both_''quotation''_and_''quotation_marks''_are_sometimes_abbreviated_as_"quote(s)". __...
_are_"outside_''Li_(Neo-Confucianism)">dao_ Dao,_Dão_or_DAO_may_refer_to: *__Tao_(Chinese:_"The_Way"_道),_a_philosophical_concept *_Dao_(Chinese_sword)_(刀),_a_type_of_Chinese_sword *_Dao_(Naga_sword),_a_weapon_and_a_tool_of_Naga_people _People_and_language *_Yao_people,_a_minority_ethni_...
''_there_are_no_Qi#Philosophical_roots.html" ;"title="Li_(Neo-Confucianism).html" "title="Platonism;_among_his_quotation.html" "title="Platonism.html" ;"title="Platonism.html" ;"title="Analogy of the divided line">an external reality as in Platonism">Analogy of the divided line">an external reality as in Platonism">Platonism.html" ;"title="Analogy of the divided line">an external reality as in Platonism">Analogy of the divided line">an external reality as in Platonism; among his quotation">quotes Quote is a hypernym of quotation, as the repetition or copy of a prior statement or thought. Quotation marks are punctuation marks that indicate a quotation. Both ''quotation'' and ''quotation marks'' are sometimes abbreviated as "quote(s)". ...
 are "outside ''Li (Neo-Confucianism)">dao Dao, Dão or DAO may refer to: * Tao (Chinese: "The Way" 道), a philosophical concept * Dao (Chinese sword) (刀), a type of Chinese sword * Dao (Naga sword), a weapon and a tool of Naga people People and language * Yao people, a minority ethni ...
'' there are no Qi#Philosophical roots">things and outside things there is no ''dao''", "we call it god to emphasize the wonderful mystery of principle in ten thousand things, just as we call it lord (''di'') to characterize its being the ruler of events" and "in terms of the reality, it is change; in terms of principle, it is ''dao''; in terms of its function, it is god; in terms of its destiny in a human being, it is human nature".


Life

Hao's grandfather was a county magistrate in Huangpi and died there while in that capacity. Hao's father Cheng Xiang () was still young at the time and was unable to return to Luoyang, so he was forced to grow up in Huangpi instead. He later became county magistrate (), at which time his two sons Hao and Yi were born. In 1057 Hao passed the Imperial examinations and became an entered scholar. He successively served as an administrative clerk in Hu County,
Shaanxi Shaanxi (alternatively Shensi, see § Name) is a landlocked province of China. Officially part of Northwest China, it borders the province-level divisions of Shanxi (NE, E), Henan (E), Hubei (SE), Chongqing (S), Sichuan (SW), Gansu (W), N ...
, as an administrative clerk in Shangyuan County (an area now in
Nanjing Nanjing (; , Mandarin pronunciation: ), alternately romanized as Nanking, is the capital of Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China. It is a sub-provincial city, a megacity, and the second largest city in the East China region. T ...
), as an administrative director in
Zezhou Zezhou County () is a county in the southeast of Shanxi province, China, bordering Henan province to the south. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Jincheng Jincheng is a prefecture-level city in the southeast of Sh ...
, as well as a minister of ceremony, a Censor, a
tax A tax is a compulsory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed on a taxpayer (an individual or legal entity) by a governmental organization in order to fund government spending and various public expenditures (regional, local, or n ...
and
tariff A tariff is a tax imposed by the government of a country or by a supranational union on imports or exports of goods. Besides being a source of revenue for the government, import duties can also be a form of regulation of foreign trade and pol ...
official, a ceremony minister to the military, and various other positions. Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi were among the pioneers of Song Dynasty Neo-Confucianism, and they are often credited with its formal creation along with
Zhu Xi Zhu Xi (; ; October 18, 1130 – April 23, 1200), formerly romanized Chu Hsi, was a Chinese calligrapher, historian, philosopher, poet, and politician during the Song dynasty. Zhu was influential in the development of Neo-Confucianism. He con ...
and several other scholars. The two brothers were sometimes referred to as "The Two Chengs" (), or individually as "Cheng the Elder" () and "Cheng the Younger" (). They dealt extensively with cosmology in their studies, applying Neo-Confucian principles to their studies of celestial bodies. In particular, the brothers identified and applied the principle of Divine or Natural Order, called '' li'', to that of ''
Tian ''Tiān'' () is one of the oldest Chinese terms for heaven and a key concept in Chinese mythology, philosophy, and religion. During the Shang dynasty (17th―11th century BCE), the Chinese referred to their supreme god as '' Shàngdì'' (, "Lor ...
'', the Heavens, as their original and guiding power. Hao established schools at
Fugou Fugou County () is a county of east-central Henan province, China. It is under the administration of Zhoukou city. Administrative divisions As 2012, this county is divided to 9 towns and 6 townships. ;Towns ;Townships Climate See also * S ...
and Songyang (in modern
Dengfeng Dengfeng (; postal: Tengfeng) is a county-level city of Henan Province, South Central China, it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Zhengzhou. Dengfeng has an area of and a population of 630,000. It occupies the south ...
). Throughout his life he promoted the view that study and scholarship were means to making men
sages A sage ( grc, σοφός, ''sophos''), in classical philosophy, is someone who has attained wisdom. The term has also been used interchangeably with a 'good person' ( grc, ἀγαθός, ''agathos''), and a 'virtuous person' ( grc, σπουδα ...
, once writing: "The studies of a superior man must arrive at sagacity age-hoodand ''then'' upon his own intellect; in the case of not arriving at sage-hood but upon his own intellect, all is lost." Hao died in 1085 at the age of fifty-three.


Legacy

Hao was known as an outgoing, laid-back, and lively man, in contrast to his stern and severe younger brother. As Neo-Confucianism's popularity grew throughout the early second millennium AD, the two Cheng brothers along with Zhou Dunyi,
Zhang Zai Zhang Zai () (1020–1077) was a Chinese philosopher and politician. He is most known for laying out four ontological goals for intellectuals: to build up the manifestations of Heaven and Earth's spirit, to build up good life for the populace, to ...
, Shao Yong, and
Sima Guang Sima Guang (17 November 1019 – 11 October 1086), courtesy name Junshi, was a Chinese historian, politician, and writer. He was a high-ranking Song dynasty scholar-official who authored the monumental history book ''Zizhi Tongjian''. Sima was ...
became known as "The Six Masters of Northern Song" for their philosophical contributions. Hao also received several
posthumous Posthumous may refer to: * Posthumous award - an award, prize or medal granted after the recipient's death * Posthumous publication – material published after the author's death * ''Posthumous'' (album), by Warne Marsh, 1987 * ''Posthumous'' ...
titles: in 1220 he was given the
posthumous name A posthumous name is an honorary name given mostly to the notable dead in East Asian culture. It is predominantly practiced in East Asian countries such as China, Korea, Vietnam, Japan, and Thailand. Reflecting on the person's accomplishments ...
"Lord of Purity" () by the emperor. In 1241 he was given the posthumous title of "''Bo''
arl ARL may refer to: Military * US Navy hull classification symbol for repair ship * Admiralty Research Laboratory, UK * United States Army Research Laboratory * ARL 44, a WWII French tank Organizations * Aero Research Limited, a UK adhesives comp ...
of
Henan Henan (; or ; ; alternatively Honan) is a landlocked province of China, in the central part of the country. Henan is often referred to as Zhongyuan or Zhongzhou (), which literally means "central plain" or "midland", although the name is al ...
". In 1330, an imperial decree made Hao the posthumous "Lord of Yu Kingdom enan. Cheng Hao's offspring held the title of Wujing Boshi ( 五經博士; ''Wǔjīng Bóshì''). In 1452 Wujing Boshi was bestowed upon the offspring of Mengzi-Meng Xiwen 孟希文 56th generation and
Yan Hui Yan Hui (–481 BC) was a Chinese philosopher. He was the favorite disciple of Confucius and one of the most revered figures of Confucianism. He is venerated in Confucian temples as one of the Four Sages. Names Yan Hui is also known by his c ...
-Yan Xihui 顔希惠 59th generation, the same was bestowed on the offspring of
Zhou Dunyi Zhou Dunyi (; 1017–1073) was a Chinese cosmologist, philosopher, and writer during the Song dynasty. He conceptualized the Neo-Confucian cosmology of the day, explaining the relationship between human conduct and universal forces. In this w ...
-Zhou Mian 週冕 12th generation, the two Cheng brothers (Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi-Chen Keren 程克仁 17th generation),
Zhu Xi Zhu Xi (; ; October 18, 1130 – April 23, 1200), formerly romanized Chu Hsi, was a Chinese calligrapher, historian, philosopher, poet, and politician during the Song dynasty. Zhu was influential in the development of Neo-Confucianism. He con ...
-Zhu Ting 朱梴 9th generation, in 1456-1457, in 1539 the same was awarded to Zeng Can's offspring-Zeng Zhicui 曾質粹 60th generation, in 1622 the offspring of Zhang Zai received the title and in 1630 the offspring of Shao Yong.Wilson, Thomas A.. 1996. “The Ritual Formation of Confucian Orthodoxy and the Descendants of the Sage”. The Journal of Asian Studies 55 (3). ambridge University Press, Association for Asian Studies 559–84. doi:10.2307/2646446. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2646446 p. 571.


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheng, Hao 1032 births 1085 deaths 11th-century Chinese philosophers Chinese Confucianists Educators from Henan Educators from Hubei Neo-Confucian scholars Philosophers from Henan Philosophers from Hubei Politicians from Wuhan Song dynasty philosophers Song dynasty politicians from Hubei