Flower chafers are a group of

scarab beetles The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 30,000 species of beetles worldwide; they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles. The classification of this family has undergone significant change in recent years. Several sub ...

, comprising the subfamily Cetoniinae. Many species are diurnal and visit

flower A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechani ...

s for pollen and nectar, or to browse on the petals. Some species also feed on

fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particu ...

. The group is also called fruit and flower chafers, flower beetles and flower scarabs. There are around 4,000 species, many of them still undescribed. Twelve tribes are presently recognized:

Cetoniini Cetoniini is a tribe of fruit and flower chafers in the family of beetles known as Scarabaeidae. There are over 80 genera in Cetoniini. Genera Subtribus Cetoniina *''Aethiessa'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Anatona'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Anelaphinis' ...

, Cremastocheilini, Diplognathini, Goliathini, Gymnetini, Phaedimini, Schizorhinini, Stenotarsiini, Taenioderini,

Trichiini The Trichiini are a tribe of the scarab beetle family (Scarabaeidae), though historically they were often classified as a subfamily, Trichiinae. The conspicuous bee beetles (''Trichius'') are probably the best-known genus in Europe. They vary i ...

, Valgini, and Xiphoscelidini. The tribe Gymnetini is the biggest of the American tribes, and Goliathini contains the largest species, and is mainly found in the rainforest regions of

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

Description

Adult flower chafers are usually brightly coloured beetles, often metallic, and somewhat flattened in shape. The insertions of the antennae are visible from above, while the

mandibles In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bone ...

and labrum are hidden by the clypeus. The

elytra An elytron (; ; , ) is a modified, hardened forewing of beetles (Coleoptera), though a few of the true bugs (Hemiptera) such as the family Schizopteridae are extremely similar; in true bugs, the forewings are called hemelytra (sometimes alterna ...

lack a narrow membranous margin and are truncate to expose the

pygidium The pygidium (plural pygidia) is the posterior body part or shield of crustaceans and some other arthropods, such as insects and the extinct trilobites. In groups other than insects, it contains the anus and, in females, the ovipositor. It is compo ...

. The abdominal spiracles are diverging so that several lie on the abdominal

sternites The sternum (pl. "sterna") is the ventral portion of a segment of an arthropod thorax or abdomen. In insects, the sterna are usually single, large sclerites, and external. However, they can sometimes be divided in two or more, in which case the ...

with at least one exposed. The fore coxae are conical and produced ventrally, while the mid coxae are transverse or only slightly oblique. The mesothoracic epimera is visible from above. The tarsi are each equipped with a pair of simple (not forked) tarsal claws of subequal size. A feature possessed by adults of many flower chafers, especially Cetoniini, is lateral emargination of the elytra. Larvae are stout-bodied and very hairy with short legs. The head is partly covered by the

prothorax The prothorax is the foremost of the three segments in the thorax of an insect, and bears the first pair of legs. Its principal sclerites (exoskeletal plates) are the pronotum ( dorsal), the prosternum ( ventral), and the propleuron ( lateral) o ...

. Each antenna has the apical segment as wide as the penultimate segment. The galea and lacinia are used to form a mala. The anal cleft is transverse. The mandible has a ventral stridulating area. The labrum is symmetrical with a deeply pigmented notch on each side of the midline.

Biology

Adult cetoniines are

herbivorous A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthpar ...

, being found on flowers (from which they consume nectar and pollen), tree sap and rotting fruit. Larvae generally live and feed in decaying plant matter (including decaying wood) or soil. In captivity, cetoniine larvae will feed on soft fruit. Many species in the tribe Cremastocheilini are known to be predaceous, feeding on hymenopteran larvae or soft-bodied

nymphs A nymph ( grc, νύμφη, nýmphē, el, script=Latn, nímfi, label=Modern Greek; , ) in ancient Greek folklore is a minor female nature deity. Different from Greek goddesses, nymphs are generally regarded as personifications of nature, are ...

Auchenorrhyncha The Auchenorrhyncha suborder of the Hemiptera contains most of the familiar members of what was called the "Homoptera" – groups such as cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers, planthoppers, and spittlebugs. The aphids and scale insects are the othe ...

. '' Spilophorus'' spp. have been noted feeding on the nesting material and excrement of South African passerine birds, while '' Spilophorus maculatus'' has been recorded feeding on '' Oxyrhachis'' sp. nymphs and '' Hoplostomus fuligineus'' is known to feed on the brood of honey bees in South Africa and the

pupae A pupa ( la, pupa, "doll"; plural: ''pupae'') is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are holometabolous: they go through four distinct stages in their ...

of the wasp '' Belonogaster petiolata''. '' Campsiura javanica'' feeds on the larvae of '' Ropalidia montana'' in southern India. '' Cremastocheilus stathamae'' feeds on ants of the genus ''

Myrmecocystus ''Myrmecocystus'' is a North American genus of ants in the subfamily Formicinae. It is one of five genera that includes honeypot ants. Worker ants keep and tend plerergates, which are other ants that store large quantities of nutritious fluid i ...

''. In terms of movement, adults are considered some of the best flyers among beetles. They can hover above and land on flowers or fruit. When threatened by predators, they escape by either performing a rush take off or by falling toward the ground and then flying before impact. Many cetoniines fly with their elytra closed, as their hindwings can unfold and slide out under the elytra during flight (thanks to the emargination of the elytra). Larvae of some taxa can crawl on their backs using their tergal folds, which are covered in strong bristles. Others crawl on their legs.

Systematics and taxonomy

The tribes of subfamily Cetoniinae, with some notable genera also listed, are:

Tribus
Cetoniini Cetoniini is a tribe of fruit and flower chafers in the family of beetles known as Scarabaeidae. There are over 80 genera in Cetoniini. Genera Subtribus Cetoniina ''Aethiessa'' Burmeister, 1842 '' Anatona'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Anelaphinis' ...

Subtribus Cetoniina *'' Aethiessa'' Burmeister, 1842 *''

Anatona ''Anatona'' is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Scarabaeidae The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 30,000 species of beetles worldwide; they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles. The classification of ...

'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Anelaphinis'' Kolbe, 1912 *'' Aphelinis'' Antoine, 1987 *'' Atrichelaphinis'' Kraatz, 1898 *'' Atrichiana'' Distant, 1911 *'' Badizoblax'' Thomson, 1877 *'' Callophylla'' Moser, 1916 *'' Centrantyx'' Fairmaire, 1884 *'' Cetonia'' Fabricius, 1775 *'' Chewia'' Legrand, 2004 *'' Chiloloba'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Cosmesthes'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Cosmiophaena'' Kraatz, 1899 *'' Dischista'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Dolichostethus'' Kolbe, 1912 *'' Elaphinis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Enoplotarsus'' Lucas, 1859 *'' Erlangeria'' Preiss, 1902 *'' Gametis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Gametoides'' Antoine, 2006 *'' Glycosia'' Schoch, 1896 *''

Glycyphana ''Glycyphana'' is a genus of beetles of the family Scarabaeidae. ''Glycyphana'' Burmeister, 1842 * '' Glycyphana stolata'', (brown flower beetle) * '' Glycyphana brunnipes'' * '' Glycyphana (Glycyphaniola) allardi'' Antoine''Bulletin de la Soci ...

'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Gymnophana'' Arrow, 1910 *'' Hemiprotaetia'' Mikšič, 1963 *'' Heteralleucosma'' Antoine, 1989 *'' Heterocnemis'' Albers, 1852 *'' Heterotephraea'' Antoine, 2002 *'' Lawangia'' Schenkling, 1921 *'' Lorkovitschia'' Mikšič, 1968 *'' Marmylida'' Thomson, 1880 *'' Mireia'' Ruter, 1953 *'' Niphobleta'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Pachnoda'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Pachnodoides'' Alexis & Delpont, 2002 *'' Paleopragma'' Thomson, 1880 *'' Paralleucosma'' Antoine, 1989 *'' Paranelaphinis'' Antoine, 1988 *'' Paraprotaetia'' Moser, 1907 *'' Pararhabdotis'' Kraatz, 1899 *'' Parastraella'' Antoine, 2006 *'' Parelaphinis'' Holm & Marais, 1989 *'' Phaneresthes'' Kraatz, 1894 *'' Phoxomeloides'' Schoch, 1898 *'' Podopholis'' Moser, 1915 *'' Podopogonus'' Moser, 1917 *'' Polybaphes'' Kirby, 1827 *'' Polystalactica'' Kraatz, 1882 *'' Protaetia'' Burmeister, 1842 **'' Liocola'' Thomson, 1859 **'' Potosia'' Mulsant & Rey, 1871 *'' Protaetiomorpha'' Mikšič, 1968 *'' Pseudoprotaetia'' Kraatz, 1882 *'' Pseudotephraea'' Kraatz, 1882 *'' Reineria'' Mikšič, 1968 *'' Rhabdotis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Rhabdotops'' Krikken, 1981 *'' Rhyxiphloea'' Burmeister, 1842 (= "Rhixiphloea") *'' Simorrhina'' Kraatz, 1886 *'' Somalibia'' Lansberge, 1882 *'' Stalagmosoma'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Sternoplus'' Wallace, 1868 *'' Systellorhina'' Kraatz, 1895 *'' Tephraea'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Thyreogonia'' Reitter, 1898 *'' Trichocelis'' Moser, 1908 *'' Trichocephala'' Moser, 1916 *'' Tropinota'' Mulsant, 1842 *'' Xeloma'' Kraatz, 1881 Subtribus Euphoriina *'' Euphoria'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Chlorixanthe'' Bates, 1889 Subtribus Leucocelina *'' Acrothyrea'' Kraatz, 1882 *'' Alleucosma'' Schenkling, 1921 *'' Amaurina'' Kolbe, 1895 *'' Analleucosma'' Antoine, 1989 *'' Cyrtothyrea'' Kolbe, 1895 *'' Discopeltis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Grammopyga'' Kraatz, 1895 *'' Heteralleucosma'' Antoine, 1989 *'' Homothyrea'' Kolbe, 1895 *''

Leucocelis ''Leucocelis'' is a genus of chafer beetles belonging to the family Scarabaeidae. Species * ''Leucocelis abbotti'' * ''Leucocelis abdita'' * ''Leucocelis abessinica'' * ''Leucocelis adelpha'' * ''Leucocelis adspersa'' * ''Leucocelis aeneicolli ...

'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Lonchothyrea'' Kolbe, 1895 *'' Mausoleopsis'' Lansberge, 1882 *'' Mecaspidiellus'' Antoine, 1997 *'' Molynoptera'' Kraatz, 1897 *'' Molynopteroides'' Antoine, 1989 *'' Oxythyrea'' Mulsant, 1842 *'' Paleira'' Reiche, 1871 *'' Paralleucosma'' Antoine, 1989 *'' Phoxomela'' Schaum, 1844 *'' Pseudalleucosma'' Antoine, 1989 *'' Pseudooxythyrea'' Baraud, 1985

Tribus Cremastocheilini

Subtribus Aspilina *'' Aspilus'' Schaum, 1848 *'' Protochilus'' Krikken, 1976 Subtribus Coenochilina *'' Arielina'' Rossi, 1958 *'' Astoxenus'' Péringuey, 1907 *'' Basilewskynia'' Schein, 1957 *'' Coenochilus'' Schaum, 1841 *'' Ruterielina'' Rojkoff, 2010 Subtribus Cremastocheilina *'' Centrochilus'' Krikken, 1976 *'' Clinterocera'' Motschulsky, 1857 *'' Cremastocheilus'' Knoch, 1801 *'' Cyclidiellus'' Krikken, 1976 *'' Cyclidinus'' Westwood, 1874 *'' Cyclidius'' MacLeay, 1838 *'' Genuchinus'' Westwood, 1874 *'' Lissomelas'' Bates, 1889 *'' Paracyclidius'' Howden, 1971 *'' Platysodes'' Westwood, 1873 *'' Psilocnemis'' Burmeister, 1842 Subtribus Cymophorina *'' Cymophorus'' Kirby, 1827 *'' Myrmecochilus'' Wasmann, 1900 *'' Rhagopteryx'' Burmeister, 1842 Subtribus Genuchina *'' Genuchus'' Kirby, 1825 *'' Meurguesia'' Ruter, 1969 *'' Problerhinus'' Deyrolle, 1864 Subtribus Goliathopsidina *'' Goliathopsis'' Janson, 1881 Subtribus Heterogeniina *'' Heterogenius'' Moser, 1911 Subtribus Lissogeniina *'' Chtonobius'' Burmeister, 1847 *'' Lissogenius'' Schaum, 1844 Subtribus Macromina *'' Brachymacroma'' Kraatz, 1896 *'' Campsiura'' Hope, 1831 *'' Macromina'' Westwood, 1874 *'' Pseudopilinurgus'' Moser, 1918 Subtribus Nyassinina *'' Nyassinus'' Westwood, 1879 Subtribus Oplostomatina *'' Anatonochilus'' Péringuey, 1907 *'' Laurentiana'' Ruter, 1952 *'' Oplostomus'' W.S. MacLeay, 1838 *'' Placodidus'' Péringuey, 1900 *'' Scaptobius'' Schaum, 1841 Subtribus Pilinurgina *'' Callynomes'' Mohnike, 1873 *'' Centrognathus'' Guérin-Méneville, 1840 *'' Parapilinurgus'' Arrow, 1910 *'' Periphanesthes'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Pilinurgus'' Burmeister, 1842 Subtribus Spilophorina *'' Spilophorus'' Schaum, 1848 Subtribus Telochilina *'' Telochilus'' Krikken, 1975 Subtribus Trichoplina *'' Lecanoderus'' Kolbe, 1908 *'' Trichoplus'' Burmeister, 1842 Subtribus Trogodina *'' Pseudoscaptobius'' Krikken, 1976 *'' Trogodes'' Westwood, 1873

Tribus Diplognathini

*'' Anoplocheilus'' MacLeay, 1838 *'' Anthracophora'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Anthracophorides'' Moser, 1918 *'' Apocnosoides'' Antoine, 2001 *'' Charadronota'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Conradtia'' Kolbe, 1892 *'' Diphrontis'' Gerstäcker, 1882 *'' Diplognatha'' Gory & Percheron, 1833 *'' Eriulis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Hadrodiplognatha'' Kraatz, 1898 *'' Heteropseudinca'' Valck Lucassen, 1933 *'' Lamellothyrea'' Krikken, 1980 *'' Metallopseudinca'' Valck Lucassen, 1933 *'' Niphetophora'' Kraatz, 1883 *'' Odontorrhina'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Parapoecilophila'' Hauser, 1904 *'' Phonopleurus'' Moser, 1919 *'' Pilinopyga'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Porphyronota'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Pseudinca'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Stethopseudinca'' Valck Lucassen, 1933 *'' Tetragonorhina'' Kraatz, 1896 (= "Tetragonorrhina") *'' Trichostetha'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Triplognatha'' Krikken, 1987 *'' Trymodera'' Gerstaecker, 1867 *'' Uloptera'' Burmeister, 1842

Tribus Goliathini

Subtribus Dicronocephalina *'' Dicronocephalus'' Hope, 1837 Subtribus Goliathina *'' Fornasinius'' Bertoloni, 1853 *'' Goliathus''

Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck (; ), was a French naturalist, biologist, academic, and soldier. He was an early proponent of the idea that biolo ...

, 1801 *'' Hegemus'' J. Thomson, 1881 *'' Hypselogenia'' Burmeister, 1840 Subtribus Ichnestomatina *'' Gariep'' Péringuey, 1907 *'' Ichnestoma'' Gory & Percheron, 1833 *'' Karooida'' Perissinotto, 2020 *'' Mzansica'' Perissinotto, 2020 *'' Paraxeloma'' Holm, 1988 Subtribus Rhomborhinina *'' Anagnathocera'' Arrow, 1922 *'' Anisorrhina'' Westwood, 1842 *'' Asthenorhella'' Westwood, 1874 (= "''Asthenorrhella''" Bergé, = "''Asthenorrhinella''" Schoch) *'' Asthenorhina'' Westwood, 1843 (= "''Asthenorrhina''" Gemminger & Harold) *'' Bietia'' Fairmaire, 1898 *'' Bothrorrhina'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Caelorrhina'' Hope, 1841 (= "''Coelorrhina''" Burmeister) *'' Cheirolasia'' Westwood, 1843 *'' Chloresthia'' Fairmaire, 1905 *'' Chlorocala'' Kirby, 1828 *'' Chondrorrhina'' Kraatz, 1880 *''

Compsocephalus ''Compsocephalus'' is a genus of flower chafers belonging to the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Cetoniinae. These beetles are most commonly found in East Africa, more specifically Kenya. Appearance ''Compsocephalus'' are medium to large beetles ...

'' White, 1845 *'' Cosmiomorpha'' Saunders, 1854 *'' Cyphonocephalus'' Westwood, 1842 *'' Desfontainesia'' Alexis & Delpont, 1999 *'' Dicellachilus'' Waterhouse, 1905 *'' Dicheros'' Gory & Percheron, 1833 *'' Dicronorhina'' Hope, 1837 (= "''Dicranorrhina''" Burmeister, "''Dicronorrhina''" Burmeister) *'' Diphyllomorpha'' Hope, 1843 *'' Dymusia'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Euchloropus'' Arrow, 1907 *'' Eudicella'' White, 1839 *'' Eutelesmus'' Waterhouse, 1880 *'' Gnathocera'' Kirby, 1825 *'' Gnorimimelus'' Kaatz, 1880 *'' Hemiheterorrhina'' Mikšić, 1974 *'' Herculaisia'' Seilliere, 1910 *'' Heterorhina'' Westwood, 1842 (= "''Heterorrhina''") *'' Ingrisma'' Fairmaire, 1893 *'' Ischnoscelis'' Burmeister, 1842 Ischnocelis_hoepfneri_MHNT

*'' Jumnos'' Saunders, 1839 *'' Lansbergia'' Ritsema, 1888 *'' Lophorrhina'' Westwood, 1842 *'' Lophorrhinides'' Perissinotto, Clennell & Beinhundner, 2019 *'' Mawenzhena'' Alexis & Delpont, 2001 *'' Mecynorhina'' Hope, 1837 *'' Moseriana'' Ruter, 1965 *'' Mystroceros'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Narycius'' Dupont, 1835 *'' Neomystroceros'' Alexis & Delpont, 1998 *'' Neophaedimus'' Schoch, 1894 *'' Neoscelis'' Schoch, 1897 *'' Pedinorrhina'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Petrovitzia'' Mikšić, 1965 *'' Plaesiorrhina'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Platynocephalus'' Westwood, 1854 *'' Priscorrhina'' Krikken, 1984 *'' Pseudodiceros'' Mikšić, 1974 *'' Pseudotorynorrhina'' Mikšič, 1967 *'' Ptychodesthes'' Kraatz, 1883 *'' Raceloma'' J. Thomson, 1877 *'' Rhamphorrhina'' Klug, 1855 *'' Rhinarion'' Ruter, 1965 *'' Rhomborhina'' Hope 1837 (= "''Rhomborrhina''" Burmeister) *'' Scythropesthes'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Smicorhina'' Westwood, 1847 *'' Spelaiorrhina'' Lansberge, 1886 *'' Stephanorrhina'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Taurhina'' Burmeister, 1842 (= "''Taurrhina''" Kraatz) *'' Tmesorrhina'' Westwood, 1842 *'' Torynorrhina'' Arrow, 1907 *'' Trichoneptunides'' Legrand, 2001 *'' Trigonophorinus'' Pouillaude, 1913 *'' Trigonophorus'' Hope, 1831

Tribus Gymnetini

Subtribus Blaesiina *'' Blaesia'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Halffterinetis'' Morón and Nogueira, 2007 Subtribus Gymnetina *'' Allorhina'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Amazula'' Kraatz, 1882 *'' Amithao'' J. Thomson, 1878 *'' Argyripa'' J. Thomson, 1878 *'' Astrocara'' Schürhoff, 1937 *'' Badelina'' J. Thomson, 1880 *'' Balsameda'' J. Thomson, 1880 *'' Chiriquiba'' Bates, 1889 *'' Clinteria'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Clinteroides'' Schoch, 1898 *''

Cotinis ''Cotinis'' is a genus of scarab beetles in the subfamily Cetoniinae found throughout North and South America. At least two species (''Cotinis mutabilis'' and ''Cotinis nitida'') are common pests. The genus was erected by Hermann Burmeister in ...

'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Desicasta'' J. Thomson, 1878 *'' Guatemalica'' Poll, 1886 *'' Gymnetina'' Casey, 1915 *'' Gymnetis'' MacLeay, 1819 Gymnetis_stellata_MHNT

*'' Gymnetosoma'' Martínez, 1949 *'' Hadrosticta'' Kraatz, 1892 *'' Heterocotinis'' Martínez, 1949 *'' Hologymnetis'' Martínez, 1949 (synonym = ''Cineretis'' Schürhoff, 1937) *'' Hoplopyga'' J. Thomson, 1880 *'' Hoplopygothrix'' Schürhoff, 1933 *'' Jansonella'' Blackwelder, 1944 *'' Macrocranius'' Schürhoff, 1935 *'' Marmarina'' Kirby, 1827 *'' Neocorvicoana'' Ratcliffe & Micó, 2001 *'' Stethodesma'' Bainbridge, 1840 *'' Tiarocera'' Burmeister, 1842

Tribus Phaedimini

*'' Phaedimus'' Waterhouse, 1841 *'' Hemiphaedimus'' Mikšič, 1972 *'' Philistina'' W.S. MacLeay, 1838 *'' Theodosia'' J. Thomson, 1880

Tribus Schizorhinini

Subtribus Lomapterina *'' Agestrata'' Eschscholtz, 1829 *'' Ischiopsopha'' Gestro, 1874 *'' Lomaptera'' Gory & Percheron, 1833 *'' Lomapteroides'' Schoch, 1898 *'' Megaphonia'' Schürhoff, 1933 *'' Morokia'' Janson, 1905 *'' Mycterophallus'' Van de Poll, 1886 Subtribus Schizorhinina *''Anacamptorrhina'' Blanchard, 1842 *''Aphanesthes'' Kraatz, 1880 *''Axillonia'' Krikken, 2018 *''Bisallardiana'' Antoine, 2003 *''Chalcopharis'' Heller, 1901 *''Chlorobapta'' Kraatz, 1880 *''Chondropyga'' Kraatz, 1880 *''Clithria'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Diaphonia (beetle), Diaphonia'' Newman, 1840 *''Digenethle'' Thomson, 1877 *''Dilochrosis'' Thomson, 1878 *''Eupoecila'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Grandaustralis'' Hutchinson & Moeseneder, 2013 *''Hemichnoodes'' Kraatz, 1880 *''Hemipharis'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Lenosoma'' Macleay, 1863 *''Lethosesthes'' Thomson, 1880 *''Lyraphora'' Kraatz, 1880 *''Macrotina'' Strand, 1934 *''Metallesthes'' Kraatz, 1880 *''Microdilochrosis'' Jákl, 2009 *''Microlomaptera'' Kraatz, 1885 *''Micropoecila'' Kraatz, 1880 *''Navigator (beetle), Navigator'' Hutchinson & Moeseneder, 2016 *''Neoclithria'' Van de Poll, 1886 *''Neorrhina'' J. Thomson, 1878 *''Octocollis'' Moeseneder & Hutchinson, 2012 *''Panglaphyra'' Kraatz, 1880 *''Peotoxus'' Krikken, 1983 *''Phyllopodium (beetle), Phyllopodium'' Schoch, 1895 *''Platedelosis'' Kraatz, 1880 *''Poecilopharis'' Kraatz, 1880 *''Pseudoclithria'' Van de Poll, 1886 *''Schizorhina'' Kirby, 1825 *''Schochidia'' Berg, 1898 *''Stenopisthes'' Moser, 1913 *''Storeyus'' Hasenpusch & Moeseneder 2010 *''Tafaia'' Valck Lucassen, 1939 *''Tapinoschema'' Thomson, 1880 *''Territonia'' Krikken, 2018 *''Trichaulax (beetle), Trichaulax'' Kraatz, 1880

Tribus Stenotarsiini

Subtribus Anochiliina *''Anochilia'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Epistalagma'' Fairmaire, 1880 Subtribus Chromoptiliina *''Chromoptilia'' Westwood, 1842 *''Descarpentriesia'' Ruter, 1964 Subtribus Coptomiina *''Bricoptis'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Coptomia'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Coptomiopsis'' Pouillaude, 1919 *''Euchilia'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Euryomia'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Heterocranus'' Bourgoin, 1919 *''Hiberasta'' Fairmaire, 1901 *''Hyphelithia'' Kraatz, 1880 *''Liostraca'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Micreuchilia'' Pouillaude, 1917 *''Micropeltus'' Blanchard, 1842 *''Pareuchilia'' Kraatz, 1880 *''Pseudeuryomia'' Kraatz, 1894 *''Pygora (beetle), Pygora'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Pyrrhopoda'' Kraatz, 1880 *''Vieuella'' Ruter, 1964 Subtribus Doryscelina *''Doryscelis'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Epixanthis'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Hemiaspidius'' Krikken, 1982 *''Parepixanthis'' Kraatz, 1893 *''Pseudepixanthis'' Kraatz, 1880 *''Rhynchocephala'' Fairmaire, 1883 Subtribus Euchroeina *''Euchroea'' Burmeister, 1842 Subtribus Heterophanina *''Heterophana'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Oxypelta'' Pouillaude, 1920 *''Pogonotarsus'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Zebinus'' Fairmaire, 1894 Subtribus Heterosomatina *''Heterosoma'' Schaum, 1845 *''Plochilia'' Fairmaire, 1896 Subtribus Pantoliina *''Bonoraella'' Ruter, 1978 *''Celidota'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Cyriodera'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Dirrhina'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Hemilia'' Kraatz, 1880 *''Lucassenia'' Olsoufieff, 1940 *''Moriaphila'' Kraatz, 1880 *''Pantolia'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Tetraodorhina'' Blanchard, 1842 Subtribus Parachilina *''Parachilia'' Burmeister, 1842 Subtribus Stenotarsiina *''Callipechis'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Ischnotarsia'' Kraatz, 1880 *''Rhadinotaenia'' Kraatz, 1900 *''Stenotarsia'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Vadonidella'' Ruter, 1973

Tribus Taenioderini

*''Anocoela'' Moser, 1914 *''Bacchusia'' Mikšic, 1976 *''Bombodes'' Westwood, 1848 *''Carneluttia'' Mikšic, 1976 *''Chalcothea'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Chalcotheomima'' Mikšic, 1970 *''Clerota'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Coilodera'' Hope, 1831 *''Costinota'' Schürhoff, 1933 *''Eumacronota'' Mikšic, 1976 *''Euremina'' Wallace, 1867 *''Euselates'' Thomson, 1880 *''Glyptothea'' Bates, 1889 *''Glyptotheomima'' Mikšic, 1976 *''Gnorimidia'' van Lansberge, 1887 *''Hemichalcothea'' Mikšic, 1970 *''Ixorida'' Thomson, 1880 **''Mecinonota'' Kraatz, 1892 **''Oncosterna'' Thomson, 1880 **''Pseudomecinonota'' Miksic, 1972 *''Macronotops'' Krikken, 1977 *''Meroloba'' Thomson, 1880 *''Microchalcothea'' Moser, 1910 *''Penthima'' Kraatz, 1892 *''Plectrone'' Wallace, 1867 *''Pleuronota'' Kraatz, 1892 *''Pseudochalcothea'' Ritsema, 1882 *''Taeniodera'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Xenoloba'' Bates, 1889 Gnorimella maculosa (Knoch)

Tribus
Trichiini The Trichiini are a tribe of the scarab beetle family (Scarabaeidae), though historically they were often classified as a subfamily, Trichiinae. The conspicuous bee beetles (''Trichius'') are probably the best-known genus in Europe. They vary i ...

Subtribus Cryptodontina *''Coelocorynus'' Kolbe, 1895 *''Cryptodontes'' Burmeister, 1847 Subtribus Incaina *''Golinca'' Thomson, 1878 *''Inca (beetle), Inca'' Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 *''Pantodinus'' Burmeister, 1847 Subtribus Osmodermatina *''Osmoderma'' Lepeletier & Serville, 1825 *''Platygeniops'' Krikken, 1978 Subtribus Platygeniina *''Platygenia'' MacLeay, 1819 Subtribus Trichiina *''Agnorimus'' Miyake et al., 1991 *''Apeltastes'' Howden, 1968 *''Brachagenius'' Kraatz, 1890 *''Calometopidius'' Bourgoin, 1917 *''Calometopus'' Blanchard, 1850 *''Campulipus'' Kirby, 1827 *''Chaetodermina'' Heller, 1921 *''Clastocnemis'' Burmeister, 1840 *''Coelocratus'' Burmeister, 1841 *''Corynotrichius'' Kolbe, 1891 *''Dialithus'' Parry, 1849 *''Diploa'' Kolbe, 1892 *''Diploeida'' Péringuey, 1907 *''Elpidus'' Péringuey, 1907 *''Endoxazus'' Kolbe, 1892 *''Epitrichius'' Tagawa, 1941 *''Eriopeltastes'' Burmeister, 1840 *''Giesbertiolus'' Howden, 1988 *''Glaphyronyx'' Moser, 1924 *''Gnorimella'' Casey, 1915 *''Gnorimus'' Lepeletier & Serville, 1825 *''Incala'' J. Thomson, 1858 *''Incalidia'' Janson, 1907 *''Liotrichius'' Kolbe, 1892 *''Myodermides'' Ruter, 1964 *''Myodermum'' Burmeister, 1840 *''Paragnorimus'' Becker, 1910 *''Paratrichius'' Janson, 1881 *''Peltotrichius'' Howden, 1968 *''Pileotrichius'' Bourgoin, 1921 *''Polyplastus'' Janson, 1880 *''Stegopterus'' Burmeister, 1840 *''Stripsipher'' Gory & Percheron, 1833 *''Trichiomorphus'' Bourgoin, 1919 *''Trichiotinus'' Casey, 1915 *''Trichius'' Fabricius, 1787 *''Trigonopeltastes'' Burmeister, 1840 *''Xiphoscelidus'' Péringuey, 1907

Tribus Valgini

Subtribe Microvalgina *''Ischnovalgus'' Kolbe, 1897 *''Microvalgus'' Kraatz, 1883 *''Stenovalgus'' Kolbe, 1892 Subtribe Valgina *''Acanthovalgus'' Kraatz, 1895 *''Bivalgus'' Paulian, 1961 *''Chaetovalgus'' Moser, 1914 *''Charitovalgus'' Kolbe, 1904 *''Chromovalgus'' Kolbe, 1897 *''Comythovalgus'' Kolbe, 1897 *''Cosmovalgus'' Kolbe, 1897 *''Dasyvalgoides'' Endrödi, 1952 *''Dasyvalgus'' Kolbe, 1904 *''Euryvalgus'' Moser, 1908 *''Excisivalgus'' Endrödi, 1952 *''Heterovalgus'' Krikken, 1978 *''Homovalgus'' Kolbe, 1897 *''Hoplitovalgus'' Kolbe, 1904 *''Hybovalgus'' Kolbe, 1904 *''Idiovalgus'' Arrow, 1910 *''Lepivalgus'' Moser, 1914 *''Lobovalgus'' Kolbe, 1897 *''Mimovalgus'' Arrow, 1944 *''Oedipovalgus'' Kolbe, 1897 *''Oreoderus'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Oreovalgus'' Kolbe, 1904 *''Podovalgus'' Arrow, 1910 *''Pygovalgus'' Kolbe, 1884 *''Sphinctovalgus'' Kolbe, 1904 *''Tibiovalgus'' Kolbe, 1904 *''Valgoides'' Fairmaire, 1899 *''Valgus (beetle), Valgus'' Scriba, 1790 *''Xenoreoderus'' Arrow, 1910 *''Yanovalgus'' Nomura, 1952

Tribus Xiphoscelidini

*''Aporecolpa'' van Lansberge, 1886 *'' Callophylla'' Moser, 1916 *''Heteroclita'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Ischnostomiella'' Krikken, 1978 *''Meridioclita'' Krikken, 1982 *''Myodermidius'' Bourgoin, 1920 *''Neoclita'' Perissinotto, 2017 *''Oroclita'' Krikken, 1982 *''Plochiliana'' Ruter, 1978 *''Protoclita'' Krikken, 1978 *''Rhinocoeta'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Scheinia'' Ruter, 1958 *''Xiphoscelis'' Burmeister, 1842 *''Xiphosceloides'' Holm, 1992

References

*Evans, Arthur W
Generic Guide to New World Scarabs
*Orozco, Jesus
American Cetoniinae
*Sakai, K. & S. Nagai, 1998. ''The cetoniine Beetles of the Wor''ld. Tokyo: Mushi-Sha. 421p Excellent illustrations of most species. *White, Richard E. (1998). ''Beetles : A Field Guide to the Beetles of North America''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. .

External links

Illustrated key to South Asian chafers

Punctate Flower Chafer Factfile

Gallery

African Cetoniinae website. Literature page.
flickr
tagged images.

by Oz Rittner {{DEFAULTSORT:Flower Chafer Scarabaeidae Cetoniinae, Polyphaga subfamilies