Chaomidianzi formation

The Yixian Formation (; formerly transcribed as Yihsien Formation) is a geological formation in Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China, that spans the late Barremian and early Aptian stages of the Early Cretaceous. It is known for its exquisitely preserved fossils, and is mainly composed of basalts interspersed with siliciclastic sediments.

History

Japanese occupation

The potential importance of the Yixian Formation was initially recognized during the time the Empire of Japan occupied China's Rehe ("Jehol") Province after the First battle of Hopei in 1933. Many Japanese scientists had noticed fossil remains of extinct fish and reptiles, possibly the champsosaurs. These initial fossil discoveries made by Japanese scientists vanished once World War II ended in 1945.

Chinese rediscovery

By 1949, when administration of the area passed to the Chinese Communist Party and its leader Mao Zedong, the fossils of Yixian were studied only by Chinese scientists. It was not until the 1990s when remarkable fossils of birds and dinosaurs were excavated. Since 1996, a number of dinosaur fossils that have revolutionized knowledge of these animals have been found at Yixian; among them are the first known non-avian theropods with feathers.

Dating

For some time, the formation was believed to be from the Late Jurassic– Early Cretaceous boundary, some 145 mya (million years ago). Radiometric dating has since resolved it to be younger; it is now considered to have been deposited in the Barremian to early Aptian, some 126–124 mya.

The Yixian Formation forms the lowest part of the Jehol group, defined by Gu (1962 and 1983) as a group of geological formations including the Jehol Coal-bearing Beds, the Jehol Oil Shale Beds, and the Jehol Volcanic Rocks.Gu, Z.W. (1983) "On the boundary of non-marine Jurassic and Cretaceous in China" in: "Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Academica Sinica" "Stratigraphical Chart in China with Explanatory Text" Science Press, Beijing 1983:65–82. The Yixian Formation is preceded by the older Daohugou Beds, of uncertain Jurassic or Early Cretaceous age, which are sometimes considered part of the Jehol group. The Yixian Formation (including the synonymous Jingangshan, Tuhulu, Jianchang, Lower Volcanic and Volcanic Rock formations) is followed stratigraphically by the slightly younger Jiufotang Formation and the Fuxin Formation. Chiappe ''et al.'' argued in 1999 that the oldest beds of the Yixian (those bearing a fauna dominated by confuciusornithid birds) were best separated as a distinct formation, called the Chaomidianzi Formation, with a type locality at the village of Sihetun, approximately 25 km south of Beipiao City.Chiappe, L.M., Ji, S.A., Ji, Q., and Norell, M.A. (1999). "Anatomy and systematics of the Confuciusornithidae (Aves) from the Mesozoic of North-eastern China." ''Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History'', 1999. However, this classification has fallen out of favor, and the Chaomidianzi Formation is disused as a synonym for the Jianshangou Bed of the Yixian Formation.

The Dabeigou Formation may immediately precede the Yixian, or it may be equivalent to the oldest Yixian beds. The Yixian also overlies the Tuchengzi Formation in places.

The Yixian Formation is informally divided into several subunits and the stratigraphy remains controversial so a conservative list is give here, from most recent to oldest: (ages when available from Zhong ''et a''l., 2021)
* Upper Yixian (124.1 Ma)
* Upper Lava Unit
* Jianshangou Unit (125.46 Ma)
* Lower Lava Unit
* Lujiatun Unit (125.76-125.68 Ma)

Ecology

The Yixian Formation represents the second of three major faunal phases that characterize the Jehol Biota, mainly based on changes in invertebrate diversity. In the Yixian, ostracods (seed shrimp) had diversified considerably, despite a very low diversity in the earlier Dabeigou Formation and insects. Insects, as a group, experienced their largest diversification of the entire Mesozoic era in the Yixian. On the other hand, some invertebrate groups, such as bivalves and gastropods (snails and slugs), were numerous but low in diversity, being mainly represented by one or two dominant species ('' Arguniella'' in the case of the bivalves).

Studies of vertebrates have shown support for the division of the Jehol into phases, and the diversity of fish in the Yixian was distinct from older and younger formations, with ''Lycoptera'' as the dominant species. The Yixian preserves the first Jehol dinosaurs and pterosaurs (which have not been found in the older Dabeigou Formation), and the first major radiation of birds (only one bird species is known from the Dabeigou). The Yixian also preserves the largest (and only) mammal radiation so far known from the Jehol group. Most vertebrates showed a tendency to climb trees or become arboreal, including many tree-dwelling birds, and climbing mammals and lizards.

Plant life reached its Jehol biota peak in the Yixian. Five species of flowering plant were present (three of ''Archaefructus'', one of '' Archaeamphora'' and one of '' Hyrcantha'' (formerly ''Sinocarpus''), as were a variety of horsetails that closely resembled modern species. It is possible that increasing animal and plant diversity were linked. The Yixian is characterized by extensive forests, dominated by trees such as ginkgoes, conifers, cycads, and seed fern trees. Ground cover plants included lycopods, horsetails, ferns, and primitive flowering plants, which were rare compared to the others.

This plant life grew around a series of freshwater lakes, provided with abundant minerals thanks to periodic volcanic eruptions. Volcanic activity, along with periodic wildfires, and noxious gasses released from the lake bottoms caused the ecosystem to be continually destroyed and regrown. This, along with the wide diversity of habitats in the surrounding region, may have contributed to the fast diversification of life forms present in the Yixian ecosystem.

Climate

With the diversity of plant life in the Yixian well known, including examples of a variety of petrified wood and growth rings, and with the help of chemical analysis, scientists have been able to determine the climate of the formation. The Yixian flora was dominated by conifers closely related to modern species that are found mainly in subtropical and temperate upland forests. The presence of ferns, cycads, and horsetails indicates a generally humid climate. However, evidence from the growth rings of petrified wood indicates that the humidity and water supply dropped regularly. This shows that the wet, humid conditions were punctuated by dry seasons, in which the environment became more arid.Wang, Y., Zheng, S., Yang, X., Zhang, W., and Ni, Q. (2006). "The biodiversity and palaeoclimate of conifer floras from the Early Cretaceous deposits in western Liaoning, northeast China." ''International Symposium on Cretaceous Major Geological Events and Earth System'', 56A. Evidence from the study of oxygen isotopes has shown that the average yearly temperature during this time period was 10 degrees celsius (50 degrees Fahrenheit), significantly colder than once thought. This indicates a temperate climate with unusually cold winters for the generally warm Mesozoic era, possibly due to northern China's high latitude during this time. A study by Wu et al. (2013) concluded that orbital forcing, which is the effect on climate caused by shifts in the tilt of the Earth's axis and by the shape of the Earth's orbit, contributed to the climate fluctuations of this formation.

Paleobiota

The Yixian Formation is well known for its great diversity of well-preserved specimens and its feathered dinosaurs, such as the large tyrannosauroid ''Yutyrannus'', the therizinosaur '' Beipiaosaurus,'' and various small birds, along with a selection of other dinosaurs, such as the iguanodontian ''Bolong'', the sauropod ''Dongbeititan'' and the ceratopsian ''Psittacosaurus''. Other biota included the troodontid ''Mei'', the dromaeosaurid ''Tianyuraptor'', the compsognathid ''Sinosauropteryx'' and the tyrannosauroid ''Dilong''.Despite popular assumption, ''Microraptor'' does not hail from this formation, instead hailing from the younger Jiufotang Formation. However, other microraptorines, such as ''Sinornithosaurus'' and ''Graciliraptor'', did indeed inhabit the Yixian. A limnic eruption may have preserved many of the fossils, excluding ''Dongbeititan''.

See also

* List of fossil sites ''(with link directory)''
* List of dinosaur-bearing fossil sites

References

{{Reflist

Geologic formations of China
Lower Cretaceous Series of Asia
Cretaceous China
Aptian Stage
Barremian Stage
Ichnofossiliferous formations
Ooliferous formations
Lagerstätten
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Asia
Paleontology in Liaoning
Geography of Northeast Asia
Geology of Liaoning