{{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Central African Republic Civil War , image = War in Central African Republic

, caption = Current military situation in Central African Republic (For a detailed map of the current military situation, see

here Here is an adverb that means "in, on, or at this place". It may also refer to: Software * Here Technologies, a mapping company * Here WeGo (formerly Here Maps), a mobile app and map website by Here Technologies, Here Television * Here TV (form ...

) , date = 10 December 2012 – present
({{Age in years, months, weeks and days, month1=12, day1=10, year1=2012) , place =

Central African Republic The Central African Republic (CAR; ; , RCA; , or , ) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the southeast, the DR Congo to the south, the Republic of th ...

(Possible spillover into East Region,

Cameroon Cameroon (; french: Cameroun, ff, Kamerun), officially the Republic of Cameroon (french: République du Cameroun, links=no), is a country in west-central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; the C ...

)Rebels Attack Cameroonian Town Close To Central African Republic
HumAngle, 11 Mar 2021. Accessed 11 Apr 2021. , result = Ongoing *

Séléka Séléka CPSK-CPJP-UFDR was an alliance of rebel militia groups that subjugated the Central African Republic (CAR) on 24 March 2013. After its official dissolution in September 2013, the remaining rebel groups became known as Ex-Séléka. Sél� ...

rebel coalition takes power from François Bozizé. *

Fighting Combat ( French for ''fight'') is a purposeful violent conflict meant to physically harm or kill the opposition. Combat may be armed (using weapons) or unarmed ( not using weapons). Combat is sometimes resorted to as a method of self-defense, or ...

between Séléka factions and Anti-balaka militias. * President

Michel Djotodia Michel Am-Nondokro Djotodia (born c. 1949) is a Central African politician who was President of the Central African Republic from 2013 to 2014. He was the first Muslim to hold that office in the predominantly Christian country. Djotodia was a l ...

resigns. Interim government is followed by an elected government. * De facto split between Ex-Séléka factions controlled north and east and Anti-balaka controlled south and west with a Séléka faction declaring the

Republic of Logone The Republic of Logone (french: République de Logone), also known as Dar al-Kuti (french: Dar el-Kouti, links=no), was a partially-realized, self-declared autonomous region and proto-state internationally recognised as part of the Central Afric ...

. * Fighting between Ex-Séléka factions FPRC and UPC. , territory = As of April 2022 government controls more territory than at any point since the war began in 2012. , combatant1 = {{nowrap, {{flag, Central African Republic *

Central African Armed Forces The Central African Armed Forces (french: Forces armées centrafricaines; FACA) are the armed forces of the Central African Republic and have been barely functional since the outbreak of the civil war in 2012. Today they are among the world's we ...

{{flagdeco, United Nations

MINUSCA United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (also called MINUSCA, which is an initialism of its French name Mission multidimensionnelle intégrée des Nations unies pour la stabilisation en Ce ...

(since 2014)
{{flag, Rwanda (since 2020)Rwanda deploys troops to CAR under bilateral arrangement
The East African, 22 Dec 2020. Accessed 28 Dec 2020.
{{flag, Russia (since 2018) * {{flagicon image}

Wagner Group The Wagner Group (russian: Группа Вагнера, Gruppa Vagnera), also known as PMC Wagner ( «Вагнер», ChVK «Vagner»; ), is a Russian paramilitary organization. It is variously described as a private military company (PMC), a ...

{{Cite news, date=2021-04-29, title=Central African troops and Russian mercenaries accused of abuses in anti-rebel offensive, language=en, work=The New Humanitarian, url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2021/4/29/the-human-rights-toll-of-central-african-republics-election-crisis, access-date=2021-05-13 * {{flagicon image, Flag of the Russian Imperial Movement.svg

Russian Imperial Movement The Russian Imperial Movement (RIM; russian: Русское Имперское Движениe, translit=Russkoe imperskoe dvizhenie, RID)Marlene Laruelle, ''Russian Nationalism: Imaginaries, Doctrines, and Political Battlefields'' (Routledge, 2 ...

{{cite web , url=https://www.voanews.com/a/extremism-watch_radical-russian-imperial-movement-expanding-global-outreach/6189020.html , title=Radical Russian Imperial Movement Expanding Global Outreach , last1=Sahinkaya , first1=Ezel , last2=Galperovich , first2=Danila , date=May 9, 2020 , website=

Voice of America Voice of America (VOA or VoA) is the state-owned news network and international radio broadcaster of the United States of America. It is the largest and oldest U.S.-funded international broadcaster. VOA produces digital, TV, and radio content ...

, access-date=October 8, 2022 ---- Formerly: {{flag, South Africa (2013)

MISCA The African-led International Support Mission to the Central African Republic (french: Mission internationale de soutien à la Centrafrique sous conduite africaine, MISCA) is an African Union peacekeeping mission to the Central African Republic ...

(2013–2014)
{{Collapsible list , bullets = yes , title =

MICOPAX The Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS; french: Communauté Économique des États de l'Afrique Centrale, CEEAC; es, Comunidad Económica de los Estados de África Central, CEEAC; pt, Comunidade Económica dos Estados da Áfr ...

(2008–2013) , {{flag, Angola , {{flag, Cameroon , {{flag, Chad , {{flag, Morocco , {{flagdeco, Republic of the Congo

Congo-Brazzaville The Republic of the Congo (french: République du Congo, ln, Republíki ya Kongó), also known as Congo-Brazzaville, the Congo Republic or simply either Congo or the Congo, is a country located in the western coast of Central Africa to the w ...

, {{flagdeco, Democratic Republic of the Congo

DRC The Democratic Republic of the Congo (french: République démocratique du Congo (RDC), colloquially "La RDC" ), informally Congo-Kinshasa, DR Congo, the DRC, the DROC, or the Congo, and formerly and also colloquially Zaire, is a country in ...

, {{flag, Gabon , {{flag, Burundi , {{flag, Equatorial Guinea , {{flag, São Tomé and Príncipe {{flag, France (2013–2021) {{Collapsible list , bullets =yes , title = {{flagdeco, European Union

EUFOR RCA European Union Force RCA, commonly referred as EUFOR RCA, is the United Nations-mandated European Union peacekeeping mission in Bangui, capital of the Central African Republic. The goal of the mission is to stabilize the area after more than a y ...

(2014–2015) , {{flag, Estonia , {{flag, Finland , {{flag, Georgia , {{flag, Latvia , {{flag, Luxembourg , {{flag, Netherlands , {{flag, Portugal , {{flag, Poland , {{flag, Romania , {{flag, Spain , {{flag, Italy , combatant2 = {{Collapsible list , bullets =yes , title = {{flagdeco, Central African Republic

Coalition of Patriots for Change The Coalition of Patriots for Change (''Coalition des patriotes pour le changement'') is a coalition of major rebel groups in the Central African Republic created in 2020 to disrupt the 2020–21 Central African general election. Background O ...

(since 2020) , {{flagdeco, Central African Republic

Anti-balaka The Anti-balaka is an alliance of militia groups based in the Central African Republic in the early 21st century said to be composed primarily of Christians. However, some church leaders have contested the claimed exclusively Christian character ...

, {{flagicon image, Flag of Dar El Kuti Republic.svg MPC , {{flagdeco, Central African Republic 3R , {{flagdeco, Central African Republic UPC , {{flagicon image, Flag of Dar El Kuti Republic.svg FPRC {{flagdeco, Central African Republic PRNC
{{flagicon image, Flag of Lord's Resistance Army.svg

Lord's Resistance Army The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), also known as the Lord's Resistance Movement, is a rebel group and heterodox Christian group which operates in northern Uganda, South Sudan, the Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of the ...

{{Collapsible list , bullets =no , title = Support: , {{flag, Chad (alleged) , {{flagicon, Sudan RSF ---- Defunct groups: {{Collapsible list , bullets =yes , title = {{flagdeco, Central African Republic

(2012–2014) , CPJP , CPSK , UFDR , FDPC , FPR {{flagdeco, Central African Republic RJ (2013–2018)
{{flagdeco, Central African Republic MNLC (2017–2019)
{{flagdeco, Central African Republic MLCJ (2008–2022)
{{flagdeco, Central African Republic RPRC (2014–2022) , commander1 = {{flagdeco, Central African Republic

Faustin-Archange Touadéra Faustin-Archange Touadéra (; born 21 April 1957) is a Central African politician and academic who has been President of the Central African Republic since March 2016. He previously was Prime Minister of the Central African Republic from Janua ...

(since 2016)
{{flagdeco, Central African Republic

Catherine Samba-Panza Catherine Samba-Panza (born 26 June 1954) is a Central African lawyer and politician who served as interim President of the Central African Republic from 2014 to 2016. She was the first woman to hold the post of head of state in that country, as ...

(2014–2016)
{{flagdeco, Central African Republic François Bozizé
(2012–2013)
{{flagdeco, United Nations

Parfait Onanga-Anyanga Parfait Onanga-Anyanga is a Gabonese diplomat who has been serving as Special Representative of United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres to the African Union and Head of the United Nations Office to the African Union (UNOAU) since 2022. ...

{{flagdeco, France Emmanuel Macron
(2017–2021)
{{flagdeco, France François Hollande
(2013–2017)
{{flagdeco, South Africa Jacob Zuma
(2012–2013)
{{flagdeco, Rwanda

Paul Kagame Paul Kagame (; born 23 October 1957) is a Rwandan politician and former military officer who is the 4th and current president of Rwanda since 2000. He previously served as a commander of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a Uganda-based rebel ...

(since 2020)
{{flagdeco, Russia

Vladimir Putin Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin; (born 7 October 1952) is a Russian politician and former intelligence officer who holds the office of president of Russia. Putin has served continuously as president or prime minister since 1999: as prime min ...

(since 2018)
{{Collapsible list , bullets =yes , title = MINUSCA: , {{flagdeco, Bangladesh Mohammad Abdul Hamid
(since 2014) , {{flagdeco, Bangladesh

Sheikh Hasina Sheikh Hasina Wazed (''née'' Sheikh Hasina ; ; bn, শেখ হাসিনা ওয়াজেদ, Shēkh Hasinā, , born 28 September 1947) is a Bangladeshi politician who has served as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh since January 2 ...

(since 2014) , {{flagdeco, Pakistan

Arif Alvi Arif-ur-Rehman Alvi (; born 29 July 1949) is a Pakistani dentist and politician currently serving as the 13th President of Pakistan, in office since 9 September 2018. He was a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from June 2013 to May 2 ...

(since 2018) , {{flagdeco, Pakistan

Mamnoon Hussain Mamnoon Hussain ( ur, ; 22 December 1941 – 14 July 2021) was a Pakistani politician and industrialist who served as the 12th president of Pakistan from 2013 to 2018. He was first appointed Governor of Sindh in June 1999 by President Rafiq ...

(2014–18) , {{flagdeco, Pakistan

Shehbaz Sharif Mian Muhammad Shehbaz Sharif (Urdu, Punjabi: , ; born 23 September 1951) is a Pakistani politician and businessman who is currently serving as the 23rd Prime Minister of Pakistan, in office since 11 April 2022. He is the current president of ...

(since 2022) , {{flagdeco, Pakistan

Imran Khan Imran Ahmed Khan Niazi ( ur}; born 5 October 1952) is a Pakistani politician and former Cricket captain who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan from August 2018 to until April 2022, when he was ousted through a no-confidenc ...

(2018–22) , {{flagdeco, Pakistan

Shahid Khaqan Abbasi Shahid Khaqan Abbasi ( ur, ; born 27 December 1958) is a Pakistani politician and businessman who served as the 21st prime minister of Pakistan from August 2017 to May 2018. Abbasi is the senior vice president of the Pakiatan Muslim League ...

(2017–18) , {{flagdeco, Pakistan

Nawaz Sharif Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif (Urdu, Punjabi: ; born 25 December 1949) is a Pakistani businessman and politician who has served as the Prime Minister of Pakistan for three non-consecutive terms. He is the longest-serving prime minister of Pak ...

(2014–17) , {{flagdeco, Egypt

Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Abdel Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil el-Sisi; (born 19 November 1954) is an Egyptian politician and retired military officer who has served as the sixth and current president of Egypt since 2014. Before retiring as a general in the Egyptian mil ...

(since 2014) , {{flagdeco, Egypt

Mostafa Madbouly Mostafa Kamal Madbouly ( ar, مصطفى كمال مدبولي; born 28 April 1966) is the Prime Minister of Egypt, serving since 2018. He was appointed by President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to succeed Sherif Ismail following his government's resignat ...

(since 2018) , {{flagdeco, Egypt

Sherif Ismail Sherif Ismail ( ar, شريف إسماعيل ; born 6 July 1955) is an Egyptian engineer who served as prime minister between 2015 and 2018. He was minister of petroleum and mineral resources from 2013 to 2015. Career Ismail studied mechan ...

(2015–18) , {{flagdeco, Egypt

Ibrahim Mahlab Ibrahim Roshdy Mahlab ( ar, إبراهيم رشدى محلب ; born 8 May 1949) is an Egyptian politician who was the Prime Minister of Egypt from 1 March 2014 until 19 September 2015. Previously he served as Minister of Housing. Career Ma ...

(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, Zambia

Hakainde Hichilema Hakainde Hichilema (born 4 June 1962) is a Zambian businessman, farmer, and politician who is the seventh and current president of Zambia since 24 August 2021. After having contested five previous elections in 2006, 2008, 2011, 2015 and 20 ...

(since 2021) , {{flagdeco, Zambia

Edgar Lungu Edgar Chagwa Lungu (born 11 November 1956) is a Zambian politician who served as the sixth president of Zambia from 25 January 2015 to 24 August 2021. Under President Michael Sata, Lungu served as Minister of Justice and Minister of Defence. ...

(2015–21) , {{flagdeco, Zambia

Guy Scott Guy Lindsay Scott (born 1 June 1944) is a Zambian politician, who served as acting President of Zambia from 2014 to 2015, and was the Vice President from 2011 to 2014. Scott became acting President upon Michael Sata's death in office on 2 ...

(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, Nepal

Bidya Devi Bhandari Bidya Devi Bhandari (, ; born 19 June 1961) is a Nepali politician who is serving as the second and current president of Nepal. She formerly served as the minister of defence and minister of environment and population. She is the first woman t ...

(since 2015) , {{flagdeco, Nepal

Ram Baran Yadav Ram Baran Yadav ( mai, डा. राम वरण यादव) is a Nepali politician and physician who served as the first president of Nepal from 23 July 2008 to 29 October 2015, following the declaration of a republic in 2008. Previously h ...

(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, Nepal

Sher Bahadur Deuba Sher Bahadur Deuba ( ne, शेरबहादुर देउवा, ; born 13 June 1946) is a Nepali politician and former prime minister of Nepal. He has also been serving as the president of the Nepali Congress since 2016. Deuba has served ...

(since 2021, 2017–18) , {{flagdeco, Nepal

KP Sharma Oli Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli ( ne, खड्गप्रसाद शर्मा ओली, ; born 22 February 1952) is a Nepalese politician and former Prime Minister of Nepal. He served three terms as prime minister from 11 October 2015 to 3 Augu ...

(2015–16, 2018–21) , {{flagdeco, Nepal

Pushpa Kamal Dahal Pushpa Kamal Dahal ( ne, पुष्पकमल दाहाल; born 11 December 1954), also widely known by his nom de guerre Prachanda (, ; meaning "fierce"), is a Nepalese politician serving as the current Prime Minister of Nepal. He pre ...

(2016–17) , {{flagdeco, Nepal

Sushil Koirala Sushil Prasad Koirala (; 12 August 1931 – 9 February 2016) was a Nepalese politician and the Prime Minister of Nepal from 11 February 2014 to 10 October 2015. He was also President of the Nepali Congress from 2010 to 2016, having earlier serve ...

(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, Mauritania

Mohamed Ould Ghazouani Mohamed Ould Cheikh Mohamed Ahmed Ould Ghazouani ( ar, محمد ولد الشيخ محمد أحمد ولد الغزواني; born 4 December 1956), also known as Ghazouani and Ould Ghazouani, is a Mauritanian politician and retired Mauritanian A ...

(since 2019) , {{flagdeco, Mauritania

Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz ( ar, محمد ولد عبد العزيز ''Muḥammad Wald 'Abd al-'Azīz''; born 20 December 1956) is a former Mauritanian politician who was the 8th President of Mauritania, in office from 2009 to 2019. A career sold ...

(2014–19) , {{flagdeco, Mauritania Mohamed Ould Bilal
(since 2020) , {{flagdeco, Mauritania

Ismail Ould Bedde Ould Cheikh Sidiya Ismail Ould Bedde Ould Cheikh Sidiya (born 17 March 1961) is a Mauritanian politician who served as the 15th Prime Minister of Mauritania from 5 August 2019 to 6 August 2020. He headed the Ministry of Housing, Town Planning and Regional Development ...

(2019–20) , {{flagdeco, Mauritania

Mohamed Salem Ould Béchir Mohamed Salem Ould Béchir ( ar, محمد سالم ولد البشير) is a Mauritanian politician who served as Prime Minister of Mauritania from 2018 to 2019, following the resignation of his predecessor, Yahya Ould Hademine, and his govern ...

(2018–19) , {{flagdeco, Mauritania

Yahya Ould Hademine Yahya Ould Hademine ( ar, يحي ولد حدمين; born December 31, 1953) is a Mauritanian engineer and politician who served as Defence Minister of Mauritania. He served as the Prime Minister of Mauritania from August 21, 2014. to October 29, ...

(2014–18) , {{flagdeco, Tanzania Samia Suluhu Hassan
(since 2021) , {{flagdeco, Tanzania

John Magufuli John Pombe Joseph Magufuli (29 October 1959 – 17 March 2021) was the fifth president of Tanzania, serving from 2015 until his death in 2021. He served as Minister of Works, Transport and Communications from 2000 to 2005 and 2010 to 2015 and w ...

(2015–21) , {{flagdeco, Tanzania

Jakaya Kikwete Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete (born 7 October 1950) is a Tanzanian politician who was the fourth president of Tanzania, in office from 2005 to 2015. Prior to his election as president, he was the Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1995 to 2005 under hi ...

(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, Tanzania

Kassim Majaliwa Kassim Majaliwa Majaliwa (born 22 December 1961) is a Tanzanian politician who has been Prime Minister of Tanzania since 2015. He was appointed by President John Magufuli after the 2015 general election. He is a member of the ruling Chama Cha ...

(since 2015) , {{flagdeco, Tanzania Mizengo Pinda
(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, Indonesia Joko Widodo
(since 2015) , {{flagdeco, Senegal

Macky Sall Macky Sall (, wo, Maki Sàll, fuc, 𞤃𞤢𞤳𞤭 𞤅𞤢𞤤‎, italic=no, Maki Sal; born 11 December 1961) is a Senegalese politician who has been President of Senegal since April 2012. He was re-elected President in the first round voti ...

(since 2014) , {{flagdeco, Senegal Amadou Ba
(since 2022) , {{flagdeco, Senegal

Mahammed Dionne Mahammed Boun Abdallah Dionne (born 22 September 1959) is a Senegalese politician who served as the Prime Minister of Senegal from 2014 to 2019. He was the third prime minister appointed by President Macky Sall. Dionne served at the Central Bank ...

(2014–19) , {{flagdeco, Peru

Pedro Castillo José Pedro Castillo Terrones (; born 19 October 1969) is a Peruvian politician, former elementary school teacher, and union leader who served as the President of Peru from 28 July 2021 to 7 December 2022. On 7 December 2022, he was impeached a ...

(since 2021) , {{flagdeco, Peru

Francisco Sagasti Francisco Rafael Sagasti Hochhausler OSP ( (); born 10 October 1944) is a Peruvian engineer, academic, and author who served as the President of Peru from November 2020 to July 2021. Sagasti has worked as an advisor for economic development a ...

(2020–21) , {{flagdeco, Peru

Manuel Merino Manuel Arturo Merino de Lama (born 20 August 1961) is a Peruvian politician who briefly served as President of Peru for six days between 10 and 15 November 2020. He also served as the President of Congress from 16 March 2020 to 15 November 20 ...

(2020) , {{flagdeco, Peru

Martín Vizcarra Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo (; born 22 March 1963) is a Peruvian engineer and politician who served as President of Peru from 2018 to 2020. Vizcarra previously served as Governor of the Department of Moquegua (2011–2014), First Vice P ...

(2018–20) , {{flagdeco, Peru

Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Pedro is a masculine given name. Pedro is the Spanish, Portuguese, and Galician name for ''Peter''. Its French equivalent is Pierre while its English and Germanic form is Peter. The counterpart patronymic surname of the name Pedro, meaning " ...

(2016–18) , {{flagdeco, Peru

Ollanta Humala Lieutenant colonel Ollanta Moisés Humala Tasso (; born 27 June 1962) is a Peruvian politician and former military officer who served as President of Peru from 2011 to 2016. Originally a socialist and left-wing nationalist, he is considered ...

(2014–16) , {{flagdeco, Cambodia Norodom Sihamoni
(since 2014) , {{flagdeco, Cambodia

Hun Sen Hun Sen (; km, ហ៊ុន សែន, ; born 5 August 1952) is a Cambodian politician and former military commander who has served as the prime minister of Cambodia since 1985. He is the longest-serving head of government of Cambodia, and ...

(since 2014) , {{flagdeco, Tunisia

Kais Saied Kais Saied ( ar, قَيس سَعيد; born 22 February 1958) is a Tunisian politician, jurist, and retired law professor, and currently the 8th President of Tunisia since October 2019. He was president of the Tunisian Association of Constitution ...

(since 2019) , {{flagdeco, Tunisia

Mohamed Ennaceur Mohamed Ennaceur ( ar, محمد الناصر; born 21 March 1934) is a Tunisian politician who served as the 7th president of Tunisia for 91 days, from President Beji Caid Essebsi's death on 25 July 2019 until he handed over the presidency to Kai ...

(2019) , {{flagdeco, Tunisia Beji Caid Essebsi
(2014–19) , {{flagdeco, Tunisia

Najla Bouden Najla Bouden ( ar, نجلاء بودن), also known as Najla Bouden Romdhane (; born 29 June 1958), is a Tunisian geologist and university professor who is serving as the Prime Minister of Tunisia. She took office on 11 October 2021, making her t ...

(since 2021) , {{flagdeco, Tunisia

Hichem Mechichi Hichem Mechichi ( ar, هشام المشيشي; born January 1974) is a Tunisia, Tunisian politician who served as the Prime Minister of Tunisia, from 2020 to 2021, when he was dismissed by President Kais Saied. He held the post of Ministry of the ...

(2020–21) , {{flagdeco, Tunisia

Elyes Fakhfakh Elyes Fakhfakh ( ar, إلياس الفخفاخ; born 1972) is a Tunisian politician. He served as the Minister of Tourism and, starting on 19 of December 2012, as the Minister of Finances as well, under Prime Minister Hamadi Jebali.Asma GhribiEly ...

(2020) , {{flagdeco, Tunisia

Youssef Chahed Youssef Chahed ( ar, يوسف الشاهد; born 18 September 1975) is a Tunisian politician who served as the 14th Prime Minister of Tunisia from 27 August 2016 to 27 February 2020. Previously he was Secretary of State for Fishing from 2015 to ...

(2016–20) , {{flagdeco, Tunisia Habib Essid
(2015–16) , {{flagdeco, Tunisia

Mehdi Jomaa Mehdi Jomaa ( ar, مهدي جمعة; born 21 April 1962) is a Tunisian engineer and was the acting Prime Minister of Tunisia from 29 January 2014 to 6 February 2015. He was chosen on 14 December 2013. Jomaa was Minister of Industry in the Ali ...

(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, Sri Lanka

Ranil Wickremesinghe Ranil Wickremesinghe ( si, රනිල් වික්‍රමසිංහ, ta, ரணில் விக்கிரமசிங்க; born 24 March 1949) is a Sri Lankan politician who is the current president of Sri Lanka since 21 July 2 ...

(since 2022) , {{flagdeco, Sri Lanka Gotabaya Rajapaksa
(2019–22) , {{flagdeco, Sri Lanka

Maithripala Sirisena Maithripala Yapa Sirisena ( si, පල්ලෙවත්‍ත ගමරාළලාගේ මෛත්‍රීපාල යාපා සිරිසේන; ta, பல்லேவத்த கமராளலாகே மைத்திரி� ...

(2015–19) , {{flagdeco, Sri Lanka Mahinda Rajapaksa
(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, Serbia

Aleksandar Vučić Aleksandar Vučić ( sr-Cyrl, Александар Вучић, ; born 5 March 1970) is a Serbian politician serving as the president of Serbia since 2017, and as the president of the Serbian Progressive Party (SNS) since 2012. Vučić serve ...

(since 2017) , {{flagdeco, Serbia

Tomislav Nikolić Tomislav Nikolić ( sr-Cyrl, Томислав Николић, ; born 15 February 1952) is a Serbian retired politician who served as the president of Serbia from 2012 to 2017. A former member of the far-right Serbian Radical Party (SRS), he di ...

(2014–17) , {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast

Alassane Ouattara Alassane Dramane Ouattara (; ; born 1 January 1942) is an Ivorian politician who has been President of Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) since 2010. An economist by profession, Ouattara worked for the International Monetary Fund (IMF)Patrick Achi Patrick Achi (born 17 November 1955) is an Ivorian politician who serves as Prime Minister of Ivory Coast since March 2021. A member of the Rally of the Republicans, he studied at Supélec and Stanford University and specialises in engineering ...

(since 2021) , {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast

Hamed Bakayoko Hamed Bakayoko (8 March 1965 – 10 March 2021) was an Ivorian politician who served as Prime Minister of Côte d'Ivoire from 8 July 2020 until his death on 10 March 2021. He had previously served as the country's Minister of New Technologies, ...

(2020–21) , {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast Amadou Gon Coulibaly
(2017–20) , {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast

Daniel Kablan Duncan Daniel Kablan Duncan (born 30 June 1943) is an Ivorian politician. He previously served as Prime Minister of Ivory Coast from 11 December 1993 to 24 December 1999 and again from November 2012 to January 2017. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs ...

(2014–17) , {{flagdeco, Jordan

Abdullah II Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein ( ar, عبدالله الثاني بن الحسين , translit=ʿAbd Allāh aṯ-ṯānī ibn al-Ḥusayn; born 30 January 1962) is King of Jordan, having ascended the throne on 7 February 1999. He is a member of t ...

(since 2014) , {{flagdeco, Jordan

Bisher Al-Khasawneh Bisher Al-Khasawneh ( ar, بشر الخصاونة; born 27 January 1969) is a Jordanian politician and diplomat who is serving as the 43rd Prime Minister of Jordan and Minister of Defence since 12 October 2020. Al-Khasawneh was an ambassador of ...

(since 2020) , {{flagdeco, Jordan

Omar Razzaz Omar Razzaz ( ar, عمر الرزاز; born 17 May 1961) was the 42nd Prime Minister of Jordan from June 14, 2018 to October 12, 2020. He was designated to form a new government on 5 June 2018 after his predecessor resigned as a result of wides ...

(2018–20) , {{flagdeco, Jordan

Hani Mulki Hani Fawzi Mulki (also known as Hani Mulki; ar, هاني الملقي; '; born 15 October 1951) is a Jordanian politician that held several ministerial and diplomatic positions, and he was Chief Commissioner of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone A ...

(2016–18) , {{flagdeco, Jordan Abdullah Ensour
(2014–16) , {{flagdeco, Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
(since 2014) , {{flagdeco, Turkey

Ahmet Davutoğlu Ahmet Davutoğlu (; born 26 February 1959) is a Turkish academic, politician and former diplomat who served as the 26th Prime Minister of Turkey and Leader of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) from 2014 to 2016. He previously served as ...

(2014–16) , {{flagdeco, Turkey Binali Yıldırım
(2016–18) , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso

Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba (; born January 1981) is a Burkinabé military officer who served as interim president of Burkina Faso from 31 January 2022 to 30 September 2022, when he was removed in a coup d'état, by his own military colleague Ibr ...

(since 2022) , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso

Roch Marc Christian Kaboré Roch Marc Christian Kaboré (; born 25 April 1957) is a Burkinabé banker and politician who served as the President of Burkina Faso from 2015 until he was deposed in 2022. He was the Prime Minister of Burkina Faso between 1994 and 1996 and Pr ...

(2015–22) , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso

Michel Kafando Michel Kafando (born 18 August 1942) is a Burkinabé diplomat who served as the transitional President of Burkina Faso from 2014

(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso Chérif Sy
(2015) , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso

Gilbert Diendéré Gilbert Diendéré (; born 1960) is a Burkinabé military officer and the Chairman of the National Council for Democracy, the military junta that briefly seized power in Burkina Faso in the September 2015 coup d'état. He was a long-time ai ...

(2015) , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso

Yacouba Isaac Zida Yacouba Isaac Zida (born 16 November 1965) is a Burkina Faso, Burkinabé Military of Burkina Faso, military officer who briefly served as Burkina Faso's acting head of state in November 2014. He took power in the aftermath of the 2014 Burkinabé u ...

(2014) , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso Honoré Traoré
(2014) , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso

Albert Ouédraogo Albert Ouédraogo (born 6 April 1969) is a Burkinabé economist who served as prime minister of Burkina Faso in the aftermath of the January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état, from 3 March until another coup on 30 September. Early life and educa ...

(since 2022) , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso

Lassina Zerbo Lassina Zerbo (born 10 October 1963) is a Burkinabé politician and scientist who served as the Prime Minister of Burkina Faso from 2021 to 2022. Prior to that he was the Executive Secretary of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organizati ...

(2021–22) , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso Christophe Joseph Marie Dabiré
(2019–21) , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso Paul Kaba Thieba
(2016–19) , {{flagdeco, Niger

Mohamed Bazoum Mohamed Bazoum ( ar, محمد بازوم), is a Nigerien politician who is the current president of the Republic of Niger. He has been in office since 2 April 2021. Before becoming President, he served as the President of the Nigerien Party ...

(since 2021) , {{flagdeco, Niger

Mahamadou Issoufou Mahamadou Issoufou (born 1 January 1952) is a Nigerien politician who served as the President of Niger from 7 April 2011 to 2 April 2021. Issoufou was the prime minister of Niger from 1993 to 1994, president of the National Assembly from 1995 t ...

(2014–21) , {{flagdeco, Niger

Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou (born 1954) is a Nigerien politician of the Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism (PNDS-Tarayya) who has been serving as Prime Minister of Niger since 3 April 2021. Mahamadou served in the government of Niger as Mini ...

(since 2021) , {{flagdeco, Niger

Brigi Rafini Brigi Rafini (born 7 April 1953) is a Nigerien politician who served as the Prime Minister of Niger from 2011 to 2021. A native of Iférouane in Agadez Region and an ethnic Tuareg,

(2020–21) , {{flagdeco, Mali Boubou Cissé
(2019–20) , {{flagdeco, Mali

Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga (; 8 June 1954 – 21 March 2022) was a Malian politician who was the List of Prime Ministers of Mali, Prime Minister of Mali between 30 December 2017 and 18 April 2019. The leader of the Alliance for Solidarity in Mali ...

(2017–19) , {{flagdeco, Mali

Abdoulaye Idrissa Maïga Abdoulaye Idrissa Maïga (born 11 March 1958) is a Malian politician who was the Prime Minister of Mali from 8 April 2017 to 29 December 2017. Previously he was Minister of Defence since 3 September 2016. As Defence Minister he succeeded Tiéman Hu ...

(2017) , {{flagdeco, Mali

Modibo Keita Modibo or more correctlyMoodibbo in Fula or Fulfulde Orthography is a given name in some Fulɓe or Fulani regions, while in some regions it's used as a form of respect which means a learned scholar. Others are named moodibbo after one's parents or g ...

(2015–17) , {{flagdeco, Mali

Moussa Mara Moussa Mara (born 2 March 1975 in Bamako) is a Malian politician who was Prime Minister of Mali from 2014 to 2015. Previously he served in the government as Minister of Town Planning, and he was an unsuccessful candidate in the 2013 presidential ...

(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, Kenya

William Ruto William Kipchirchir Samoei Arap Ruto (born 21 December 1966) is a Kenyan politician who is serving as the fifth and current president of Kenya since 13 September 2022. Prior to becoming president, he served as the 11th deputy president of Ken ...

(since 2022) , {{flagdeco, Kenya

Uhuru Kenyatta Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta (born 26 October 1961) is a Kenyan politician who served as the fourth president of Kenya from 2013 to 2022. Kenyatta was chosen by Daniel Arap Moi as his preferred successor, but Kenyatta was defeated by opposition le ...

(2014–22) , {{flagdeco, Guinea

Mamady Doumbouya Mamady Doumbouya (N'Ko script, N'Ko: , born 4 March 1980) is a Guinean Republic of Guinea Armed Forces, military officer serving as the interim president of Guinea since 1 October 2021. Doumbouya led 2021 Guinean coup d'état, a coup d'état on ...

(since 2021) , {{flagdeco, Guinea

Alpha Condé Alpha Condé (N'Ko: ; born 4 March 1938) is a Guinean politician who served as the fourth president of Guinea from 2010 to 2021. Condé spent decades in opposition to a succession of regimes in Guinea, unsuccessfully running against President L ...

(2014–21) , {{flagdeco, Guinea Bernard Goumou
(since 2022) , {{flagdeco, Guinea

Mohamed Béavogui Mohamed Béavogui (born 15 August 1953 in Porédaka) is a Guinean diplomat and politician, and the former interim prime minister of Guinea from 6 October 2021 to 17 July 2022. Biography Béavogui was born in August 1953 in Porédaka, the son of ...

(2021–22) , {{flagdeco, Guinea

Ibrahima Kassory Fofana Ibrahima Kassory Fofana (born 15 April 1954) is a Guinean politician who served as Prime Minister of Guinea between 21 May 2018 and 5 September 2021. A macro-economist and specialist in economic policy, he previously held several strategic posit ...

(2018–21) , {{flagdeco, Guinea Mamady Youla
(2015–18) , {{flagdeco, Guinea Mohamed Said Fofana
(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, Ghana

Nana Akufo-Addo Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo ( ; born 29 March 1944) is a Ghanaian politician who has served as the president of Ghana since 7 January 2017. In 2020, he was re-elected for his second term, which will end on 6 January 2025. Akufo-Addo previously ...

(since 2017) , {{flagdeco, Ghana John Mahama
(2014–17) , {{flagdeco, Brazil Jair Bolsonaro
(since 2019) , {{flagdeco, Brazil

Michel Temer Michel Miguel Elias Temer Lulia (; born 23 September 1940) is a Brazilian politician, lawyer and writer who served as the 37th president of Brazil from 31 August 2016 to 31 December 2018. He took office after the impeachment and removal from off ...

(2016–19) , {{flagdeco, Brazil

Dilma Rousseff Dilma Vana Rousseff (; born 14 December 1947) is a Brazilian economist and politician who served as the 36th president of Brazil, holding the position from 2011 until her impeachment and removal from office on 31 August 2016. She is the first ...

(2014–16) , {{flagdeco, Djibouti

Ismaïl Omar Guelleh Ismaïl Omar Guelleh ( so, Ismaaciil Cumar Geelle ar, إسماعيل عمر جليه) (born 27 November 1947) is the current President of Djibouti. He has been in office since 1999, making him one of the longest-serving rulers in Africa. He is ...

(since 2014) , {{flagdeco, Djibouti

Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed ( aa, Qabdulkadir Kamil Macammad, ar, عبد القادر كامل محمد; born 1 July 1951 in Souali, Djibouti) is a Djiboutian politician who has been Prime Minister of Djibouti since 2013. A longtime member of th ...

(since 2014) , {{flagdeco, Nigeria

Muhammadu Buhari Muhammadu Buhari (born 17 December 1942) is a Nigerian politician and current president of Nigeria since 2015. Buhari is a retired Nigerian Army major general who served as the country's military head of state from 31 December 1983 to 27 A ...

(since 2015) , {{flagdeco, Nigeria

Goodluck Jonathan Goodluck Ebele Azikiwe Jonathan (born 20 November 1957)Lawson Heyford, ''The Source'' (Lagos), 11 December 2006. is a Nigerian politician who served as the President of Nigeria from 2010 to 2015. He lost the 2015 presidential election to fo ...

(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, United States Joe Biden
(since 2021) , {{flagdeco, United States

Donald Trump Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021. Trump graduated from the Wharton School of the University of P ...

(2017–21) , {{flagdeco, United States

Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II ( ; born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, Obama was the first African-American president of the ...

(2014–17) , {{flagdeco, Vietnam

Nguyễn Phú Trọng Nguyễn Phú Trọng (born 14 April 1944) is a Vietnamese politician who has served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam — the highest political position in Vietnam — since 2011. In addition, Nguyễn Phú Trọng ser ...

(since 2014, 2018–21) , {{flagdeco, Vietnam

Nguyễn Xuân Phúc Nguyễn Xuân Phúc (born 20 July 1954) is a Vietnamese politician currently serving as the President of Vietnam, one of the highest-ranked officials in Vietnam along with Nguyễn Phú Trọng, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vie ...

(since 2021, 2016–21) , {{flagdeco, Vietnam Đặng Thị Ngọc Thịnh
(2018) , {{flagdeco, Vietnam

Trần Đại Quang Trần Đại Quang (12 October 1956 – 21 September 2018) was a Vietnamese politician and former police general who served as the eighth President of Vietnam from 2 April 2016 until his death in 2018. Trần Đại Quang was elected to the post ...

(2016–18) , {{flagdeco, Vietnam

Trương Tấn Sang Trương Tấn Sang (born 21 January 1949) is a Vietnamese politician, who served as the seventh President of Vietnam from 2011 to 2016. He was one of Vietnam's top leaders, alongside prime minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng and Party general secret ...

(2014–16) , {{flagdeco, Vietnam

Phạm Minh Chính Phạm Minh Chính (born 10 December 1958) is a Vietnamese politician, the current Prime Minister of Vietnam, one of the highest-ranked officials in Vietnam along with Nguyễn Phú Trọng, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam ...

(since 2021) , {{flagdeco, Vietnam

Nguyễn Tấn Dũng Nguyễn Tấn Dũng (born 17 November 1949) is a Vietnamese politician who served as the Prime Minister of Vietnam from 2006 to 2016. He was confirmed by the National Assembly on 27 June 2006, having been nominated by his predecessor, Phan Vă ...

(2014–16) , {{flagdeco, Bhutan

Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck ( dz, འཇིགས་མེད་གེ་སར་རྣམ་རྒྱལ་དབང་ཕྱུག་, ; born 21 February 1980) is the Druk Gyalpo (Dzongkha: Dragon King) of the Kingdom of Bhutan. After his ...

(since 2014) , {{flagdeco, Bhutan

Lotay Tshering Lotay Tshering ( dz, བློ་གྲོས་ཚེ་རིང་; born 10 May 1969) is a Bhutanese politician and surgeon who is the current Prime Minister of Bhutan, in office since 7 November 2018. He has also been the president of Druk ...

(since 2018) , {{flagdeco, Bhutan

Tshering Tobgay Tshering Tobgay ( dz, ཚེ་རིང་སྟོབས་རྒྱས།; born 19 September 1965) is a Bhutanese politician, environmentalist, and cultural advocate who was the Prime Minister of Bhutan from July 2013 to August 2018. Tobgay is ...

(2014–18) , {{flagdeco, Sierra Leone

Julius Maada Bio Julius Maada Wonie Bio (born 12 May 1964) is a Sierra Leonean politician, and the current president of Sierra Leone since 4 April 2018. He is a retired brigadier general in the Sierra Leone Army and was the military head of state of Sierra Leo ...

(since 2018) , {{flagdeco, Sierra Leone

Ernest Bai Koroma Ernest Bai Koroma (born 2 October 1953) is a Sierra Leonean politician who served as the fourth President of Sierra Leone from 17 September 2007 to 4 April 2018. Born and raised in Makeni in northern Sierra Leone, Koroma spent more than 24 ...

(2014–18) , {{flagdeco, Guatemala

Alejandro Giammattei Alejandro Eduardo Giammattei Falla (; born 9 March 1956) is a Guatemalan politician who is serving as the president of Guatemala since 2020. He is a former director of the Guatemalan penitentiary system and participated in Guatemala's president ...

(since 2020) , {{flagdeco, Guatemala

Jimmy Morales Jimmy Morales (born James Ernesto Morales Cabrera, ; 18 March 1969) is a Guatemalan politician, actor and comedian. From 2016 to 2020, he served as the 50th president of Guatemala. Early and personal life Morales was born in Guatemala City ...

(2016–20) , {{flagdeco, Guatemala

Alejandro Maldonado Alejandro Baltazar Maldonado Aguirre (born January 6, 1936) is a Guatemalan statesman who was the Acting President of Guatemala, following the Congress of Guatemala's acceptance of the resignation of President Otto Pérez Molina on September 3, ...

(2015–16) , {{flagdeco, Guatemala

Otto Pérez Molina Otto Fernando Pérez Molina (born 1 December 1950) is a Guatemalan politician and retired general, who was President of Guatemala from 2012 to 2015. Standing as the Patriotic Party (''Partido Patriota'') candidate, he lost the 2007 president ...

(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, Paraguay

Mario Abdo Benítez Mario Abdo Benítez (; born 10 November 1971) is a Paraguayan politician who has served as the president of Paraguay since 2018. He was previously a senator and President of the Senate. Early life and education Abdo Benítez was born in Asun ...

(since 2018) , {{flagdeco, Paraguay

Horacio Cartes Horacio Manuel Cartes Jara (born 5 July 1956) is a Paraguayan businessman and politician who served as the president of Paraguay from 2013 to 2018. He is a member of the Colorado Party. Cartes owns about two dozen businesses in his Grupo Carte ...

(2014–18) , {{flagdeco, Moldova

Maia Sandu Maia Sandu (; born 24 May 1972) is a Moldovan politician who has been the President of Moldova since 24 December 2020. She is the former leader of the Party of Action and Solidarity (PAS) and former Prime Minister of Moldova from 8 June 2019 ...

(since 2020) , {{flagdeco, Moldova Igor Dodon
(2016–20) , {{flagdeco, Moldova

Nicolae Timofti Nicolae Timofti (; born 22 December 1948 in Ciutulești, Moldavian SSR) is a Moldovan jurist and politician who was President of Moldova from 23 March 2012 until 23 December 2016. He served as head of Moldova's Supreme Magistrate Council and wa ...

(2014–16) , {{flagdeco, Moldova

Natalia Gavrilița Natalia Gavrilița (; born 21 September 1977) is a Moldovan economist and politician who has served as prime minister of Moldova since 2021. Gavrilița was previously proposed as prime minister by Maia Sandu in February 2021, but was rejected ...

(since 2021) , {{flagdeco, Moldova

Aureliu Ciocoi Aureliu Ciocoi (; born 5 June 1968 in Chișinău) is a Moldovan diplomat who has served as Acting Prime Minister of Moldova between 2020 and 2021, as Minister of Foreign Affairs since 9 November 2020. He also served as foreign minister in 2019 a ...

(2020–21) , {{flagdeco, Moldova

Ion Chicu Ion Chicu (; born 28 February 1972) is a Moldovan politician who served as Prime Minister of Moldova between 2019 until his resignation in 2020. Biography He was born on 28 February 1972 in the village of Pîrjolteni, located in the Moldovan C ...

(2019–20) , {{flagdeco, Moldova

Pavel Filip Pavel Filip (born 10 April 1966, Pănășești, Strășeni) is an engineer and politician from the Republic of Moldova. In 2001–2008 he was the director of the Joint-stock company "Bucuria" and in 2008–2011, general manager of Tutun-CTC join ...

(2016–19) , {{flagdeco, Moldova

Gheorghe Brega Gheorghe Brega (born 25 September 1951 in Drepcăuți, Briceni District, Soviet Moldova) is a Moldovan politician who was the acting Prime Minister of Moldova from 30 October 2015 to 20 January 2016. He served as Deputy Prime Minister for Soci ...

(2015–16) , {{flagdeco, Moldova Valeriu Streleț
(2015) , {{flagdeco, Moldova

Natalia Gherman Natalia Gherman (; born 20 March 1969) is a Moldovan politician, who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration and Deputy Prime Minister of Moldova from May 2013 to January 2016. She has served as Special Representative of t ...

(2015) , {{flagdeco, Moldova

Chiril Gaburici Chiril Gaburici (; born 23 November 1976 in Logănești) is a Moldovan businessman and former Prime Minister of Moldova. Biography Chiril Gaburici was born on 23 November 1976, in Logănești, Kotovsk raion of the then Soviet Republic of Mol ...

(2015) , {{flagdeco, Moldova

Iurie Leancă Iurie Leancă (; born 20 October 1963) is a Moldovan politician who was the Prime Minister of Moldova from 2013 until 2015. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration from 2009 to 2013 as part of the First and Second Filat Cabin ...

(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, Bolivia

Luis Arce Luis Alberto Arce Catacora (; born 28 September 1963), often referred to as Lucho, is a Bolivian banker, economist, and politician serving as the 67th president of Bolivia since 2020. A member of the Movement for Socialism, he previously serve ...

(since 2020) , {{flagdeco, Bolivia

Jeanine Áñez Jeanine Áñez Chávez (; born 13 June 1967) is a Bolivian lawyer, politician, and television presenter who served as the 66th president of Bolivia from 2019 to 2020. A former member of the Social Democratic Movement, she previously served two ...

(2019–20) , {{flagdeco, Bolivia

Evo Morales Juan Evo Morales Ayma (; born 26 October 1959) is a Bolivian politician, trade union organizer, and former cocalero activist who served as the 65th president of Bolivia from 2006 to 2019. Widely regarded as the country's first president to c ...

(2014–19) , {{flagdeco, Czech Republic

Miloš Zeman Miloš Zeman (; born 28 September 1944) is a Czech politician serving as the third and current President of the Czech Republic since 2013. He previously served as the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from 1998 to 2002. As leader of the Cze ...

(since 2014) , {{flagdeco, Czech Republic

Petr Fiala Petr Fiala (; born 1 September 1964) is a Czech politician and political scientist who has been the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic since November 2021 and leader of the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) since 2014. He previously served as the ...

(since 2021) , {{flagdeco, Czech Republic Andrej Babiš
(2017–21) , {{flagdeco, Czech Republic

Bohuslav Sobotka Bohuslav Sobotka (; born 23 October 1971) is a Czech politician and lawyer who served as the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from January 2014 to December 2017 and Leader of the Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD) from 2010 until his resig ...

(2014–17) , {{flagdeco, Uruguay Luis Lacalle Pou
(since 2020) , {{flagdeco, Uruguay

Tabaré Vázquez Tabaré Ramón Vázquez Rosas (; ''Vázquez Rosas'' locally ; 17 January 19406 December 2020) was a Uruguayan politician who served as the 41st president of Uruguay from 2015 to 2020. He previously served from 2005 to 2010 as the 39th presiden ...

(2015–20) , {{flagdeco, Uruguay

José Mujica José Alberto "Pepe" Mujica Cordano (; born 20 May 1935) is a Uruguayan politician, former revolutionary and farmer who served as the 40th president of Uruguay from 2010 to 2015. A former guerrilla with the Tupamaros, he was tortured and im ...

(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, Argentina

Alberto Fernández Alberto Ángel Fernández (; born 2 April 1959) is an Argentine politician, lawyer and professor, serving as president of Argentina since 2019. Born in Buenos Aires, Fernández attended the University of Buenos Aires, where he earned his law ...

(since 2019) , {{flagdeco, Argentina

Mauricio Macri Mauricio Macri (; born 8 February 1959) is an Argentine businessman and politician who served as the President of Argentina from 2015 to 2019. He has been the leader of the Republican Proposal (PRO) party since its founding in 2005. He previo ...

(2015–19) , {{flagdeco, Argentina

Cristina Fernández de Kirchner Cristina Elisabet Fernández de Kirchner (; born 19 February 1953), often referred to by her initials CFK, is an Argentine lawyer and politician who has served as the Vice President of Argentina since 2019. She also served as the President o ...

(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, Colombia

Gustavo Petro Gustavo Francisco Petro Urrego (; born 19 April 1960) is a Colombian economist, politician, and former guerrilla fighter who is the current president of Colombia since 2022. After taking office, Petro was considered by analysts as Colombia' ...

(since 2022) , {{flagdeco, Colombia

Iván Duque Iván Duque Márquez (; born 1 August 1976) is a Colombian politician and lawyer who served as the president of Colombia from 2018 to 2022. He was elected as the candidate from the Democratic Centre Party in the 2018 Colombian presidential ...

(2018–22) , {{flagdeco, Colombia

Juan Manuel Santos Juan Manuel Santos Calderón (; born 10 August 1951) is a Colombian politician who was the President of Colombia from 2010 to 2018. He was the sole recipient of the 2016 Nobel Peace Prize. An economist by profession and a journalist by trade ...

(2014–18) , {{flagdeco, Mexico

Andrés Manuel López Obrador Andrés Manuel López Obrador (; born 13 November 1953), also known by his initials AMLO, is a Mexican politician who has been serving as the 65th president of Mexico since 1 December 2018. He previously served as Head of Government of Mex ...

(since 2018) , {{flagdeco, Mexico

Enrique Peña Nieto Enrique Peña Nieto (; born 20 July 1966), commonly referred to by his initials EPN, is a Mexican politician who served as the 64th president of Mexico from 1 December 2012 to 30 November 2018. A member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party ...

(2014–18) , {{flagdeco, Philippines Bongbong Marcos
(since 2022) , {{flagdeco, Philippines Rodrigo Duterte
(2016–22) , {{flagdeco, Philippines

Benigno Aquino III Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III (; February 8, 1960 – June 24, 2021), also known as Noynoy Aquino and colloquially as PNoy, was a Filipino politician who served as the 15th president of the Philippines from 2010 to 2016. The son of ...

(2014–16) , {{flagdeco, Sweden Carl XVI Gustaf
(since 2014) , {{flagdeco, Sweden

Magdalena Andersson Eva Magdalena Andersson (born 23 January 1967) is a Swedish politician and economist who has served as Leader of the Opposition since October 2022 and Leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party since 2021. She has served as a Member of the R ...

(since 2021) , {{flagdeco, Sweden

Stefan Löfven Kjell Stefan Löfven (; officially ''Löfvén''; born 21 July 1957) is a Swedish politician who serves as the President of European Socialists since October 2022. He previously served as Prime Minister of Sweden from October 2014 to November 20 ...

(2014–21) , {{flagdeco, Zimbabwe

Emmerson Mnangagwa Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa (, US: (); born 15 September 1942) is a Zimbabwean politician who has served as President of Zimbabwe since 24 November 2017. A member of ZANU–PF and a longtime ally of former President Robert Mugabe, he held a se ...

(since 2017) , {{flagdeco, Zimbabwe

Phelekezela Mphoko Phelekezela Mphoko (born 11 June 1940) is a Zimbabwean politician, diplomat, businessman and former military commander who served as Second Vice-President of Zimbabwe from 2014 until 2017, as well as Zimbabwe's ambassador to Russia, Botswana an ...

(2017) , {{flagdeco, Zimbabwe

Robert Mugabe Robert Gabriel Mugabe (; ; 21 February 1924 – 6 September 2019) was a Zimbabwean revolutionary and politician who served as Prime Minister of Zimbabwe from 1980 to 1987 and then as President from 1987 to 2017. He served as Leader of the ...

(2014–17) {{Collapsible list , bullets =yes , title = EUFOR RCA: , {{flagdeco, Estonia Alar Karis
(since 2021) , {{flagdeco, Estonia

Kersti Kaljulaid Kersti Kaljulaid (; born 30 December 1969) is an Estonian politician who served as the fifth president of Estonia between 2016 and 2021. She was also the first and only female head of state of Estonia since the country declared independence in ...

(2016–21) , {{flagdeco, Estonia

Toomas Hendrik Ilves Toomas Hendrik Ilves (; born 26 December 1953) is an Estonian politician who served as the fourth president of Estonia from 2006 until 2016. Ilves worked as a diplomat and journalist, and he was the leader of the Social Democratic Party in the ...

(2014–16) , {{flagdeco, Estonia Kaja Kallas
(since 2021) , {{flagdeco, Estonia Jüri Ratas
(2016–21) , {{flagdeco, Estonia

Taavi Rõivas Taavi Rõivas (; born 26 September 1979) is a Estonian politician, former Prime Minister of Estonia from 2014 to 2016 and former leader of the Reform Party. Before his term as the Prime Minister, Rõivas was the Minister of Social Affairs fro ...

(2014–16) , {{flagdeco, Finland Sauli Niinistö
(since 2014) , {{flagdeco, Finland

Sanna Marin Sanna Mirella Marin (; born 16 November 1985) is a Finnish politician who has been serving as the Prime Minister of Finland since 2019. A member of the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP), she has been a Member of Parliament since 2015. ...

(since 2019) , {{flagdeco, Finland

Antti Rinne Antti Juhani Rinne (; born 3 November 1962) is a Finnish politician who served as Prime Minister of Finland from June to December 2019, and served as Leader of the Social Democratic Party between 2014 and 2020. Biography A lawyer by profession, ...

(2019) , {{flagdeco, Finland

Juha Sipilä Juha Petri Sipilä (; born 25 April 1961) is a Finnish politician who served as Prime Minister of Finland from 2015 to 2019. A relative newcomer to politics, he has a successful background in business. He was the leader of the Centre Party fr ...

(2015–19) , {{flagdeco, Finland

Alexander Stubb Cai-Göran Alexander Stubb (born 1 April 1968) is a Finnish politician who served as Prime Minister of Finland from 2014 to 2015. He rose to politics as a researcher specialized in the affairs of the European Union and was elected to the European ...

(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, Georgia

Salome Zourabichvili Salome Zourabichvili ( ka, სალომე ზურაბიშვილი, ; born 18 March 1952) is a Franco-Georgian political figure and former diplomat who currently serves as the fifth President of Georgia, in office since December 2018 ...

(since 2018) , {{flagdeco, Georgia

Giorgi Margvelashvili Giorgi Margvelashvili ( ka, გიორგი მარგველაშვილი; born 4 September 1969) is a Georgian academic and politician who was the fourth President of Georgia, in office from 17 November 2013 to 16 December 2018. ...

(2014–18) , {{flagdeco, Georgia

Irakli Garibashvili Irakli Garibashvili ( ka, ირაკლი ღარიბაშვილი, also transliterated as Gharibashvili; born 28 June 1982) is a Georgian politician and a former business executive who serves as the prime minister of Georgia since 22 ...

(since 2021, 2013–15) , {{flagdeco, Georgia

Giorgi Gakharia Giorgi Zauris dze Gakharia ( ka, გიორგი ზაურის ძე გახარია; born 19 March 1975) is a Georgian politician who served as the 14th Prime Minister of Georgia from 8 September 2019 until his resignation on 18 ...

(2019–21) , {{flagdeco, Georgia Mamuka Bakhtadze
(2018–19) , {{flagdeco, Georgia

Giorgi Kvirikashvili Giorgi Kvirikashvili ( ka, გიორგი კვირიკაშვილი; born 20 July 1967) is a Georgian politician who was Prime Minister of Georgia from 30 December 2015 to 13 June 2018. Prior to that he was Minister of Economy and ...

(2015–18) , {{flagdeco, Latvia

Egils Levits Egils Levits (born 30 June 1955) is a Latvian politician, lawyer, political scientist and jurist who has served as the tenth president of Latvia since 8 July 2019. He was a member of the European Court of Justice from 2004 to 2019. During the la ...

(since 2019) , {{flagdeco, Latvia

Raimonds Vējonis Raimonds Vējonis (born 15 June 1966) is a Latvian politician who served as the 9th President of Latvia from 2015 to 2019 and the president of the Latvian Basketball Association since 2020. He is a member of the Latvian Green Party, part of the ...

(2015–19) , {{flagdeco, Latvia Andris Bērziņš
(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, Latvia Arturs Krišjānis Kariņš
(since 2019) , {{flagdeco, Latvia

Māris Kučinskis Māris Kučinskis (born 28 November 1961) is a Latvian politician and former Prime Minister of Latvia. Early life and career Māris Kučinskis was born on 28 November 1961, in Limbaži District, Latvia, where he lived until the age of 16. Af ...

(2016–19) , {{flagdeco, Latvia

Laimdota Straujuma Laimdota Straujuma (born 24 February 1951) is a Latvian economist who was the Prime Minister of Latvia from January 2014 to February 2016. Before her tenure as Prime Minister, she served as Minister of Agriculture from 2011 to 2014. She was the fi ...

(2014–16) , {{flagdeco, Luxembourg Henri
(since 2014) , {{flagdeco, Luxembourg

Xavier Bettel Xavier Bettel (; born 3 March 1973) is a Luxembourger lawyer and politician serving as Prime Minister of Luxembourg since 2013. He was previously a member of the Chamber of Deputies (1999–2013) and Mayor of Luxembourg City (2011–2013). Be ...

(since 2014) , {{flagdeco, Netherlands

Willem-Alexander Willem-Alexander (; Willem-Alexander Claus George Ferdinand; born ) is King of the Netherlands, having acceded to the throne following his mother's abdication in 2013. Willem-Alexander was born in Utrecht as the oldest child of Princess Beat ...

(since 2014) , {{flagdeco, Netherlands

Mark Rutte Mark Rutte (; born 14 February 1967) is a Dutch politician who has served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands since 2010 and Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) since 2006. After a business career working for Unileve ...

(since 2014) , {{flagdeco, Portugal

Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa Marcelo Nuno Duarte Rebelo de Sousa (; born 12 December 1948) is a Portuguese politician and academic. He is the 20th and current president of Portugal, since 9 March 2016. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party, though he suspended hi ...

(since 2016) , {{flagdeco, Portugal Aníbal Cavaco Silva
(2014–16) , {{flagdeco, Portugal António Costa
(since 2015) , {{flagdeco, Portugal

Pedro Passos Coelho Pedro Manuel Mamede Passos Coelho (; born 24 July 1964) is a Portuguese politician and university guest lecturer who was the 118th prime minister of Portugal, in office from 2011 to 2015. He was the leader of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) b ...

(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, Poland

Andrzej Duda Andrzej Sebastian Duda (; born 16 May 1972) is a Polish lawyer and politician who has served as president of Poland since 6 August 2015. Before becoming president, Andrzej Duda was a member of Polish Lower House (Sejm) from 2011 to 2014 and th ...

(since 2015) , {{flagdeco, Poland

Bronisław Komorowski Bronisław Maria Komorowski (; born 4 June 1952) is a Polish politician and historian who served as President of Poland from 2010 to 2015. Komorowski served as Minister of Defence from 2000 to 2001. As Marshal of the Sejm, Komorowski exercis ...

(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, Poland

Mateusz Morawiecki Mateusz Jakub Morawiecki (; born 20 June 1968) is a Polish economist, historian and politician who has served as prime minister of Poland since 2017. A member of Law and Justice (PiS), he previously served in the cabinet of prime minister Beata ...

(since 2017) , {{flagdeco, Poland

Beata Szydło Beata Maria Szydło (, née Kusińska , 15 April 1963) is a Polish politician who has served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) since 2019. A member of Law and Justice (PiS), she previously served as Prime Minister of Poland from 2015 ...

(2015–17) , {{flagdeco, Poland

Ewa Kopacz Ewa Bożena Kopacz (; née Lis; born 3 December 1956) is a Polish politician who has served as a Vice-President of the European Parliament since 2019. She previously was Marshal of the Sejm from 2011 to 2014, the first woman to hold the office, a ...

(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, Romania Klaus Iohannis
(since 2014) , {{flagdeco, Romania

Nicolae Ciucă Nicolae Ionel Ciucă (; born 7 February 1967) is a Romanian politician and retired general of the Romanian Land Forces. Ideologically a conservative, he has been serving as Prime Minister of Romania since 25 November 2021 after receiving widespr ...

(since 2021) , {{flagdeco, Romania

Florin Cîțu Florin Vasile Cîțu (; born 1 April 1972) is a Romanian politician who served as Prime Minister of Romania between December 2020 and November 2021 (acting (law), acting/ad interim between October and November 2021). Between September 2021 and A ...

(2020–21) , {{flagdeco, Romania

Ludovic Orban Ludovic Orban (; born 25 May 1963) is a Romanian engineer and politician who served as the Prime Minister of Romania from November 2019 to December 2020. He was president of the National Liberal Party (PNL) between 2017 and 2021, which expelled ...

(2019–20) , {{flagdeco, Romania

Viorica Dăncilă Vasilica Viorica Dăncilă (; born 16 December 1963) is a Romanian politician, former leader of the Social Democratic Party (PSD), and was Prime Minister of Romania from 29 January 2018 to 4 November 2019. She is the first woman in Romanian his ...

(2018–19) , {{flagdeco, Romania Mihai Tudose
(2017–18) , {{flagdeco, Romania

Sorin Grindeanu Sorin Mihai Grindeanu (; born 5 December 1973) is a Romanian politician who served as Prime Minister of Romania from January to June 2017 when he was removed by a motion of no confidence adopted by the Parliament. He served as ad interim Presid ...

(2017) , {{flagdeco, Romania

Dacian Cioloș Dacian Julien Cioloș (; born 27 July 1969) is a Romanian agronomist who served as Prime Minister of Romania from November 2015 to January 2017. He previously served as Agriculture Minister under Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu between October 2007 and ...

(2015–17) , {{flagdeco, Romania

Victor Ponta Victor Viorel Ponta (; born 20 September 1972) is a Romanian jurist and politician, who served as Prime Minister of Romania between his appointment by President Traian Băsescu in May 2012 and his resignation in November 2015. A former member of ...

(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, Spain

Felipe VI Felipe VI (;, * eu, Felipe VI.a, * ca, Felip VI, * gl, Filipe VI, . Felipe Juan Pablo Alfonso de Todos los Santos de Borbón y Grecia; born 30 January 1968) is King of Spain. He is the son of former King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofía, and ...

(since 2014) , {{flagdeco, Spain

Pedro Sánchez Pedro Sánchez Pérez-Castejón (; born 29 February 1972) is a Spanish politician who has been Prime Minister of Spain since June 2018. He has also been Secretary-General of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) since June 2017, having pr ...

(since 2018) , {{flagdeco, Spain

Mariano Rajoy Mariano Rajoy Brey (; born 27 March 1955) is a Spanish politician who served as Prime Minister of Spain from 2011 to 2018, when a vote of no confidence ousted his government. On 5 June 2018, he announced his resignation as People's Party lead ...

(2014–18) , {{flagdeco, Italy

Sergio Mattarella Sergio Mattarella (; born 23 July 1941) is an Italian politician, jurist, academic and lawyer who has served as the president of Italy since 2015. A Christian leftist politician, Mattarella was a leading member of the Christian Democracy par ...

(since 2015) , {{flagdeco, Italy Giorgio Napolitano
(2014–15) , {{flagdeco, Italy

Giorgia Meloni Giorgia Meloni (; born 15 January 1977) is an Italian politician who has been serving as the Prime Minister of Italy since 22 October 2022, the first woman to hold this position. A member of the Chamber of Deputies since 2006, she has led the ...

(since 2022) , {{flagdeco, Italy

Mario Draghi Mario Draghi (; born 3 September 1947) is an Italian economist, academic, banker and civil servant who served as prime minister of Italy from February 2021 to October 2022. Prior to his appointment as prime minister, he served as President of ...

(2021–22) , {{flagdeco, Italy

Giuseppe Conte Giuseppe Conte (; born 8 August 1964) is an Italian jurist, academic, and politician who served as prime minister of Italy from June 2018 to February 2021. He has been the president of the Five Star Movement (M5S) since August 2021. Conte ...

(2018–21) , {{flagdeco, Italy

Paolo Gentiloni Paolo Gentiloni Silveri (; born 22 November 1954) is an Italian politician who has served as European Commissioner for Economy in the von der Leyen Commission since 1 December 2019. He previously served as prime minister of Italy from December ...

(2016–18) , {{flagdeco, Italy

Matteo Renzi Matteo Renzi (; born 11 January 1975) is an Italian politician who served as prime minister of Italy from 2014 to 2016. He has been a senator for Florence since 2018. Renzi has served as the leader of Italia Viva (IV) since 2019, having bee ...

(2014–16) {{Collapsible list , bullets =yes , title = MICOPAX: , {{flagdeco, Angola João Lourenço
(since 2017) , {{flagdeco, Angola

José Eduardo dos Santos José Eduardo dos Santos (; 28 August 1942 – 8 July 2022) was the president of Angola from 1979 to 2017. As president, dos Santos was also the commander-in-chief of the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA) and president of the People's Movement for ...

(2013–17) , {{flagdeco, Cameroon

Paul Biya Paul Biya (born Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo; 13 February 1933) is a Cameroonian politician who has served as the president of Cameroon since 6 November 1982.

(since 2013) , {{flagdeco, Cameroon

Joseph Ngute Joseph Dion Ngute (born 12 March 1954) is a Cameroonian politician currently serving as the 9th Prime Minister of Cameroon, following his appointment in January 2019. He succeeded Philémon Yang, who had held the post since 2009. Career Ngut ...

(since 2019) , {{flagdeco, Cameroon

Philémon Yang Philémon Yunji Yang (born June 14, 1947Profile at Cameroonian ...

(2013–19) , {{flagdeco, Chad Mahamat Déby Itno
(since 2021) , {{flagdeco, Chad

Idriss Déby Idriss Déby Itno ' (18 June 1952 – 20 April 2021) was a Chadian politician and military officer who was the president of Chad from 1990 until his death in 2021. Déby was a member of the Bidayat clan of the Zaghawa ethnic group. A high-ranki ...

{{KIA
(2013–16, 2016–21) , {{flagdeco, Chad Albert Pahimi Padacké
(since 2021, 2016–18) , {{flagdeco, Chad Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet
(2013–16) , {{flagdeco, Republic of the Congo

Denis Sassou Nguesso Denis Sassou Nguesso (born 23 November 1943) is a Congolese politician and former military officer. He became president of the Republic of the Congo in 1997. He served a previous term as president from 1979 to 1992. During his first period as ...

(since 2013) , {{flagdeco, Republic of the Congo

Anatole Collinet Makosso Anatole Collinet Makosso (born 1965) has served as the prime minister of the Republic of the Congo since 2021. He has also served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of Primary and Secondary Education from 2015 to 2021, and as the M ...

(since 2021) , {{flagdeco, Republic of the Congo

Clément Mouamba Clément Mouamba (13 November 1943 – 29 October 2021) was a Congolese politician who was Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo from 2016 until 2021. He previously served as Minister of Finance from 1992 to 1993. Political career Mouamb ...

(2016–21) , {{flagdeco, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Félix Tshisekedi Félix Antoine Tshisekedi Tshilombo (; born 13 June 1963) is a Congolese politician who has been the President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo since 24 January 2019. He is the leader of the Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS) ...

(since 2019) , {{flagdeco, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Joseph Kabila Joseph Kabila Kabange ( , ; born 4 June 1971) is a Congolese politician who served as President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between January 2001 and January 2019. He took office ten days after the assassination of his father, Pres ...

(2013–19) , {{flagdeco, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Jean-Michel Sama Lukonde Jean-Michel Sama Lukonde Kyenge (born 4 August 1977) is a Congolese politician from the former Katanga Province who has occupied the role of Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo since 15 February 2021. He was named the day of t ...

(since 2021) , {{flagdeco, Democratic Republic of the Congo Sylvestre Ilunga
(2019–21) , {{flagdeco, Democratic Republic of the Congo Bruno Tshibala
(2017–19) , {{flagdeco, Democratic Republic of the Congo Samy Badibanga
(2016–17) , {{flagdeco, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Matata Ponyo Mapon Matata Ponyo Mapon (born 5 June 1964) is a Congolese political figure who was Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 18 April 2012 to 17 November 2016. Previously he served as Minister of Finance from 21 February 2010 to 12 A ...

(2013–16) , {{flagdeco, Gabon

Ali Bongo Ondimba Ali Bongo Ondimba (born Alain Bernard Bongo; 9 February 1959),"Bongo Ali", ''Gabon: Les hommes de pouvoir'', number 4Africa Intelligence 5 March 2002 . sometimes known as Ali Bongo, is a Gabonese politician who has been the third president of Ga ...

(since 2013) , {{flagdeco, Gabon

Rose Christiane Raponda Rose Christiane Ossouka Raponda (born 1964) is a Gabonese politician who is serving as Prime Minister of Gabon since 16 July 2020, making her the first female prime minister of the country. She previously served as the Mayor of Libreville and l ...

(since 2020) , {{flagdeco, Gabon

Julien Nkoghe Bekale Julien Nkoghe Bekale is a Gabonese politician who served as the prime minister of Gabon from 2019 to 2020. In the aftermath of the 2019 Gabonese coup d'état attempt, he was appointed prime minister by president Ali Bongo Ondimba on 12 January 201 ...

(2019–20) , {{flagdeco, Gabon

Emmanuel Issoze-Ngondet Franck Emmanuel Issoze-Ngondet (2 April 1961"Gabon : Emmanu ...

(2016–19) , {{flagdeco, Gabon

Daniel Ona Ondo Daniel Ona Ondo (born 10 July 1945) is a Gabonese politician who was Prime Minister of Gabon from January 2014 to September 2016. He previously served as Minister of Education and First Vice-President of the National Assembly. He is a member of th ...

(2014–16) , {{flagdeco, Gabon

Raymond Ndong Sima Raymond Ndong Sima (born 23 January 1955"Raymond Ndong Sima : un homme d'action"

(2013–14) , {{flagdeco, Burundi

Évariste Ndayishimiye General Évariste Ndayishimiye (born 1968) is a Burundian politician who has served as President of Burundi since 18 June 2020. He became involved in the rebel National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democrac ...

(since 2020) , {{flagdeco, Burundi

Pierre Nkurunziza Pierre Nkurunziza (18 December 19648 June 2020) was a Burundian politician who served as the ninth president of Burundi for almost 15 years from August 2005 until his death in June 2020. A member of the Hutu ethnic group, Nkurunziza taught ph ...

(2013–20) , {{flagdeco, Burundi

Gervais Ndirakobuca Gervais Ndirakobuca (born 1970) is a Burundian former rebel commander and police commissioner serving as the Prime Minister of Burundi since 7 September 2022. Prior to that, he was the Minister of Interior, Public Security, and Community Develo ...

(since 2022) , {{flagdeco, Burundi Alain-Guillaume Bunyoni
(2020–22) , {{flagdeco, São Tomé and Príncipe Carlos Vila Nova
(since 2021) , {{flagdeco, São Tomé and Príncipe

Evaristo Carvalho Evaristo do Espírito Santo Carvalho (22 October 1941 – 28 May 2022) was a São Toméan politician who served as the fourth president of São Tomé and Príncipe from 2016 to 2021. He was previously the prime minister of the country on two o ...

(2016–21) , {{flagdeco, São Tomé and Príncipe

Manuel Pinto da Costa Manuel Pinto da Costa (born 5 August 1937) is a Santomean economist and politician who served as the first president of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1975 to 1991. He again served as president from 2011 to 2016. Life and career Educated in Eas ...

(2013–16) , {{flagdeco, São Tomé and Príncipe Jorge Bom Jesus
(since 2018) , {{flagdeco, São Tomé and Príncipe Patrice Trovoada
(2014–18) , {{flagdeco, São Tomé and Príncipe Gabriel Costa
(2013–14)) , {{flagdeco, Equatorial Guinea

Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (; born 5 June 1942) is an Equatoguinean politician and former military officer who has served as the second president of Equatorial Guinea since August 1979. He is the longest-serving president of any country ev ...

(since 2013) , {{flagdeco, Equatorial Guinea Francisco Pascual Obama Asue
(since 2016) , {{flagdeco, Equatorial Guinea Vicente Ehate Tomi
(2013–16) , {{flagdeco, Morocco

Mohammed VI Muhammad VI may refer to: * Muhammad Imaaduddeen VI (1868–1932), sultan of the Maldives from 1893 to 1902 * Mehmed VI (1861–1926), sultan of Ottoman Empire, from 1918 to 1922 * Mohammed VI of Morocco Mohammed VI ( ar, محمد الساد ...

(since 2013) , {{flagdeco, Morocco

Aziz Akhannouch Aziz Akhannouch (; ; born 1961) is a Moroccan politician, businessman, and billionaire who is currently the Prime Minister of Morocco since his government took office on 7 October 2021. He is the CEO of Akwa Group and also served as Minister of A ...

(since 2021) , {{flagdeco, Morocco

Saadeddine Othmani Saadeddine Othmani ( ber, ⵙⴰⵄⴷ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵍⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵉ; ar, سعد الدين العثماني; born 16 January 1956), sometimes translated as Saad Eddine el-Othmani, is a Moroccan politician. He served as the 16th prime mi ...

(2017–21) , {{flagdeco, Morocco

Abdelilah Benkirane Abdelilah Benkirane ( ar, عبد الإله بنكيران, born 2 April 1954) is a Moroccan politician who was Prime Minister of Morocco from November 2011 to March 2017. After having won a plurality of seats in the 2011 parliamentary election ...

(2013–17) , commander2 = {{flagdeco, Central African Republic François Bozizé (since 2020)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Dar El Kuti Republic.svg

Noureddine Adam Noureddine Adam (born 1970) is the leader of the Central African rebel group, the Popular Front for the Rebirth of Central African Republic (FPRC) in the Central African Republic Civil War. Early career An ethnic Runga, he was born in 1970 in N ...

(FPRC)
{{flagdeco, Central African Republic Ali Darassa (UPC)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Dar El Kuti Republic.svg

Mahamat al-Khatim Mahamat Al-Khatim is a leader of Central African Patriotic Movement armed group in the Central African Republic. Biography Mahamat Al-Khatim is a Baggara Arabs, Chadian Arab belonging to the Salamat ethnic group. At some point, he rebelled agai ...

(MPC)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Lord's Resistance Army.svg

Joseph Kony Joseph Rao Kony (likely born 1961) is a Ugandan militant who founded the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), a Christian fundamentalist organization, designated as a terrorist group by the United Nations Peacekeepers, the European Union and variou ...

(LRA)
Former commanders:
{{flagdeco, Central African Republic

Damane Zakaria Damane Zakaria was a Central African warlord, leader of Patriotic Rally for the Renewal of the Central African Republic armed group. Biography He was born as Moustapha Maloum in Boromata in Vakaga prefecture. He belonged to Goula ethnic group ...

(RPRC){{KIA
{{flagdeco, Central African Republic

{{Surrendered (2013–2014)
{{flagicon image, Flag of Dar El Kuti Republic.svg Joseph Zoundeiko{{KIA{{cite news, date=29 July 2014, title=CAR crisis: Meeting the rebel army chief, url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-28526362, newspaper=BBC News, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928164704/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-28526362, archive-date=28 September 2018, url-status=live
{{flagdeco, Central African Republic Sidiki Abass (3R){{KIA
{{flagdeco, Central African Republic

Maxime Mokom Maxime Jeoffroy Eli Mokom Gawaka is former minister of disarmament in the Central African Republic, and leader of Anti-balaka, arrested in 2022 for his war crimes. Life Mokom was born on 30 December 1978. In 2013 he was of cofounders of milita ...

(AB) {{Surrendered
{{flagdeco, Central African Republic

Dieudonné Ndomaté Dieudonné Ndomaté is former Minister of Arts, Culture and Tourism in the Central African Republic, and leader of Anti-balaka, arrested in 2021 for treason and later acquitted. Life He is a paternal uncle of Rodrigue Ngaibona alias Andjilo, a ...

(AB) {{Surrendered
{{flagdeco, Central African Republic

Patrice Edouard Ngaissona Patrice is a given name meaning ''wiktionary:noble, noble'' or ''Patrician (ancient Rome), patrician'', related to the names Patrick (given name), Patrick and Patricia (disambiguation), Patricia. In English language, English, Patrice is often a fem ...

(AB) {{Surrendered
{{flagdeco, Central African Republic Toumou Deya Gilbert (MLCJ) {{surrendered ''See full list: List of warlords in the Central African Republic'' , strength1 = {{flagdeco, Central African Republic 11,000 (2022)
{{flagdeco, United Nations

: 15,760 (2022){{Cite web, url=https://minusca.unmissions.org/en/facts-and-figures, title=Facts and Figures, date=22 April 2015, website=MINUSCA
{{flagdeco, Russia Wagner Group: 1,200 (2022)
Formerly: {{flagdeco, France 2,000
{{flagdeco, South Africa 200{{cite web, url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/zille-warns-of-car-scandal-1.1494128#.UnfTx_nIvyA, title=Zille warns of 'CAR scandal', access-date=4 November 2013, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210234138/http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/zille-warns-of-car-scandal-1.1494128#.UnfTx_nIvyA, archive-date=10 December 2013, url-status=live

ECCAS The Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS; french: Communauté Économique des États de l'Afrique Centrale, CEEAC; es, Comunidad Económica de los Estados de África Central, CEEAC; pt, Comunidade Económica dos Estados da Áfr ...

: 3,500+ peacekeepers{{cite web, title=More military help sought by UN to protect CAR civilians, url=http://www.theafricanews.net/index.php/sid/220190359/scat/c1ab2109a5bf37ec/ht/More-military-help-sought-by-UN-to-protect-CAR-civilians, access-date=22 February 2014, publisher=The Africa News.Net, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709140952/http://www.theafricanews.net/index.php/sid/220190359/scat/c1ab2109a5bf37ec/ht/More-military-help-sought-by-UN-to-protect-CAR-civilians, archive-date=9 July 2014, url-status=dead , strength2 = 20,000+ (''self-claim'', 2022)
3,000 (''Séléka claim'', 2015)
1,000–2,000 (''other estimates'', 2014)"Seleka, Central Africa's motley rebel coalition"
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913065755/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/seleka-central-africas-motley-rebel-coalition , date=13 September 2014 , Radio Netherlands Worldwide , casualties1 = {{flagdeco, Central African Republic Unknown
{{flagdeco, United Nations 147 killed
{{flagdeco, South Africa 15 soldiers killed
{{flagdeco, France 3 soldiers killed , casualties2 = 500+ rebel casualties (Bangui only, South African claim) , notes =

Civilian casualties:
Unknown number killed or wounded
200,000 internally displaced; 20,000 refugees (1 Aug 2013)
700,000 internally displaced; +288,000 refugees (Feb 2014){{cite book, last1=Casey-Maslen, first1=Stuart, title=The War Report: Armed Conflict in 2013, date=2014, publisher=Oxford University Press, isbn=978-0-19-103764-1, page=411
Total: Thousands killed
13,594+ killed (Oct 2022)

, campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Central African Republic Civil War {{History of the Central African Republic, expanded=all The Central African Republic Civil War is an ongoing civil war in the

(CAR) involving the government, rebels from the

coalition, and

militias.

Uppsala Conflict Data Program The Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) is a data collection program on organized violence, based at Uppsala University in Sweden. The UCDP is a leading provider of data on organized violence and armed conflict, and it is the oldest ongoing data ...

Conflict Encyclopedia,

, In depth: The Seleka Rebellion, viewed 16 May 2013, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=31®ionSelect=2-Southern_Africa# {{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212110026/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=31®ionSelect=2-Southern_Africa , date=12 December 2013 In the preceding

Central African Republic Bush War The Central African Republic Bush War was a civil war in the Central African Republic between Union of Democratic Forces for Unity (UFDR) rebels and government forces. The rebellion began after François Bozizé seized the nation's preside ...

(2004–2007), the government of President François Bozizé fought with rebels until a peace agreement in 2007. The current conflict arose when a new coalition of varied rebel groups, known as ''{{lang, sg, Séléka'', accused the government of failing to abide by the peace agreements, captured many towns in 2012 and seized the capital in 2013. Bozizé fled the country, and the rebel leader

declared himself President. Renewed fighting began between Séléka and militias opposed to them called

. In September 2013, President Djotodia disbanded the ''Séléka'' coalition, which had lost its unity after taking power, and resigned in 2014.{{cite news , url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-centralafrican-djotodia-idUSBREA090GT20140110 , title=Central African Republic president, PM resign at summit: statement , work=Reuters , access-date=10 January 2014 , date=10 January 2014 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013022708/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/10/us-centralafrican-djotodia-idUSBREA090GT20140110 , archive-date=13 October 2015 , url-status=live {{cite web, url=http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20140110-car-president-djotodia-and-pm-tiangaye-resign, title=CAR president Djotodia and PM Tiangaye resign, publisher=Radio France Internationale, date=10 January 2014, access-date=13 January 2014, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111221956/http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20140110-car-president-djotodia-and-pm-tiangaye-resign, archive-date=11 January 2014, url-status=live He was replaced by

, but the conflict continued.{{cite web, url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/01/new-car-pm-says-ending-atrocities-priority-2014126124325498176.html, title=New CAR PM says ending atrocities is priority, publisher=Al Jazeera, access-date=28 January 2014, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205224521/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/01/new-car-pm-says-ending-atrocities-priority-2014126124325498176.html, archive-date=5 February 2015, url-status=live In July 2014, ex-Séléka factions and Anti-balaka representatives signed a ceasefire agreement. By the end of 2014, the country was de facto partitioned with the Anti-Balaka controlling the south and west, from which most

Muslims Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abrah ...

had evacuated, and ex-Séléka groups controlling the north and east.{{cite web, url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/10/28/one-day-we-will-start-a-big-war-central-african-republic-un-violence/, title=One day we will start a big war, work=Foreign Policy, access-date=13 February 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205203123/http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/10/28/one-day-we-will-start-a-big-war-central-african-republic-un-violence/, archive-date=5 February 2017, url-status=live

, who was elected President in 2016, ran and won the 2020 election, that triggered the main rebel factions to form an alliance opposed to the election called the

, which was coordinated by former President Bozizé. Peacekeeping largely transitioned from the

led MICOPAX to the African Union led

to the

United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmoniz ...

led

, while the French peacekeeping mission was known as

Operation Sangaris Operation Sangaris was a military intervention of the French military in the Central African Republic, from late 2013 till 2016. It was the seventh French military intervention there since the independence of the country in 1960. On 30 October 20 ...

. Much of the tension is over religious identity between Muslim

fighters and Christian

, and ethnic differences among ex-Séléka factions, and historical antagonism between agriculturalists, who largely comprise Anti-balaka, and nomadic groups, who constitute most Séléka fighters.{{cite web, url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/07/displaced-forgotten-central-african-republic-160717113644108.html, title=Displaced and forgotten in Central African Republic, publisher=Al Jazeera, access-date=14 February 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215121142/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/07/displaced-forgotten-central-african-republic-160717113644108.html, archive-date=15 February 2017, url-status=live Other contributing factors include the struggle for control of diamonds and other resources in the resource-rich country and for influence among regional powers such as Chad, Sudan and Rwanda and international powers such as

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...

and

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...

. More than 1.1 million people have fled their homes in a country of about 5 million people, the highest ever recorded in the country.{{cite news, url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-22/blast-at-concert-shows-central-african-republic-s-religious-rift, title=Concert Blast Shows Central African Republic Religious Rift, publisher=Bloomberg, access-date=26 November 2017, date=21 November 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030757/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-22/blast-at-concert-shows-central-african-republic-s-religious-rift, archive-date=1 December 2017, url-status=live

Background

{{Main, Central African Republic Bush War Rebel in northern CAR 02

The peacekeeping force Multinational Force in the Central African Republic (FOMUC) was formed in October 2002 by the regional economic community

Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa The Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS; french: Communauté Économique des États de l'Afrique Centrale, CEEAC; es, Comunidad Económica de los Estados de África Central, CEEAC; pt, Comunidade Económica dos Estados da Áfr ...

(CEMAC).{{cite web, title=HISTORIQUE DE L'OPÉRATION MICOPAX, url=http://www.operationspaix.net/77-historique-micopax.html, access-date=22 February 2017, publisher=RÉSEAU DE RECHERCHE SUR LES OPÉRATIONS DE PAIX, date=1 February 2012, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508222935/http://www.operationspaix.net/77-historique-micopax.html, archive-date=8 May 2017, url-status=live{{cite web , title= Central African Republic , url= http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-99_en.htm , access-date= 22 February 2017 , publisher= European Commission , date= 10 February 2014 , archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170223130404/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-99_en.htm , archive-date= 23 February 2017 , url-status= live , df= dmy-all After François Bozizé seized power in 2003, the

(2004–2007) began with the rebellion by the

Union of Democratic Forces for Unity Union of Democratic Forces for Unity (french: Union des Forces Démocratiques pour le Rassemblement, UFDR) was a rebel group which fought against the government in the Central African Republic Bush War. The Central African Republic has accused t ...

(UFDR) in northeastern CAR, led by

. During this conflict, the UFDR rebel forces also fought with several other rebel groups including the Group of Patriotic Action for the Liberation of Central Africa (GAPLC), the

Convention of Patriots for Justice and Peace The Convention of Patriots for Justice and Peace (CPJP) is a rebel group in the Central African Republic (CAR), which was involved in fighting in the Central African Republic Bush War starting in 2004. On June 12, 2011, the CPJP signed a ceasefire ...

(CPJP), the People's Army for the Restoration of Democracy (APRD), the

Movement of Central African Liberators for Justice Movement may refer to: Common uses * Movement (clockwork), the internal mechanism of a timepiece * Motion, commonly referred to as movement Arts, entertainment, and media Literature * "Movement" (short story), a short story by Nancy Fu ...

(MLCJ), and the

Democratic Front of the Central African People The Democratic Front of the Central African People (french: Front démocratique du peuple centrafricain; FDPC) is an anti-government militia in the Central African Republic. It is one of the major combatants in the Central African Republic Bush War ...

(FDPC). Tens of thousands of people were displaced by the unrest, which continued until 2007, with rebel forces seizing several cities during the conflict.{{citation needed, date=June 2021 ECCAS and CEMAC

On 13 April 2007, a peace agreement between the government and the UFDR was signed in

Birao Birao is the capital of Vakaga, one of the 14 prefectures of the Central African Republic and was an administrative post in the colony of Ubangui-Shari. In March 2007, the town was almost completely burnt down in the fighting between rebels a ...

. The agreement provided for an amnesty for the UFDR, its recognition as a political party, and the integration of its fighters into the army. Further negotiations resulted in a Libreville Global Peace Accord agreement in 2008 for reconciliation, a unity government, local elections in 2009 and parliamentary and presidential elections in 2010. The new unity government that resulted was formed in January 2009. On 12 July 2008, with the waning of the

, the larger overlapping regional economic community to CEMAC called the

Economic Community of Central African States The Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS; french: Communauté Économique des États de l'Afrique Centrale, CEEAC; es, Comunidad Económica de los Estados de África Central, CEEAC; pt, Comunidade Económica dos Estados da Áfr ...

(ECCAS), replaced FOMUC, whose mandate was largely restricted to security, with the Central African Peacebuilding Mission (MICOPAX), who had a broader peace building mandate. Rebel groups alleged that Bozizé had not followed the terms of the 2007 agreement and that there continued to be political abuses, especially in the northern part of the country, such as "torture and illegal executions".{{cite news, url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/12/world/africa/rebels-agree-to-cease-fire-in-central-african-republic.html, title=Rebel Coalition in the Central African Republic Agrees to a Short Cease-Fire, last=Sayare, first=Scott, date=11 January 2013, work=The New York Times, access-date=12 January 2013, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329221513/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/12/world/africa/rebels-agree-to-cease-fire-in-central-african-republic.html?_r=0, archive-date=29 March 2014, url-status=live

Course of the conflict

{{See also, Timeline of the Central African Republic Civil War

Toppling Bozizé (2012–2013)

Formation of Séléka

In August 2012 a peace agreement was signed between the government and the CPJP. On 20 August 2012, an agreement was signed between a dissident faction of the CPJP, led by Colonel Hassan Al Habib calling itself Fundamental CPJP, and the

Patriotic Convention for Saving the Country The Patriotic Convention for Saving the Country (CPSK) is a militia in the Central African Republic. The organization's native name, ''Convention Patriotique pour le Salut du Kodro'', is a combination of French French (french: français(e), link ...

(CPSK). Al Habib announced that, in protest of the peace agreement, the Fundamental CPJP was launching an offensive dubbed "Operation Charles Massi", in memory of the CPJP founder who was allegedly tortured and murdered by the government, and that his group intended to overthrow Bozizé. In September, Fundamental CPJP, using the French name ''Alliance CPSK-CPJP,'' took responsibility for attacks on the towns of

Sibut Sibut (), formerly Fort Sibut (french: Fort-Sibut) is the capital of Kémo, one of the 16 prefectures of the Central African Republic. An important transport hub, it is situated north of the capital Bangui and is known for its market. Sibut is ...

, Damara and

Dekoa Dekoa (Dékoua) is a sub-prefecture and town in the Kémo Prefecture of the south-eastern Central African Republic. History In the nineteenth century freebooter Rabih az-Zubayr brought Dekoa under his sway and made it a part of the Bornu Empire. ...

, killing two members of the army. It claimed that it had killed two additional members of the

(FACA) in Damara, capturing military and civilian vehicles, weapons including rockets, and communications equipment, and launched unsuccessful assault on a fourth town,

Grimari Grimari is a city located in the Ouaka prefecture in Central African Republic, approximately away from the capital, Bangui. The politician Abel Goumba was born in Grimari. History On March 1, 1910, Grimari replaced Pouyamba as the capital of ...

, and promised more operations in the future. Mahamath Isseine Abdoulaye, president of the pro-government CPJP faction, countered that the CPJP was committed to the peace agreement and the attacks were the work of Chadian rebels, saying this group of "thieves" would never be able to march on

Bangui Bangui () (or Bangî in Sango, formerly written Bangi in English) is the capital and largest city of the Central African Republic. It was established as a French outpost in 1889 and named after its location on the northern bank of the Ubangi ...

. Al Habib was killed by FACA on 19 September in Daya, a town north of

. In November 2012, in

Obo Obo is the capital of Haut-Mbomou, one of the 14 Prefectures of the Central African Republic, prefectures of the Central African Republic. It is close to the Pole of inaccessibility#Africa, African Pole of Inaccessibility. Poste Airport is loca ...

, FACA soldiers were injured in an attack attributed to Chadian Popular Front for Recovery rebels. On 10 December 2012, the rebels seized the towns of

N'Délé N'Délé or Ndele is a market town and sub prefecture in the north eastern Central African Republic, lying east of the Bamingui-Bangoran National Park. Ndélé is the capital of Bamingui-Bangoran, one of the 14 prefectures of the Central African ...

, Sam Ouandja and

Ouadda Ouadda is a town located in the Central African Republic prefecture of Haute-Kotto. History On 10 December 2012, the rebels from Séléka seized Ouadda, as well as weapons left by fleeing soldiers. In 2021 Ouadda was under control of ex-Sélék ...

, as well as weapons left by fleeing soldiers. On 15 December, rebel forces took Bamingui, and three days later they advanced to Bria, moving closer to

. The ''Alliance CPSK-CPJP'' for the first time used the name

(meaning "union" in the

Sango language Sango (also spelled Sangho) is the primary language spoken in the Central African Republic and also the official language of the country. It is used as a lingua franca across the country and had 450,000 native speakers in 1988. It also has 1.6 ...

) with a press release calling itself "Séléka CPSK-CPJP-UFDR", thus including the

(UFDR). The ''Séléka'' claim they are fighting because of a lack of progress after a peace deal ended the Bush War. Following an appeal for help from Central African President François Bozizé, the

President of Chad This is a list of heads of state of Chad since the country gained independence from France in 1960 to the present day. A total of six people have served as head of state of Chad (not counting two Interim Heads of State). Additionally, one pers ...

, pledged to send 2,000 troops to help quell the rebellion. The first Chadian troops arrived on 18 December 2012 to reinforce the CAR contingent in

Kaga-Bandoro Kaga-Bandoro is a market town and capital of the Nana-Grébizi prefecture of the Central African Republic. It represents the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kaga–Bandoro. History On 25 December 2012 rebels from Séléka coalition took ...

, in preparation for a counter-attack on

. ''Séléka'' forces took

Kabo Kabo is a town in the northern Central African Republic, lying north west of Kaga Bandoro. It is a market town and the border post for Chad. History The northern nomads in the Central African Republic resented the central government and a rebel ...

on 19 December, a major hub for transport between Chad and CAR, located west and north of the areas previously taken by the rebels. On 18 December 2012, the Chadian group Popular Front for Recovery (FPR) announced their allegiance to the Séléka coalition. On 20 December 2012, a rebel group based in northern CAR, the

(FDPC) joined the Séléka coalition. Four days later the rebel coalition took over

Bambari Bambari is a town in the Central African Republic, lying on the Ouaka River. It has a population of 41,356 (2003 census) and is the capital of Ouaka prefecture. Bambari is an important market town and is home to Bambari Airport, and the R ...

, the country's third largest town, followed by

on 25 December. Rebel forces reached Damara, bypassing the town of

where around 150 Chadian troops were stationed together with CAR troops that withdrew from Kaga-Bandoro. On 26 December, hundreds of protesters surrounded the French embassy accusing the former colonial power of failing to help the army. Josué Binoua, the CAR's minister for territorial administration, requested that France intervenes in case the rebels, now only {{convert, 75, km, mi, abbr=on away, manage to reach the capital

.{{cite news , first=Paul-Marin , last=Ngoupana , url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCABRE8BP09X20121226 , title=Central African Republic wants French help as rebels close in on capital , work=Reuters , date=26 December 2012 , access-date=26 December 2012 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128191802/http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCABRE8BP09X20121226 , archive-date=28 January 2013 , url-status=live On 27 December, Bozizé asked the international community for assistance. French President François Hollande rejected the appeal, saying that French troops would only be used to protect French nationals in CAR, and not to defend Bozizé's government. Reports indicated that the

U.S The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...

. military was preparing plans to evacuate "several hundred" American citizens, as well as other nationals.

Gabon Gabon (; ; snq, Ngabu), officially the Gabonese Republic (french: République gabonaise), is a country on the west coast of Central Africa. Located on the equator, it is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the nort ...

ese General Jean-Félix Akaga, commander of the

' (ECCAS) Multinational Force of Central Africa (FOMAC), said the capital was "fully secured" by the troops from its

peacekeeping mission, adding that reinforcements should arrive soon. However, military sources in

and

denied the report, claiming no decision had been taken regarding the crisis. Government soldiers launched a counterattack against rebel forces in

on 28 December, leading to heavy clashes, according to a government official. Several witnesses over {{convert, 60, km, mi, abbr=on away said they could hear detonations and heavy weapons fire for a number of hours. Later, both a rebel leader and a military source confirmed the military attack was repelled and the town remained under rebel control. At least one rebel fighter was killed and three were wounded in the clashes, and the military's casualties were unknown. Meanwhile, the foreign ministers in the

announced that more troops from the Multinational Force for Central Africa (FOMAC) would be sent to the country to support the 560 members of the MICOPAX mission already present. The announcement was done by Chad's Foreign Minister

Moussa Faki Moussa Faki Mahamat ( ar, موسى فكي محمد ', born 21 June 1960) is a Chadian politician and diplomat who has been the elected Chairperson of the African Union Commission since 14 March 2017. Previously he was Prime Minister of Chad from 2 ...

after a meeting in the

ese capital Libreville. At the same time, ECCAS Deputy Secretary-General Guy-Pierre Garcia confirmed that the rebels and the CAR government had agreed to unconditional talks, with the goal to get to negotiations by 10 January at the latest. In

, the

U.S. Air Force The United States Air Force (USAF) is the air service branch of the United States Armed Forces, and is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. Originally created on 1 August 1907, as a part of the United States Army Sign ...

evacuated around 40 people from the country, including the American ambassador. The

International Committee of the Red Cross The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC; french: Comité international de la Croix-Rouge) is a humanitarian organization which is based in Geneva, Switzerland, and it is also a three-time Nobel Prize Laureate. State parties (signato ...

also evacuated eight of its foreign workers, though local volunteers and 14 other foreigners remained to help the growing number of displaced people. Rebel forces took over the town of

without firing a shot on 29 December, as at least 60 vehicles with CAR and Chadian troops retreated to Damara, the last city standing between

and the capital. In

, the government ordered a 7 pm to 5 am

curfew A curfew is a government order specifying a time during which certain regulations apply. Typically, curfews order all people affected by them to ''not'' be in public places or on roads within a certain time frame, typically in the evening and ...

and banned the use of

motorcycle taxi A motorcycle taxi, or cart bike or bike taxi, is a licensed form of transport in some countries. The taxi typically carries one passenger, who "rides pillion" behind the motorcycle operator. Multiple passengers are common in some countries. Bra ...

s, fearing they could be used by rebels to infiltrate the city. Residents reported many shop-owners had hired groups of armed men to guard their property in anticipation of possible looting, as thousands were leaving the city in overloaded cars and boats. The French military contingent rose to 400 with the deployment of 150 additional

paratroopers A paratrooper is a military parachutist—someone trained to parachute into a military operation, and usually functioning as part of an airborne force. Military parachutists (troops) and parachutes were first used on a large scale during World ...

sent from

Bangui M'Poko International Airport Bangui M'Poko International Airport is an international airport located northwest of Bangui, capital of the Central African Republic. In 2004, the airport served 53,862 passengers. In 2012, the airport had an average attendance of about 120,0 ...

. French Prime Minister

Jean-Marc Ayrault Jean-Marc Ayrault (; born 25 January 1950) is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France from 15 May 2012 to 31 March 2014. He later was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2016 to 2017. He previously was Mayor of Nantes from 1989 t ...

again stressed that the troops were only present to "protect French and European nationals" and not deal with the rebels.

Foreign troops and ceasefire agreement

On 30 December, President Bozizé agreed to a possible national unity government with members of the

coalition.Central African Republic president says ready to share power with rebels
{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924172818/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/30/us-car-rebels-idUSBRE8BT03M20121230 , date=24 September 2015 . Reuters (30 December 2012). On 2 January 2013, the president took over as the new head of the defense ministry from his son and dismissed army chief Guillaume Lapo. Meanwhile, rebel spokesman Col. Djouma Narkoyo confirmed that ''Séléka'' had stopped their advance and will enter peace talks due to start in Libreville on 8 January, on the precondition that government forces stop arresting members of the Gula (Central African Republic), Gula tribe. The rebel coalition confirmed it would demand the immediate departure of President Bozizé, who had pledged to see out his term until its end in 2016. By 1 January reinforcements from FOMAC began to arrive in Damara to support the 400 Chadian troops already stationed there as part of the MICOPAX mission. With rebels closing in on the capital

, a total of 360 soldiers were sent to boost the defenses of Damara – Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 120 each from

, Republic of the Congo and

, with a Gabonese general in command of the force.{{cite news , url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/03/world/africa/central-africa-on-the-brink-rebels-halt-their-advance.html , title=Central Africa on the Brink, Rebels Halt Their Advance , newspaper=The New York Times , date=2 January 2013 , first=Scott , last=Sayare , access-date=26 February 2017 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506002828/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/03/world/africa/central-africa-on-the-brink-rebels-halt-their-advance.html , archive-date=6 May 2017 , url-status=live Jean-Félix Akaga, the Gabonese general in charge of the

force, sent by the

, declared that Damara represented a "red line that the rebels cannot cross", and that doing so would be "a declaration of war" against the 10 members of the regional bloc.

had further boosted its presence in the country to 600 troops. On 6 January, South African President Jacob Zuma announced the deployment of 400 troops to CAR to assist the forces already present there.{{cite news , url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/01/201316201622291808.html , title=South Africa to send 400 soldiers to CAR , publisher=Al Jazeera , date=6 January 2013 , access-date=6 January 2013 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109023716/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/01/201316201622291808.html , archive-date=9 January 2013 , url-status=live On 11 January 2013, a ceasefire agreement was signed in Libreville,

.{{citation needed, date=July 2021 On 13 January, Bozizé signed a decree that removed Prime Minister

from power, as part of the agreement with the rebel coalition.{{cite news, url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/prime-minister-booted-from-job-in-central-african-republic-part-of-peace-deal-with-rebels/2013/01/13/bcebaf14-5dcf-11e2-8acb-ab5cb77e95c8_print.html, title=Prime minister booted from job in Central African Republic, part of peace deal with rebels, date=13 January 2013, newspaper=The Washington Post, access-date=15 January 2013{{dead link, date=June 2021, bot=medic{{cbignore, bot=medic The rebels dropped their demand for President François Bozizé to resign, but he had to appoint a new Prime Minister of the Central African Republic, prime minister from the opposition by 18 January 2013. On 17 January, Nicolas Tiangaye was appointed Prime Minister.Patrick Fort
"Tiangaye named Central African PM, says 'hard work' begins"
Agence France-Presse, 17 January 2013. {{webarchive , url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227194652/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i29CmpNUhK93R12SF_Oyz_6o5uug?docId=CNG.376beea6edfc8b0d9c41b73f138d6700.4f1 , date=27 February 2014 The terms of the agreement also included that National Assembly of the Central African Republic be dissolved within a week with a year-long coalition government formed in its place and a new 2013 Central African Republic general election, legislative election be held within 12 months (with the possibility of postponement).{{cite news, title=Central African Republic ceasefire signed, publisher=BBC, date=11 January 2013, access-date=11 January 2013, url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20990671, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111184136/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20990671, archive-date=11 January 2013, url-status=live In addition, the temporary coalition government had to implement judicial reforms, amalgamate the rebel troops with the Bozizé government's troops to establish a new national military, set up the new legislative elections, as well as introduce other social and economic reforms. Furthermore, Bozizé's government was required to free all political prisoners imprisoned during the conflict, and foreign troops must return to their countries of origin. Under the agreement,

rebels were not required to give up the cities they have taken or were then occupying, allegedly as a way to ensure that the Bozizé government would not renege on the agreement. Bozizé would be allowed to remain president until new presidential elections in 2016. On 23 January 2013, the ceasefire was broken, with the government blaming

and Séléka blaming the government for allegedly failing to honor the terms of the power-sharing agreement.{{cite news, url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21880905, access-date=22 March 2013, date=21 March 2013, title=Central African Republic Seleka rebels 'seize' towns, publisher=BBC, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130321170542/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21880905, archive-date=21 March 2013, url-status=live By 21 March, the rebels had advanced to Bouca, 300 km from the capital

. On 22 March, the fighting reached the town of Damara, 75 km from the capital.{{cite news, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-centralafrica-rebels-idUSBRE92L0H920130322, title=Central African Republic rebels reach outskirts of capital, work=Reuters, date=22 March 2013, access-date=22 March 2013, author=Ngoupana, Paul Marin, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323062038/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/22/us-centralafrica-rebels-idUSBRE92L0H920130322, archive-date=23 March 2013, url-status=live

Fall of Bangui

{{Main, Battle of Bangui On 18 March 2013, the rebels, having taken over Gambo, Central African Republic, Gambo and Bangassou, threatened to take up arms again if their demands for the release of political prisoners, the integration of their forces into the national army and for South African soldiers to leave the country were not met within 72 hours. Three days later, they took control of the towns of Damara and Bossangoa. By 23 March, they entered

.{{cite news, title = CAR forces 'halt rebel advance', publisher = BBC, access-date = 23 March 2013, date = 22 March 2013, url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21905433, archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130323013522/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21905433, archive-date = 23 March 2013, url-status = live, df = dmy-all{{cite news , url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/24/world/africa/rebels-push-into-capital-in-central-african-republic.html , title=Rebels Push into Capital in Central African Republic , newspaper=The New York Times , date=23 March 2013 , first=Adam , last=Nossiter , access-date=26 February 2017 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104193823/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/24/world/africa/rebels-push-into-capital-in-central-african-republic.html , archive-date=4 November 2017 , url-status=live On 24 March, rebels reached the Renaissance Palace, Presidential Palace in the centre of the capital. The Presidential Palace and the rest of the capital soon fell to rebel forces and Bozizé fled to the Democratic Republic of the Congo,{{cite news , title = CAR rebels 'seize' presidential palace , publisher = Al Jazeera , access-date = 24 March 2013 , date = 24 March 2013 , url = http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/03/201332481729584103.html , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130324125650/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/03/201332481729584103.html , archive-date = 24 March 2013 , url-status = live , df = dmy-all which was followed by widespread looting in the capital.{{cite news, title=Central African Republic capital falls to rebels, Bozizé flees, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-centralafrica-rebels-idUSBRE92M0AU20130324, access-date=24 March 2013, work=Reuters, date=24 March 2013, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324032711/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/24/us-centralafrica-rebels-idUSBRE92M0AU20130324, archive-date=24 March 2013, url-status=live By 2 April, only 20 of the original 200 South African National Defence Force troops stationed in CAR remained in the country. A company of French troops secured

and France sent 350 soldiers to ensure the security of its citizens, bringing the total number of French troops in CAR to nearly 600.{{cite news, title=Central African Republic: Rebels 'take palace as Bozize flees', url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21915901, access-date=24 March 2013, work=BBC News, date=24 March 2013, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324231407/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21915901, archive-date=24 March 2013, url-status=live On 25 March 2013,

leader

, who served after the January agreement as First Deputy Prime Minister for National Defense, declared himself President, becoming the first Muslim to ever hold the office. Djotodia said that there would be a three-year transitional period and that Nicolas Tiangaye would continue to serve as Prime Minister. Djotodia promptly suspended the constitution and dissolved the government, as well as the National Assembly.{{cite news , url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21934433 , title=CAR rebel head Michel Djotodia 'suspends constitution' , work=BBC News , date=25 March 2013 , access-date=26 March 2013 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326005533/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21934433 , archive-date=26 March 2013 , url-status=live He then reappointed Tiangaye as Prime Minister on 27 March 2013."Nicolas Tiangaye: C.Africa PM and 'man of integrity'"
{{webarchive , url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214025359/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130327/nicolas-tiangaye-cafrica-pm-and-man-integrity , date=14 December 2013 , Agence France-Presse, 27 March 2013.

Séléka rule and fall of Djotodia (2013–2014)

{{Main, Central African Republic conflict under the Djotodia administration In the following two days top military and police officers met with Michel Djotodia, Djotodia and recognized him as President on 28 March 2013, in what was viewed as "a form of surrender", and the overall security situation was beginning to improve. A new government headed by Nicolas Tiangaye, Tiangaye, with 34 members, appointed on 31 March 2013, included nine members of

, along with eight representatives of the parties that had opposed Bozizé, while only one member of the government was associated with Bozizé, and 16 positions were given to representatives of civil society. The former opposition parties declared on 1 April that they would boycott the government to protest its domination by Séléka, arguing that the 16 positions given to representatives of civil society were in fact "handed over to Séléka allies disguised as civil society activists". Flag of the African Union

On 3 April 2013, African leaders meeting in Chad declared that they did not recognize Michel Djotodia, Djotodia as President; instead, they proposed the formation of an inclusive transitional council and the holding of new elections in 18 months, rather than three years as envisioned by Djotodia. Speaking on 4 April, Information Minister Christophe Gazam Betty said that Djotodia had accepted the proposals of the African leaders; however, he suggested that Djotodia could remain in office if he were elected to head the transitional council. Djotodia accordingly signed a decree on 6 April for the formation of a transitional council that would act as a transitional parliament. The council was tasked with electing an interim president to serve during an 18-month transitional period leading to new elections. Bangui décembre 2013 2

The transitional council, composed of 105 members, met for the first time on 13 April 2013 and immediately elected Michel Djotodia, Djotodia as interim President; there were no other candidates. A few days later, regional leaders publicly accepted Djotodia's transitional leadership, but, in a symbolic show of disapproval, stated that he would "not be called President of the Republic, but Head of State of the Transition". According to the plans for the transition, Djotodia would not stand as a candidate for President in the election that would conclude the transition. On 13 September 2013, Michel Djotodia, Djotodia formally disbanded

, which he had lost effective control of once the coalition had taken power. This had little actual effect in stopping abuses by the militia soldiers who were now referred to as Ex-Séléka.Dukhan, N. (2016). The Central African Republic crisis. Birmingham, UK: GSDRC, University of Birmingham

{{Webarchive, url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329104138/http://www.gsdrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/CAR_Jan2016.pdf, date=29 March 2017 Self-defense militias called Antibalaka, Anti-balaka previously formed to fight crime on a local level, had organized into militias against abuses by Séléka soldiers. On 5 December 2013, called "A Day That Will Define Central African Republic", the Anti-balaka militias coordinated an attack on

against its Muslim population, killing more than 1,000 civilians, in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow Djotodia.{{cite news, title=Bloodshed in Bangui: A Day That Will Define Central African Republic, url=http://time.com/3805535/bloodshed-in-bangui-a-day-that-will-define-central-african-republic/, access-date=5 March 2017, magazine=Time, date=6 December 2013, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306071652/http://time.com/3805535/bloodshed-in-bangui-a-day-that-will-define-central-african-republic/, archive-date=6 March 2017, url-status=live On 14 May, CAR's PM Nicolas Tiangaye requested a United Nations, UN peacekeeping force from the UN Security Council, and on 31 May former President Bozizé was indicted for crimes against humanity and incitement of genocide. On the same day as the 5 December attacks, the UN Security Council authorized the transfer of

to the African Union led peacekeeping mission, the MISCA, International Support Mission in the Central African Republic (MISCA or AFISM-CAR), with troop numbers increasing from 2,000 to 6,000,{{cite web , title= About , date= 22 April 2015 , url= https://minusca.unmissions.org/en/about , access-date= 22 February 2017 , publisher=

, archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170223130609/https://minusca.unmissions.org/en/about , archive-date= 23 February 2017 , url-status= live , df= dmy-all as well as for the French peacekeeping mission called

Interim President

and Prime Minister Nicolas Tiangaye resigned on 10 January 2014 yet the conflict still continued. The National Transitional Council elected the new interim president of the

after Alexandre-Ferdinand Nguendet became the Acting Chief of State. Nguendet, being the president of the provisional parliament and viewed as being close to Djotodia, did not run for the election under diplomatic pressure. On 20 January 2014,

, the mayor of

, was elected as the interim president in the second round voting.{{cite web, url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20140120-presidence-transition-rca-catherine-samba-panza-elue-desire-kolingba, title=Centrafrique: Catherine Samba-Panza élue présidente de la transition, publisher=Radio France Internationale, date=20 January 2014, access-date=20 January 2014, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121011219/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20140120-presidence-transition-rca-catherine-samba-panza-elue-desire-kolingba, archive-date=21 January 2014, url-status=live Samba-Panza was viewed as having been neutral and away from clan clashes. Her arrival to the presidency was generally accepted by both the Ex-Séléka and the

sides. Following the election, Samba-Panza made a speech in the parliament appealing to the Ex-Séléka and the Anti-balaka for putting down their weapons.

Ex-Séléka and Anti-balaka fighting (2014–2020)

On 27 January,

leaders left

under the escort of Chadian peacekeepers. The aftermath of Michel Djotodia, Djotodia's presidency was said to be without law, a functioning police and courts{{cite web, url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47111&Cr=central+african+republic&Cr1=#.Uv_Gu0KzBJ0, title=United Nations News Centre, date=10 February 2014, work=UN News Service Section, access-date=28 June 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010035502/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=47111&Cr=central+african+republic&Cr1=#.Uv_Gu0KzBJ0, archive-date=10 October 2016, url-status=live leading to a wave of violence against

. The European Union decided to set up its first military operations in six years when foreign ministers approved the sending of up to 1,000 soldiers to the country by the end of February, to be based around

. Estonia promised to send soldiers, while Lithuania, Slovenia, Finland, Belgium, Poland and Sweden were considering sending troops; Germany, Italy and Great Britain announced that they would not send soldiers.{{cite web , url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/01/car-2014120133557833528.html , title=CAR appoints Bangui mayor as interim leader , publisher=Al Jazeera , access-date=30 January 2014 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123210724/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/01/car-2014120133557833528.html , archive-date=23 January 2014 , url-status=live The United Nations Security Council, UN Security Council unanimously voted to approve sending European Union troops and to give them a mandate to use force, as well as threatening sanctions against those responsible for the violence. The E.U. had pledged 500 troops to aid African and French troops already in the country. Specifically the resolution allowed for the use of "''all necessary measures''" to protect civilians. The first batch of 55 EUFOR troops arrived in

, according to the French army, and carried out its first patrol on 9 April with the intention of "''maintaining security and training local officers''". On 15 February, France announced that it would send an additional 400 troops to the country. French President François Hollande's office called for "''increased solidarity''" with the CAR and for the United Nations Security Council to accelerate the deployment of peacekeeping troops to the CAR. Ban Ki-moon then also called for the rapid deployment of 3,000 additional international peacekeepers. Because of increasing violence, on 10 April 2014, the UN Security Council transferred MISCA to a UN peacekeeping operation called the MINUSCA, Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA) with 10,000 troops, to be deployed in September that year. MINUSCA drew figurative "red lines" on the roads to keep the peace among rival militias.{{cite web, url=https://www.irinnews.org/analysis/2017/02/24/central-african-republic-what's-gone-wrong, title=Central African Republic: What's gone wrong?, agency=IRIN, date=24 February 2017, access-date=26 February 2017 France called for a vote at the United Nations Security Council, UNSC in April 2014 and expected a unanimous resolution authorising 10,000 troops and 1,800 police to replace the over 5,000 African Union soldiers on 15 September; the motion was then approved. After an incident where civilians were killed that involved Chadian soldiers, Chad announced the withdrawal of its forces from MISCA in April 2014.{{cite web, url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/04/un-chad-soldiers-killed-30-car-201444151841424834.html, title=UN: Chad soldiers killed 30 in CAR, access-date=13 June 2014, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413075719/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/04/un-chad-soldiers-killed-30-car-201444151841424834.html, archive-date=13 April 2014, url-status=live As UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon warned of a ''de facto'' partition of the country into Muslim and Christian areas as a result of the sectarian fighting, he also called the conflict an "urgent test" for the United Nations, UN and the region's states. Amnesty International blamed the

militia of causing a "Muslim exodus of historic proportions." Catherine Samba-Panza, Samba-Panza suggested poverty and a failure of governance was the cause of the conflict. Some Muslims of the country were also weary of the French presence in MISCA, with the French accused of not doing enough to stop attacks by Christian militias. One of the cited reasons for the difficulty in stopping attacks by Anti-balaka militias was the mob nature of these attacks. Burundi troops CAR

UN-Sicherheitsrat - UN Security Council - New York City - 2014 01 06

After three days of talks, a ceasefire was signed on 24 July 2014 in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.{{cite news , url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/24/world/africa/central-african-republic-factions-approve-a-cease-fire-agreement.html , title=Central African Republic: Factions Approve a Cease-Fire Agreement , agency=Associated Press , work=The New York Times , date=23 July 2014 , access-date=24 July 2014 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725024900/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/24/world/africa/central-african-republic-factions-approve-a-cease-fire-agreement.html , archive-date=25 July 2014 , url-status=live , df=dmy-all The

representative was General Mohamed Moussa Dhaffane, and the Anti-balaka representative was Patrice-Edouard Ngaïssona, Patrick Edouard Ngaïssona. The talks were mediated by List of heads of state of the Republic of the Congo, Congolese president

and South Sudanese diplomat Albino Aboug.{{cite news , url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-centralafrica-talks-idUKKBN0FS2GJ20140723?feedType=RSS , title=Central African Republic groups sign ceasefire after talks , work=Reuters , date=24 July 2014 , access-date=24 July 2014 , author=Elion, Christian , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728034145/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/07/23/uk-centralafrica-talks-idUKKBN0FS2GJ20140723?feedType=RSS , archive-date=28 July 2014 , url-status=live , df=dmy-all The Séléka delegation had pushed for a formalization of the partition of the

with

in the north and Christians in the south but dropped that demand in talks.{{cite web , url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28457599 , title=Central African Republic factions announce ceasefire , publisher=BBC , date=24 July 2014 , access-date=24 July 2014 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724023706/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28457599 , archive-date=24 July 2014 , url-status=live , df=dmy-all Many factions on the ground claimed the talks were not representative and fighting continued with Séléka's military leader Joseph Zoundeiko rejected the ceasefire agreement the next day saying it lacked input from his military wing and brought back the demand for partition. Ngaïssona told a general assembly of Anti-balaka fighters and supporters to lay down their arms and that Anti-balaka would be turned into a political party called Central African Party for Unity and Development (PCUD) but he had little control over the loose network of fighters. In May 2015, a national reconciliation conference organized by the transitional government of the Central Africa Republic took place. This was called the Bangui National Forum. The forum resulted in the adoption of a Republican Pact for Peace, National Reconciliation and Reconstruction and the signature of a Disarmament, Demobilisation, Rehabilitation and Repatriation (DDRR) agreement among 9 of 10 armed groups. Flag of Dar El Kuti Republic

Months after the official dissolution of

it was not known who was in charge of Ex-Séléka factions during talks with Anti-balaka until on 12 July 2014,

was reinstated as the head of an ad hoc coalition of Ex-Séléka{{cite news, last=Kleinfeld, first=Philip, title=Rebel schism drives alarming upsurge of violence in Central African Republic, url=http://www.irinnews.org/feature/2017/05/18/rebel-schism-drives-alarming-upsurge-violence-central-african-republic, agency=IRIN, date=18 May 2017, access-date= 18 May 2017 which renamed itself "Séléka#Ex-Séléka militias, The Popular Front for the Rebirth (or Renaissance) of Central African Republic" (FPRC). Later in 2014,

led the FPRC and began demanding independence for the predominantly Muslim north, a move rejected by another general, Ali Darassa, who formed another Ex-Séléka faction called the "Séléka#Ex-Séléka militias, Union for Peace in the Central African Republic" (UPC), which was dominant in and around

, while the FPRC's capital is in Bria.{{cite web, url=https://international.la-croix.com/news/the-battle-of-ouaka-in-central-african-republic/4756, title=The battle of Ouaka in Central African Republic, publisher=LaCroix International, date=27 February 2017, access-date=27 February 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227131744/https://international.la-croix.com/news/the-battle-of-ouaka-in-central-african-republic/4756, archive-date=27 February 2017, url-status=live Darassa rebuffed multiple attempts to reunify Séléka and threatened FPRC's hegemony. Noureddine Adam declared the autonomous

or Dar El Kuti{{cite web, url=http://www.enoughproject.org/reports/dangerous-divisions-central-african-republic-faces-threat-secession, title=Dangerous Divisions: The Central African Republic faces the threat of secession, publisher=Enough Project, date=15 February 2017, access-date=1 March 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302194833/http://www.enoughproject.org/reports/dangerous-divisions-central-african-republic-faces-threat-secession, archive-date=2 March 2017, url-status=live on 14 December 2015 and intended Bambari as the capital, with the transitional government denouncing the declaration and MINUSCA stating it will use force against any separatist attempt. Another group is the "Séléka#Ex-Séléka militias, Central African Patriotic Movement" (MPC), founded by Mahamat Al-Khatim, Mahamat Al Khatim. Faustin Touadera

Since 2014, there has been little government control outside of the capital. Armed entrepreneurs have carved out personal fiefdoms in which they set up checkpoints, collect illegal taxes, and take in millions of dollars from the illicit coffee, mineral, and timber trades. At least 14 armed groups vied for territory, notably four factions formed by Ex-Séléka leaders who controlled about 60% of the country's territory. In January 2015, talks in Nairobi between Joachim Kokate representing the Anti-balaka and Michel Djotodia, Djotodia and Noureddine Adam, Adam of FPRC led to another ceasefire agreement where they called for amnesty for all perpetrators of abuses and the removal of the current transitional authorities. The transitional government and the international community dismissed the deal as it excluded them from the negotiations and termed the parties "Nairobists". By October 2015, Catherine Samba-Panza, Samba-Panza accused the Nairobists of plotting a coup and dozens of FPRC combatants even walked from the north-east of the country to

, a few kilometres from the capital, threatening the transitional authorities, but were stopped by international forces. With the de facto partition of the country between Ex-Séléka militias in the north and east and Anti-balaka militias in the south and west, hostilities between both sides decreased but sporadic fighting continued. In February 2016, after a peaceful 2015–16 Central African general election, election, the former prime minister

was elected president. In October 2016,

announced that it was ending its peacekeeping mission in the country,

, and largely withdrew its troops, saying that the operation was a success. By March 2014, the United Nations Security Council, UNSC had authorised a probe into possible genocide, which in turn followed International Criminal Court Chief Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda initiating a preliminary investigation into the "''extreme brutality''" and whether it falls into the court's remit. The UNSC mandate probe would be led by

ian lawyer Bernard Acho Muna, who was the deputy chief prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, former Mexico, Mexican Secretary of Foreign Affairs Jorge Castañeda Gutman, Jorge Castañeda and Mauritanian lawyer Fatimata M'Baye. The International Criminal Court, ICC began prosecutions and Alfred Yekatom of the Anti-Balaka who was involved in the 'Battle of Bangui' and Patrice-Edouard Ngaïssona, Patrice Edouard Ngaïssona of the Anti-Balaka were arrested in 2018, although no one from the Ex-Séléka was arrested. CentralAfricanRepublic2017

In eastern CAR, tensions erupted in competition between Ex-Séléka militias arising over control of a goldmine in November 2016, where MPC and the FPRC coalition, which incorporated elements of their former enemy, the Anti-balaka, attacked UPC. The violence is often ethnic in nature with the FPRC associated with the Kara people, Gula and Aiki language, Runga people and the UPC associated with the Fulani. Most of the fighting was in the centrally located Ouaka prefecture, which has the country's second largest city

, because of its strategic location between the Muslim and Christian regions of the country and its wealth. The fight for Bambari in early 2017 displaced 20,000.{{cite news, url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-centralafrica-violence-idUSKBN15R0WC, title=U.N. air strikes in Central African Republic kill several: militia, date=12 February 2017, work=Reuters, access-date=14 February 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214000843/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-centralafrica-violence-idUSKBN15R0WC, archive-date=14 February 2017, url-status=live MINUSCA made a robust deployment to prevent FPRC taking the city and in February 2017, Joseph Zoundeiko, the chief of staff of FPRC who previously led the military wing of

, was killed by MINUSCA after crossing one of the red lines.{{cite web, url=http://www.newsweek.com/central-african-republic-war-fprc-car-556068, title=U.N. 'KILLS REBEL COMMANDER' IN CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC AIRSTRIKES, website=Newsweek, date=13 February 2017, access-date=14 February 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213235108/http://www.newsweek.com/central-african-republic-war-fprc-car-556068, archive-date=13 February 2017, url-status=live At the same time, MINUSCA negotiated the removal of Ali Darassa from the city. This led to UPC to find new territory, spreading the fighting from urban to rural areas previously spared. Additionally, the thinly spread MINUSCA relied on Ugandan as well as United States, American special forces to keep the peace in the southeast, as they were part of a campaign to eliminate the

, but the mission ended in April 2017. By the latter half of 2017, the fighting largely shifted to the southeast where the UPC reorganized and were pursued by the FPRC and Anti-balaka with the level of violence only matched by the early stage of the war.{{cite news, url=http://www.irinnews.org/feature/2017/10/30/people-are-dying-every-day-car-refugees-fleeing-war-suffer-congo, title=CAR refugees fleeing war suffer in Congo, agency=IRIN, date=30 October 2017, access-date=26 November 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041544/http://www.irinnews.org/feature/2017/10/30/people-are-dying-every-day-car-refugees-fleeing-war-suffer-congo, archive-date=1 December 2017, url-status=live About 15,000 people fled from their homes in an attack in May and six United Nations, U.N. peacekeepers were killed – the deadliest month for the mission yet. In June 2017, another ceasefire was signed in Rome by the government and 14 armed groups including FPRC, but the next day fighting between an FPRC faction and Anti-balaka militias killed more than 100 people. In October 2017, another ceasefire was signed between the UPC, the FPRC, and Anti-balaka groups, and FPRC announced Ali Darassa as coalition vice-president, but fighting continued afterward. By July 2018 the FPRC was headed by Abdoulaye Hissène and based in the northeastern town of

. In 2019, the FPRC split into two factions, a Runga people, Runga group on one side, including Abdoulaye Hissene, and rival fighters from the Gula and Kara people, Kara on the other side. In western CAR, another rebel group, with no known links to

, called "Return, Reclamation, Rehabilitation" (3R) formed in 2015 reportedly by Sidiki Abass,{{cite news, url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/12/20/central-african-republic-mayhem-new-group, title=Central African Republic: Mayhem by New Group, publisher=Human Rights Watch, date=20 December 2016, access-date=28 February 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301094442/https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/12/20/central-african-republic-mayhem-new-group, archive-date=1 March 2017, url-status=live claiming to be protecting Muslim Fulani people from an Anti-balaka militia led by Abbas Rafal.{{cite news, url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/newly-formed-3r-rebel-group-inflicts-horrors-car-161223035217671.html, title=Newly formed 3R rebel group inflicts horrors in CAR: UN, publisher=Al Jazeera, date=23 December 2016, access-date=28 February 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227235903/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/newly-formed-3r-rebel-group-inflicts-horrors-car-161223035217671.html, archive-date=27 February 2017, url-status=live They are accused of displacing 17,000 people in November 2016 and at least 30,000 people in the Ouham-Pendé prefecture in December 2016. In northwestern CAR around Paoua, fighting since December 2017 between "Revolution and Justice" (RJ) and "Movement for the Liberation of the Central African Republic People" (MNLC) displaced around 60,000 people. MNLC, founded in October 2017, was led by Ahamat Bahar, a former member and co-founder of FPRC and MRC, and is allegedly backed by Fulani fighters from Chad. The Christian militant group RJ was formed in 2013, mostly by members of the presidential guard of former president Ange-Félix Patassé, and were composed mainly of ethnic Kaba languages, Sara-Kaba.{{cite news, url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/100623/armed-groups-car, title=Armed groups in CAR, agency=IRIN, date=17 September 2014, access-date=18 January 2018, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119175434/http://www.irinnews.org/report/100623/armed-groups-car, archive-date=19 January 2018, url-status=live While both groups had previously divided the territory in the Northwest, tensions erupted after the killing of RJ leader, Clément Bélanga, in November 2017. RussiansinBangui

Beginning around 2017,

began to increasingly support the government of Faustin-Archange Touadéra, Touadéra, whose personal guard became largely Russian as well. Three Russian journalists were killed in 2018 while investigating Russian mercenary groups in CAR. In August 2018, Russia and Sudan helped broker another tentative agreement among armed groups. After talks in Khartoum, an African Union led initiative led to an accord between the government and 14 rebel groups in February 2019 called the Political Agreement for Peace and Reconciliation, the eighth such agreement since the war started in 2012. As part of the accord, Ali Darassa of UPC, Mahamat Al-Khatim of MPC and Sidiki Abass of 3R were given positions as special military advisers to the prime minister's office overseeing special mixed units made of government and rebel soldiers in regions of the country that they already controlled.{{cite web, url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/24/central-african-republic-dont-reward-warlords#, title=Central African Republic:Don't reward warlords, publisher=Human Rights Watch, date=24 April 2019, access-date=25 May 2019 This did not stop the violence, with 3R killing more than 50 people in several villages in May 2019,{{cite news, url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/50-killed-armed-group-attack-villages-car-190524193707718.html, title=At least 50 killed in armed group attack on villages in CAR: UN, publisher=Al Jazeera, date=24 May 2019, access-date=25 May 2019 leading to MINUSCA to launch a military operation against them. In August 2019, Sidiki Abbas of 3R and Mahamat Al-Khatim of MPC resigned from their government posts.

(FDPC) leader Abdoulaye Miskine refused to take his government post and joined a new rebel group formed in June 2019 called "Partie du Rassemblement de la Nation Centrafricaine" (PRNC) to oppose the peace deal, claiming that the deal is a way of rebel leaders to gain money and posts from the government. In September 2019, fighting between two rebel groups that signed the February 2019 deal, FPRC and the mostly Kara people, Kara "

" (MLCJ), which was founded by Abakar Sabon and was not part of the

alliance that overthrew Bozizé, killed at least 24 people and displaced about 24,000.{{cite news, url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2019/11/04/Central-African-Republic-rebels-fight-peace-deal, title=Briefing: In Central African Republic, rebels fight on as peace deal falters, publisher=The New Humanitarian, date=4 November 2019, access-date=17 December 2019

Rebel alliance and advance

2020 Central African general election, Presidential and legislative elections were scheduled for 27 December 2020. Former President François Bozizé had announced his return to the country in December 2019 and his intent to run in the presidential election. Bozizé, of the Gbaya people, Gbaya, the country's largest ethnic group, retained much support among the population and army members.{{cite news, url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/23/un-says-seized-car-town-under-peacekeepers-control, title=Bambari: UN says seized CAR town now under peacekeepers' control, publisher=Al Jazeera, date=23 December 2020, access-date=27 December 2020 On 19 December 2020 six rebel groups who together control two-thirds of the country's territory,{{cite news, url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/13/rebels-launch-attacks-on-central-african-republics-capital, title=Rebels launch attacks on Central African Republic's capital, date=13 January 2021, access-date=13 January 2021 including 3R led by General Sembé Bobo, FPRC, and UPC,{{cite news, url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/22/russia-confirms-sending-300-military-instructors-to-car, title=CAR rebels seize Bambari city, Russia confirms sending military, publisher=Al Jazeera, date=22 December 2020, access-date=27 December 2020 announced they had formed an alliance called the

(CPC), and accused President Faustin-Archange Touadéra, Touadéra of trying to rig the election and stated their intent to advance to the capital. They seized several towns close to

. The government accused Bozizé of fomenting a coup with the rebels after his candidacy for presidential elections was rejected by the country's highest court, but Bozizé denied this.{{cite news, url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/25/central-african-rebel-groups-call-off-ceasefire-before-election, title=CAR rebels call off truce, resume march on Bangui as polls loom, publisher=Al Jazeera, date=25 December 2020, access-date=27 December 2020 On 20 December 2020 Rwanda confirmed it had sent troops and

said it had sent 300 military instructors. On 22 December, the Coalition of Patriots for Change, CPC, in an offensive led by UPC, had taken the country's fourth largest city,

, according to its mayor, but the United Nations, UN stated that its peacekeepers had retaken the city the next day. On 28 December, it was announced by the electoral commission that 800 (14%) of polling stations failed to operate during the presidential and legislative elections due to violent attacks from armed rebels. On January 3, 2021,

reported that the rebel coalition partially captured Bangassou, adding that the fighters were allied to former President François Bozizé. It is argued that the arrival of the Rwandans and

ns thwarted the rebels from reaching

and so the rebels adopted a long term strategy of suffocating Bangui by controlling the resources around it,{{Cite news, author=Al Jazeera Staff, date=2021-01-04, title=CAR rebels attack and enter town before poll results announced, language=en, agency=Reuters, url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/4/car-rebels-seize-central-town-of-bangassou, access-date=2021-01-05 however, on January 13, the Coalition of Patriots for Change, CPC attacked the capital but were eventually repelled. On January 4, the electoral commission declared Faustin-Archange Touadéra, Touadéra the winner of the presidential election. A state of emergency was declared in January 25, and President Touadéra has been accused of using that opportunity to crack down on opponents and consolidate power. Pro-Touadéra militias known as the "Sharks" and "7th Territorial Infantry Battalion" are alleged to have been involved in disappearances of members of Bozizé's party and former president's

, as well as challengers of Touadéra in the recent polls, Anicet-Georges Dologuélé and Martin Ziguélé, report being prevented from exiting the country.

Russian mercenaries and government offensives (January 2021-present)

Since January 2021, due to the actions of

's Neo-Nazism, neo-Nazi-linked{{efn, {{cite journal , author-last=Faulkner , author-first=Christopher , date=June 2022 , url=https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/CTC-SENTINEL-062022.pdf , title=Undermining Democracy and Exploiting Clients: The Wagner Group's Nefarious Activities in Africa , url-status=live , editor1-last=Cruickshank , editor1-first=Paul , editor2-last=Hummel , editor2-first=Kristina , journal=CTC Sentinel , volume=15 , issue=6 , pages=28–37 , publisher=Combating Terrorism Center , location=West Point, New York , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719173200/https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/CTC-SENTINEL-062022.pdf , archive-date=19 July 2022 , access-date=16 August 2022{{Cite news , title=Moscow Turns U.S. Volunteers Into New Bogeyman in Ukraine , url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/15/russia-mercenaries-volunteers-ukraine/ , work=Foreign Policy , last=Ling , first=Justin , date=15 March 2022 , quote=The propaganda campaign has extolled the Wagner Group as hunting neo-Nazis and extremists. Yet the group’s own ties to the Russian far-right are well documented: The likely founder of the group has the logo of the Nazi Schutzstaffel tattooed on his neck. Various elements of the current Wagner Group have ties to neo-Nazis and far-right extremism. , access-date=26 June 2022{{cite web, url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/putin-nazi-pretext-russia-war-ukraine-belied-white-supremacy-ties-rcna23043, title=One of the worst ways Putin is gaslighting the world on Ukraine, work=NBC News, publisher=NBC, last1=Soufan, first1=Ali, last2=Sales, first2=Nathan, quote="The Wagner Group is named after the 19th century German composer Richard Wagner, whose music Adolf Hitler adored. The group’s leader, Dmitry Utkin, reportedly wears Nazi tattoos, including a swastika, a Nazi eagle and SS lightning bolts. Wagner mercenaries are reported to have left behind neo-Nazi propaganda in the war zones where they’ve fought, including graffiti with hate symbols."

and neo-Nazi

, the rebels have been on the retreat for the first time in years. On 25 January 2021, CAR forces, backed by Russian Private military company, PMCs and Rwandan troops, attacked Boyali, killing 44 rebels who were plotting an assault on the capital.{{Cite news, url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/africa/central-african-republic-troops-beat-back-rebels-with-russian-help-1.4468637, title=Central African Republic troops beat back rebels with Russian help, newspaper=The Irish Times Subsequently, CAR forces, supported by the Russian contractors and Rwandan troops, captured a number of strategic towns throughout February 2021, including Bossembele, Bouar, Beloko and Bossangoa. As the rebels were being pushed back, Valery Zakharov urged them to hand over their leaders to the CAR's security forces. During the fighting, the rebel

(CPC) claimed its fighters killed several Wagner Group PMCs and captured one when they destroyed their truck near

on 10 February.{{Cite web, url=https://news.rambler.ru/army/45827681-boytsov-chvk-vagnera-ubili-v-tsar/, title=Бойцов ЧВК Вагнера убили в ЦАР, website=Рамблер/новости Russian vehicle in Bria

Government advances, with the support of

n and Rwandan forces, continued during March, April and May 2021. This included the capture of the strategic towns of Bria and

and the Bakouma sub-prefecture. Some towns were also seized solely by the Russian Private military company, PMCs,RCA : les mercenaires russes et syriens ont repris la ville de Yalinga sans affrontement
/ref> including Nzacko. In at least one instance, the contractors reportedly included Syrians. On March 25, 3R rebel leader Sidiki Abass, whose group is accused of war crimes, had succumbed to his injuries in the northern part of the country. In April 2021, the UPC, then the biggest of the armed rebel groups, withdrew from the Coalition of Patriots for Change, CPC and asked to talk with the government which has declined so far. The rebels were seen to be moving away from cities and towards peripheral areas and turning to guerilla tactics instead of open fighting. By mid-May, the

ns have captured a village about 40 km from

during fighting that left 20 people dead. In addition, at the end of the month, Russians, Russian and Syrians, Syrian Private military company, PMCs of the Wagner Group attacked a rebel checkpoint at the entrance of a village 28 km from Bria, killing three Union for Peace in the Central African Republic, CPC fighters. Towards the end of July, the CAR military was leaving the frontline against the CPC to the Private military company, PMCs. The plan was for government troops to occupy the captured positions after they had been secured by the contractors. The increase in influence by

at the expense of

in its former colony led to a disinformation campaign on Facebook between the two powers and France suspending aid and military cooperation with the CAR government in May 2021. On 5 October 2021, Matchika massacre, 34 civilians were killed by alleged UPC rebels in the village of Matchika near

. Between 6 and 16 December 2021

fighters from pro-government faction Boyo killings, killed number of Muslim civilians in Boyo, Central African Republic, Boyo commune for their alleged links with UPC rebels. On 16 and 17 January 2022, Russian mercenaries Aïgbado massacre, killed at least 65 civilians in Aïgbado and Yanga villages. In March 2022, they launched a March 2022 attacks in the Central African Republic, large offensive against armed groups in the northern part of the country, during which they reportedly killed hundreds of civilians, mostly artisanal miners. In April 2022 a 2022 Gadzi clashes, series of intercommunal clashes involving 3R rebels and pro-government faction of

led to dozens of deaths and displacement of more than 1,000 people in Gadzi. On 4 December 2022 leader of four armed groups (MLCJ, RPRC, UFR and UFR-R) signed in Bangui an agreement announcing their dissolution.

Atrocities

Religious cleansing

It is argued that the focus of the initial disarmament efforts exclusively on the Séléka inadvertently handed the anti-Balaka the upper hand, leading to the forced displacement of Muslim civilians by anti-Balaka in Bangui and western CAR. While comparisons were often posed as the "next Rwandan genocide, Rwanda", others suggested that the Bosnian Genocide's may be more apt as people were moving into religiously cleansed neighbourhoods. Even as Séléka was closing in on the capital, clashes began in Bangui's PK5 neighborhood, where members of ethnic groups with ties to ''Séléka'' were attacked, such as the Gula. After the withdrawal of Séléka leaders from Bangui, there was a wave of attacks against Muslims with anti-Muslim pogroms and looting of Muslim neighborhoods, including the lynching of the Muslim former Health Minister Dr. Joseph Kalite by Christian self-defence groups. Accounts state of lynch mobs, including that of uniformed soldiers, stoning or hacking Muslims then dismembering and burning their bodies in the streets. In 2014, Amnesty International reported several massacres committed by the anti-balakas against Muslim civilians, forcing thousands of Muslims to flee the country. Other sources report incidents of Muslims being cannibalized. On 10 April, MISCA troops escorted over 1,000 Muslims fleeing to Chad with a police source saying "not a single Muslim remains in Bossangoa." The Muslim population of Bangui dropped 99% from 138,000 to 900. In 2015, Samantha Power, the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, said 417 of the country's 436 mosques had been destroyed, and Muslim women were so scared of going out in public they were giving birth in their homes instead of going to the hospital. Eric Danboy Bagale, head of former president François Bozizé's guard and head of the mostly Christian anti-Balaka militias, was arrested in Paris on 19 September, 2020 in Middle Africa, 2020 for war crimes in relation to revenge killings.

Ethnic violence

Much of the tension is also over historical antagonism between agriculturalists, who largely comprise Anti-balaka and nomadic groups, who largely comprise Séléka fighters. There was ethnic violence during fighting between the Ex-Séléka militias FPRC and UPC, with the FPRC targeting Fulani people who largely make up the UPC and the UPC targeting the Kara people, Gula and Aiki language, Runga people, who largely make up FPRC, as being sympathetic to FPRC. In November 2016 fighting in Bria that killed 85 civilians, FPRC was reported targeting Fulani people in house-to-house searches, lootings, abductions and killings. Within the FPRC, the Gula wing attacked the Runga wing in Ndele in April 2020, with at least 25 people being killed.{{cite news, url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/4/30/dozens-killed-in-northeast-central-african-republic-clashes, title=Dozens killed in northeast Central African Republic clashes, date=30 April 2020, access-date=13 January 2021 It is also reported that in 2019, violence broke out in the northeastern region, where the killing of an ethnic Kara people, Kara man sparked heavy fighting between the mainly Kara MLCJ and largely Runga FPRC.

Violence against aid workers and crime

In 2015, humanitarian aid workers in the CAR were involved in more than 365 security incidents, more than Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq and Somalia. By 2017, more than two-thirds of all health facilities have been damaged or destroyed.{{cite web, url=http://reliefweb.int/report/central-african-republic/central-african-republic-clashes-could-trigger-humanitarian, title=Central African Republic clashes could trigger humanitarian 'catastrophe' – agencies, publisher=Relief Web, date=3 March 2017, access-date=4 March 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303220309/http://reliefweb.int/report/central-african-republic/central-african-republic-clashes-could-trigger-humanitarian, archive-date=3 March 2017, url-status=live The crimes are often committed by individuals not associated with any armed rebel groups. There have been jail breaks with more than 500 inmates escaping from Nagaragba Central Prison, including fighters of both Christian and Muslim militias. By 2017, only eight of 35 prisons function and few courts operate outside the capital. The international press freedom organization Reporters Without Borders said it was concerned that the rebel attacks were taking their toll on the ability of radio stations to operate in the CAR, with condemnation of the killing of journalist Elisabeth Blanche Olofio, who worked for Radio Bé-Oko which is part of a network of apolitical radio stations known as L'Association des Radios Communautaires de Centrafrique.

Fatalities

2013

Total fatalities were 2,286 – at least 2,396. :March to April — around 130 people killed in Bangui. 78 bodies in Bangui a week after captured by rebels. :12 June — villagers killed. :21 August — killed during the month.{{cite web , url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/publication-type/crisiswatch/crisiswatch-database.aspx?CountryIDs=%7b09F69924-3E63-461D-96FE-A0B25D54EFEB%7d , title=CrisisWatch Database , publisher=International Crisis Group , access-date=2 January 2014 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705012149/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/publication-type/crisiswatch/crisiswatch-database.aspx?CountryIDs=%7B09F69924-3E63-461D-96FE-A0B25D54EFEB%7D , archive-date=5 July 2016 , url-status=dead {{Clarify, date=December 2022 :9 September — Bouca violence – 73-153 killed. :6 October — 14 killed. :9 October — 30-60 killed in clashes. :12 October — 6 killed. :December — 600+ killed in "Battle of Bangui", as antibalaka militias unsuccessfully attempt to overthrow Djotodia. Two children were beheaded with a total of 16 children killed in Bangui in late December.

2014

: 22 January — people were killed after gunmen in Bouar attacked a convoy in an attempt to halt Muslim refugees trying to flee the violence. :February — 75 people were killed in the town of Boda, Lobaye, Boda, in Lobaye province, according to a local priest. Anti-balaka militants attacked Guen resulting in the deaths of 60 people. As a result, hundreds of Muslim refugees sought shelter at a church in Carnot, Central African Republic, Carnot. :29 March — Chadian peacekeepers not a part of MISCA entered Bangui's PK12 district market and allegedly indiscriminately opened fire resulting in 30 deaths and over 300 injuries. :30 March — A Muslim throws a grenade at a group of Christian mourners resulting in 11 deaths. :May — Séléka rebels kill at least 30 at a Catholic church compound. : 23 June — Anti-balaka forces killed 18 at Bambari. Several Séléka then killed 10 anti-balaka. : 8 July — 17 people were killed when Séléka forces attacked a Catholic church in Bambari. :August — 34 people were reported killed by Séléka fighters around Mbrès.

2015

:September — At least 42 people were reported killed.

2016

: 25 October — people were reported killed in Bambari.

2017

:Anti-balaka attacked Bangassou, slaughtering dozens of Muslim civilians as well as 12 UN peacekeepers.

2019

:May — 3R massacres more than 50 people in several villages in the northwest.

2020

:February — Members of the Popular Front for the Rebirth of Central Africa (FPRC) attacked

forces in

, leading to 12 FPRC forces being killed.{{cite news , url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/car-12-rebels-killed-clash-troops-200219055431824.html , publisher=Al Jazeera , title=CAR says 12 rebels killed in clash with UN troops , date=19 February 2020 , agency=Agence France-Presse :April — At least 25 people killed in Ndele when the Gula faction of the FPRC attacked the Runga faction. :December — 3 UN peacekeepers from Burundi were killed in

{{Cite news, date=2020-12-26, title=UN peacekeepers killed in Central African Republic on eve of election, language=en-GB, work=BBC News, url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55451763, access-date=2020-12-26

2021

:January — One UN peacekeeper killed when CPC launched an attack on Bangui.

Displaced people

In May 2014, it was reported that around 600,000 people in CAR were internally displaced with 160,000 of these in the capital Bangui. By May 2014, 100,000 people had fled to neighbouring Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Chad. As of 2017, there are more than 1.1 million displaced people in a country of about 5 million people, the highest ever recorded in the country, with about half a million refugees outside CAR and about 600,000 internally displaced. Cameroon hosted the most refugees, more than 135,000, about 90% of whom are Fulani, even though they constituted 6% of CAR's population. In December 2020, after a contested election rebels -known as the Coalition of Patriots for Change or the CPC have seized main roadways and prevented the flow of goods into Bouar. These and other similar efforts have caused an estimated 100,000 to leave their homes. A month later, January 2021 in the Central African Republic, 2021, the number had doubled to 200,000, including 92,000 refugees in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and 13,000 in Chad, the Republic of the Congo, and Cameroon.{{cite news , title=Central African Republic's capital in 'apocalyptic situation' as rebels close in , url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/central-african-republics-capital-apocalyptic-224036207.html , access-date=30 January 2021 , work=news.yahoo.com , publisher=BBC World News , date=30 January 2021

International response

Organizations

* African Union – Yayi Boni, then-chairman of the African Union, held a press conference in Bangui, stating, "I beg my rebellious brothers, I ask them to cease hostilities, to make peace with President Bozizé and the Central African people ... If you stop fighting, you are helping to consolidate peace in Africa. African people do not deserve all this suffering. The African continent needs peace and not war."{{cite news, url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/french-troops-central-african-republic-18094338#.UOD-7W-1XDQ, title=African Union Head Visits Central African Republic, last=Marboua, first=Hippolyte, date=30 December 2012, work=ABC News, access-date=31 December 2012, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231054159/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/french-troops-central-african-republic-18094338#.UOD-7W-1XDQ, archive-date=31 December 2012, url-status=live Boni went on to call for dialogue between the current government and the rebels. The African Union suspended the Central African Republic from its membership on 25 March 2013. *{{flagu, European Union – On 21 December 2012 the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, High Representative for Foreign Affairs Catherine Ashton called on the armed rebel groups to "cease all hostilities and to respect the Libreville Comprehensive Peace Agreement." European Commissioner for International Cooperation, Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Response, European Commissioner for Humanitarian Aid Kristalina Georgieva added that she was deeply worried over the situation in the country and that she strongly urged "all armed groups to respect international humanitarian law and the activities of humanitarians". On 1 January Ashton once again expressed concern over the violence and urged all parties involved to "take all necessary measures to end, without delay, all exactions against populations in Bangui neighbourhoods that undermine chances of a peaceful dialogue." **On 10 February 2014, the European Union established a military operation entitled

, with the aim "to provide temporary support in achieving a safe and secure environment in the Bangui area, with a view to handing over to African partners." The French Major General Philippe Pontiès was appointed as a commander of this force. *{{flagu, United Nations – On 26 December 2012 the U.N. announced it was pulling all non-essential personnel out of the country due to the worsening security situation. In a statement, Secretary-General of the United Nations, U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon condemned the rebels' advance and warned that it had the potential to "gravely undermine the peace agreements in place." He also called on the government "to ensure the safety and security of U.N. personnel and its premises." On 31 January 2020, the United Nations Security Council approved an extension of an arms embargo against the Central African Republic until 31 July 2020.

Countries

;Regional * {{flagu, Gabon/{{flagu, Chad/{{flagu, Cameroon/{{flagu, Congo/{{flagu, Equatorial Guinea sent troops in 2013 to make up an African Union Multinational Force for Central Africa (FOMAC) peacekeeping force in CAR. ;Others * {{flagu, Brazil – On 25 December 2012, the Ministry of External Relations (Brazil), Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brazil issued a statement "urging the parties to observe an immediate cessation of hostilities and any acts of violence against the civilian population" and called for "the restoration of institutional legality in the Central African Republic". The Brazilian government stated that it had been in contact with the small number of Brazilian nationals residing in the country. * {{flagu, Estonia – On 9 May 2014, sent 55 troops to join the EU's EUFOR RCA mission. * {{flagu, Georgia – 140 troops joined EU's military mission in the Central African Republic.{{cite web, url=http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=27322, title=Civil.Ge – Georgian Troops Heading to EU Mission in Central African Republic, access-date=7 June 2014, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701132934/http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=27322, archive-date=1 July 2014, url-status=live * {{flagu, France – On 27 December 2012, CAR President Francois Bozizé requested international assistance to help with the rebellion, in particular from France and the United States. French President François Hollande rejected the plea, saying that the 250 French troops stationed at Bangui M'Poko International Airport are there "in no way to intervene in the internal affairs". Separately, a Foreign Ministry statement condemned "the continued hostility by the rebel groups", adding that the only solution to the crisis was dialogue. *{{flagu, South Africa – South Africa had South African military assistance to the Central African Republic, numerous troops in the CAR since 2007. A South African Special Forces, Special Forces unit protected President Bozizé under Operation Morero and a second group trained FACA under Operation Vimbezela. Defence Minister Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula traveled to Bangui on 31 December 2012 to assess the situation. On 8 January 2013 the South African National Defence Force deployed 200 additional troops to the CAR, half of the force authorized by President Jacob Zuma. On 21 March President Bozizé traveled to Pretoria to meet with Zuma,{{cite news, last=AFP , title=Afrique du Sud: le président centrafricain Bozizé reçu par Zuma , agency=Agence France-Presse , location=Pretoria , access-date=31 March 2013 , date=22 March 2013 , url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gmGngIwQX3YyA1ZGb-Wq6lNC8pAQ?docId=CNG.a001582fa2ac6c6e42cdc154447481db.c81 , archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411021000/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gmGngIwQX3YyA1ZGb-Wq6lNC8pAQ?docId=CNG.a001582fa2ac6c6e42cdc154447481db.c81 , url-status=dead , archive-date=11 April 2013 allegedly to discuss the 72-hour ultimatum that the rebels had given him. {{cite news , last = Underhill , first = Glynnis , author2 = Mmanaledi Mataboge , title = CAR: Timely warnings were ignored , work = Mail and Guardian , access-date = 31 March 2013 , date = 28 March 2013 , url = http://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-28-00-car-timely-warnings-were-ignored/ , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130331024150/http://mg.co.za/article/2013-03-28-00-car-timely-warnings-were-ignored , archive-date = 31 March 2013 , url-status = live , df = dmy-all The South African troops from the 1 Parachute Battalion suffered 13 killed and 27 wounded while defending against the advancing Séléka. On 24 March 2013 SANDF soldiers began withdrawing to Entebbe air base, with the reported intention to return to the CAR to retake control from Séléka. * {{flagu, United States of America – On 17 December 2012 the United States Department of State, State Department's Overseas Security Advisory Council#Overseas Security Advisory Council, Overseas Security Advisory Council published an emergency message warning US citizens about armed groups active in Mbrès and advising them to avoid travel outside Bangui. US Embassy personnel were prohibited from traveling by road outside the capital. On 24 December the State Department issued another warning. All non-essential personnel were evacuated, and the embassy switched to limited emergency consular services. On 28 December, the Central African Republic–United States relations, United States Embassy in Bangui suspended operations due to the ongoing rebel attacks; with Ambassador Laurence D. Wohlers and his diplomatic staff evacuating the country. * {{flagu, Serbia – In accordance with Security Council's Resolution 2149, Government of Serbia approved engagement of Serbian Armed Forces. On 20 September 2014 two military observers and two staff officers are deployed. Later, on 11 December 2014, 68 more personnel have been deployed in this mission. On 15 December 2016, Serbia deployed team for emergency medical assistance and level 1 medical team, as part of the EUTM RCA (European Union Training Mission).{{cite web, url=http://www.mnop.mod.gov.rs/sadrzaj.php?id_sadrzaja=199&active=text, title=EUTM RCA- Serbian Armed Forces, date=15 December 2016, website=Official Portal of multinational missions, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728115156/http://www.mnop.mod.gov.rs/sadrzaj.php?id_sadrzaja=199&active=text, archive-date=28 July 2017, url-status=dead, access-date=30 June 2017

Notes

{{notelist

References

{{Reflist

External links

Centrafrique.comFull text of the Ceasefire Agreement signed 11 January 2013, UN PeacemakerFull text of the Declaration of Principles signed 11 January 2013 UN PeacemakerFull text of the Political Agreement on the resolution of the political and security crisis in CAR signed 11 January 2013, UN PeacemakerAll peace agreements for Central African Republic, UN PeacemakerResponse to the crisis in Central African Republic
via FAO in emergencies {{Central African Republic topics {{Post-Cold War African conflicts {{Ongoing military conflicts {{Humanitarian Aid, state=collapsed {{DEFAULTSORT:Central African Republic conflict (2012-14) Central African Republic Civil War, Civil wars post-1945 2010s civil wars 2010s in the Central African Republic Central African Republic–Chad relations Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Africa Coup-based civil wars Conflicts in 2021 Religion-based civil wars Revolution-based civil wars Wars involving Chad Wars involving France Wars involving South Africa Wars involving Rwanda Wars involving Russia Wars involving the Central African Republic 2020s civil wars