Chaoui
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The Chaoui people or ''Shawia'' ( arq, الشاوية, shy, Išawiyen) are an
Amazigh , image = File:Berber_flag.svg , caption = The Berber ethnic flag , population = 36 million , region1 = Morocco , pop1 = 14 million to 18 million , region2 = Algeria , pop2 ...
(Berber) ethnic group to the Aurès region in northeastern
Algeria ) , image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Algiers , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , relig ...
which spans Batna and Khenchla,
Oum El Bouaghi Oum El Bouaghi ( ar, أم البواقي) is a municipality in Algeria. It is the capital of Oum El Bouaghi Province Oum El Bouaghi or Oum el-Bouaghi ( ar, ولاية أم البواقي) is a province (''wilaya'') of Algeria in the Aures re ...
provinces located in and surrounded by the Aurès Mountains. They also live in provinces of
Tébessa Tébessa or Tebessa ( ar, تبسة ''Tibissa'', ''Tbessa'' or ''Tibesti''), the classical Theveste, is the capital city of Tébessa Province region of northeastern Algeria. It hosts several historical landmarks, the most important one being the w ...
,
Constantine Constantine most often refers to: * Constantine the Great, Roman emperor from 306 to 337, also known as Constantine I *Constantine, Algeria, a city in Algeria Constantine may also refer to: People * Constantine (name), a masculine given name ...
, Setif and other parts of Eastern
Algeria ) , image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Algiers , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , relig ...
coextensive with ancient
Massylii The Massylii or Maesulians were a Berber federation in eastern Numidia, which was formed by an amalgamation of smaller tribes during the 4th century BC.Nigel Bagnall, The Punic Wars, p. 270. They were ruled by a king. On their loosely defined wester ...
of Numidia, as well as in some parts of adjacent North-Western
Tunisia ) , image_map = Tunisia location (orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = Location of Tunisia in northern Africa , image_map2 = , capital = Tunis , largest_city = capital , ...
. They call themselves ''Išawiyen''/''Icawiyen'' (pronounced ) and speak the
Shawiya language Shawiya, or Shawiya Berber, also spelt Chaouïa (native form: ''Tacawit'' ), is a Zenati Berber language spoken in Algeria by the Shawiya people. The language's primary speech area is the Awras Mountains in Eastern Algeria and the surrounding ...
. They are the second largest
Tell Atlas The Tell Atlas ( ar, الاطلس التلي, Latn, ar, al-ʾaṭlas al-tlī) is a mountain chain over in length, belonging to the Atlas mountain ranges in North Africa, stretching mainly across northern Algeria, with ends in both north-easter ...
Amazigh , image = File:Berber_flag.svg , caption = The Berber ethnic flag , population = 36 million , region1 = Morocco , pop1 = 14 million to 18 million , region2 = Algeria , pop2 ...
-speaking ethnicity , alongside
Kabyles The Kabyle people ( kab, Izwawen or ''Leqbayel'' or ''Iqbayliyen'', ) are a Berber ethnic group indigenous to Kabylia in the north of Algeria, spread across the Atlas Mountains, east of Algiers. They represent the largest Berber-speaking populat ...
and
Chenouas The Chenouis or Chenoua (in Berber: Icenwiyen) are a Berber-speaking population native to Algeria. They are concentrated in the west-central mountains. The traditional area goes from Fouka (Tipaza province) until Ténès (Chlef province). Popu ...
.


History

Historically, the Aurès Mountains served as a refuge for
Berber people , image = File:Berber_flag.svg , caption = The Berber flag, Berber ethnic flag , population = 36 million , region1 = Morocco , pop1 = 14 million to 18 million , region2 = Algeria , p ...
s, forming a base of resistance against the
Roman Empire The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post- Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings around the Mediter ...
, the
Vandals The Vandals were a Germanic people who first inhabited what is now southern Poland. They established Vandal kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean islands, and North Africa in the fifth century. The Vandals migrated to the area betw ...
, the
Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...
and
Arabs The Arabs (singular: Arab; singular ar, عَرَبِيٌّ, DIN 31635: , , plural ar, عَرَب, DIN 31635: , Arabic pronunciation: ), also known as the Arab people, are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in Western Asia, ...
. Aurès was also a district of Algeria that existed during and after the Algerian War from 1954 to 1962. It was in this region that Berber independence fighters started the war. The patriarch of Berbers is believed to have been ''Madghacen'', the common ancestor of the Zenata and of the Botri as well. Ibn Khaldun identified the Zenata as Berbers. Modern historians rank this Berber region within the group of Numidians and Gaetuli or the much more ancient Meshwesh, Maesulians and Mazaxes, from whom the Zenata formed, the main inhabitants of the Aurès in the Middle Ages. Chaoui clans known by Ibn Khaldoun were the Ifren, Maghrawa, Djerawa, Abdalwadides, Howara and Awarba. According to William McGuckin de Slane, de Slane, translator of the books of Ibn Khaldun, the term Chaoui/Shawi means "shepherd" and designates the Zenata, Zenata Berbers. After the independence of Algeria, the Chaouis remained localized mainly in the Auresian region. They are the second largest Berber-speaking group in terms of number of speakers, the first being the Kabyle people, Kabyle.


Language

The Chaoui traditionally speak the
Shawiya language Shawiya, or Shawiya Berber, also spelt Chaouïa (native form: ''Tacawit'' ), is a Zenati Berber language spoken in Algeria by the Shawiya people. The language's primary speech area is the Awras Mountains in Eastern Algeria and the surrounding ...
(''Berber:'' Tachawit). It belongs to the Berber languages, Berber branch of the Afroasiatic languages, Afro-Asiatic family, and is a variety of the Zenati languages. Shawiya is a closely related cluster of dialects spoken in the Aurès region (''Berber:'' Awras) of eastern Algeria and surrounding areas including Batna, Khenchela, south Sétif, Oum El Bouaghi, Souk Ahras,
Tébessa Tébessa or Tebessa ( ar, تبسة ''Tibissa'', ''Tbessa'' or ''Tibesti''), the classical Theveste, is the capital city of Tébessa Province region of northeastern Algeria. It hosts several historical landmarks, the most important one being the w ...
, and the north part of Biskra. Recently the Shawiya language, together with the Kabyle language, has begun to achieve some cultural prominence due to the Berber cultural and political movements in
Algeria ) , image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Algiers , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , relig ...
.


Culture and art

Chaoui music is a specific style of Berber music. The Shawia dance is called Rahaba; men and women dancing at weddings. There are many 20th century singers, such as Aïssa Djermouni, Ali Khencheli, Massinissa, Ishem Boumaraf, Djamel Sabri, Groupe Iwal, Houria Aïchi, etc. Chaoui painters and sculptors (of whom there are many) include Cherif Merzouki, Abdelkhader Houamel, Hassane Amraoui, Adel Abdessemed, and Mohamed Demagh. The Fantasia (culture), fantasia is a traditional exhibition of horsemanship in the Aurès performed during cultural festivals. The Chaoui were featured in Amor Hakkar's 2008 film ''La Maison jaune''.


References


Bibliography

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De Constantine. * Boulhaïs, N., "Recherches sur l'Aurès, bibliographie ordonnée", ''Etudes et Documents Berbères 15-16 (1998)'', pp. 284–312. * Chaker S., "Chaoui/Chaouia (linguistique/littérature)", ''Encyclopédie berbère'', XII, Aix-en-Provence, Edisud, 1993, p. 1875-1877. * Chaker S., "Aurès (linguistique)", ''Encyclopédie berbère'', VIII, Aix-en-Provence, Edisud, 1989–90, p. 1162-1169. * Dejeux J., "La Kahina: de l’Histoire à la fiction littéraire. 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"A propos de Thérèse Rivière (1901-1970) et de ses missions dans l’Aurès",''Études et Documents Berbères'', 4, 1988, 94-102. * Fery R., "Aurès (Le Haf)", ''Encyclopédie Berbère'', (43), 1988, 1p. * Galand L., "Libyque et berbère", ''Annuaire EPHE'' (IVe section), 1977–78, p. 199-212. * Gaudry M., ''La femme chaouïa de l’Aurès'', Étude de sociologie berbère, Paris, P. Geuthner, 1929 (texte poétique, p. 274-279). * Hamouda N., "Les femmes rurales de l’Aurès et la production poétique", ''Peuples méditerranéens'', 22–23, 1983, p. 267-269 (texte poétique). * Huyghe R.P., ''Dictionnaire français-chaouïa'' (Qamūs rūmi-caui), Alger, Jourdan, 1906, 750 p. * Huyghe R.P., ''Dictionnaire chaouïa-arabe-kabyle- français'', Alger, 1907, 571 p. * Joly A., ''Le chaouiya des Ouled Sellem, suivi d’un vocabulaire'', Alger, 1912, 88 p. (= Revue africaine, 1911–4, p. 441-449 et 1912–2, p. 219-266). * Lafkioui M. & Merolla D., ''Contes berbères chaouis de l'Aurès d'après Gustave Mercier.'' Köln, Köppe, 2002. * Maougal M., "L’arabisation des Chaouïa", ''Nedjma'', Paris, 1, 1981, p. 20-42. * Maougal M., "Une étude sociolinguistique en pays chaouïa", ''Nedjma'', Paris, 6, 1984, p. 35-50. * Masqueray, E., ''Comparaison d’un vocabulaire des Zenaga avec les vocabulaires correspondents des dialectes Chawia et des Beni Mzab'', Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, (Archives des missions scientifiques et littéraires 3/5), 1879, p. 473-533. * Masqueray, E., ''Formation des cités chez les populations sédentaires de l’Algérie. Kabyles du Djurdjura'', ''Chaouia de l’Aourâs'', Beni Mezâb. (Réed.) Aix-en-Provence, Edisud, 1886–1983, 374 p. (Archives maghrébines, CRESM) (Fac-sim. Del’éd. De Paris, Leroux, 1886). * Masqueray, E., "Le Djebel-Chechar", ''Revue africaine'', 22, 1878, p. 26-48, 129–145, 202–214, 259–281, 1885, p. 72-110. * Masqueray, E., "Traditions de l’Aourâs oriental", ''Bulletin de Correspondance africaine'', 3/185, p. 72-110. * Masqueray, E., "Voyage dans l’Aourâs", ''Bulletin de la Société de Géographie'', juillet 1876 (texte, p. 55-56). * Mercier G., ''Cinq textes berbères en dialecte chaouïa'', Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1900. (Journal asiatique). * Mercier G., "Étude sur la toponymie berbère de la région de l’Aurès", ''Actes du XIe Congrès International des Orientalistes'', Paris, 1897, sect. "Egypte et langues africaines", p. 173-207. * Mercier G., ''Le chaouïa de l'Aurès'' (dialecte de l'Ahmar-Khaddou) (Étude grammaticale, texte en dialecte chaouïa) Paris, Publications de la Faculté des Lettres d'Alger, 1896, 326 p. (Bulletin de correspondance africaine 17). * Mercier G., "Les noms des plantes en dialecte chaouïa de l’Aurès", ''XVIe Congrès International des Orienatlistes'', Alger, 1905, 2/4, p. 79-92. * Merolla D., "Il ‘Tempo di Roma’ in alcuni racconti orali dei gruppi berberofoni chaouia dell Aures (Algéria)", ''Studi e materiali di Storia delle religioni'', 54 (12-1), 1988, p. 133-150. * Morizot J., ''L’Aurès ou le mythe de la montagne rebelle'', Paris, l’Harmattan, 1991, 273 p. * ''Note concernant les Aoulad-Daoud du Mont-Aurès'' (Aourâs), Alger, A. Jourdan, 1879 * Papier A., "De l’étymologie des mots employés par les Grecs, les Romains, les Arabes pour désigner le Djebel Aurès", ''Revue de l’Afrique française'', 1887. * Penchoen Th.G., ''Etude syntaxique d'un parler ber''bère (Ait Frah de l'Aurès), Napoli, Istituto Universitario Orientale(= Studi magrebini V), 1973, 217p. * Plault, "Études berbères, La langue berbère dans la commune mixte de Barika", ''Revue africaine'', 1946, p. 194-207, (vocabulaire, bovins). * Riviere Th., "Coutumes agricoles de l’Aurès", ''Études et Documents berbères'', 3, 1987, p. 124-152 (informations sur les documents recueillis par Th. R., Cinq textes de chansons, p. 148-152). * Servier J., Chants de femmes de l’Aurès, Thèse complémentaire pour le doctorat des Lettres, Paris, 1995 (Inédite). * Sierakowsky A., ''Das Schaui, ein Beitrag zur berberischen Sprach- und Volkskunde'', Dresde, Kraszewski, 1871, 137 p. * Sorand C., "La Fibule berbère: le type chaouïa", AWAL No.3, Paris, 1987 et CNRS: * Stricker B.H., "Compte rendu de: A. Basset, ''Textes berbères de l’Aurès, 1961'', Kroniek van Afrika, Leyde, 1967, p. 122-125. * Stuhlmann F., ''Die Kulturgeschichtlicher Ausflug in den Aures'', Atlas von Süd-Algerien, Hamburg, Friederichsen, 1912, XII/205 p., ill. * Stumme H., ''Arabische und berberische Dialekte'', Berlin, 1928, p. 14-19. * ''Tafsut'' (série normale, Tizi-Ouzou), 4, 1982, p. 24-28: Dihya, neγ tigγri n Wawras (Dihya, ou l’appel des Aurès), (texte berbère sur une chanteuse aurésienne). * Vycichl W., "Un probléme de cartographie historique: Claude Ptolémée et la cartographie de la Tunisie actuelle", ''Polyphème'' (Genève), 1, 1969, 31–33. (dénominations des points cardinaux).


External links

*
Pictures of Chaouis

Videos in Chaoui

chawinet.com
(in French) * http://www.truveo.com/khouya-ya-chaoui/id/2928217872
''Among the hill-folk of Algeria: journeys among the Shawía of the Aurès Mountains (1921)''
by Melville William Hilton-Simpson {{authority control Chaoui people, Berber peoples and tribes Berbers in Algeria Ethnic groups in Algeria Indigenous peoples of North Africa