The Grampian Mountains (''Am Monadh'' in Scottish Gaelic, Gaelic) is one of the three major mountain ranges in Scotland, that together occupy about half of Scotland. The other two ranges are the Northwest Highlands and the Southern Uplands. The Grampian range extends southwest to northeast between the Highland Boundary Fault and the Great Glen. The range includes many of the highest mountains in the British Isles, including Ben Nevis (whose peak contains the highest point in the British Isles at above sea level) and Ben Macdhui (Scotland), Ben Macdui (whose peak contains second-highest at ). A number of rivers and streams rise in the Grampians, including the River Tay, Tay, River Spey, Spey, Cowie Water, Burn of Muchalls, Burn of Pheppie, Burn of Elsick, Cairnie Burn, River Don, Aberdeenshire, Don, River Dee, Aberdeenshire, Dee and River South Esk, Esk. The area is generally sparsely populated. There is some ambiguity about the extent of the range, and until the nineteenth century, they were generally considered to be more than one range, which all formed part of the wider Scottish Highlands. This view is still held by many today, and they have no single name in the Scottish Gaelic language or the Doric dialect (Scotland), Doric dialect of Scots language, Lowland Scots. In both languages, a number of names are used. The name "Grampian" has been used in the titles of organisations covering parts of Scotland north of the Central Belt, including the Local government areas of Scotland 1973–96, former local government area of Grampian Region (translated into Scots Gaelic as ''Roinn a' Mhonaidh''), NHS Grampian, and Grampian Television.

Name

The Roman historian Tacitus recorded ''Mons Graupius'' as the site of the defeat of the native Caledonians by Gnaeus Julius Agricola c. 83 AD. The actual location of ''Mons Graupius'', literally 'Mount Graupius' (the element 'Graupius' is of unknown meaning), is a matter of dispute among historians, though most favour a location within the Grampian massif, possibly at Raedykes, Megray Hill or Kempstone Hill. The spelling ''Graupius'' comes from the ''Codex Aesinas'', a mediaeval copy of Tacitus's Germania (book), ''Germania'' believed to be from the mid-9th century.Agricola, edited by Ogilvie and Richmond "Graupius" was incorrectly rendered "Grampius" only in the 1476 printed edition of Tacitus's Agricola (book), ''Agricola''.History in the making: a Roman map... and an 18th-century hoax.
Edited extract from Under Another Sky: Journeys in Roman Britain by Charlotte Higgins published in The Guardian, 19 July 2013 The name ''Grampians'' is believed to have first been applied to the mountain range in 1520 by the Scottish historian Hector Boece, an adaptation of the incorrect ''Mons Grampius''. Thus the range owes its name to this day to a typesetter's mistake. In the Middle Ages, this locale was known as the Mounth, a name still held by a number of geographical features.

Etymology

Recorded first as ''Graupius'' in 83 A.D, the origin of the name ''Grampians'' is uncertain. The name may be Common Brittonic, Brittonic and represent a corrupted form, of which the genuine would be ''*Cripius'', containing ''*crip'' meaning "ridge" (c.f. Welsh language, Welsh ''crib'').

Extent

There is some ambiguity about the extent of the range. Fenton Wyness, writing about Deeside, puts the northern edge of the Grampians at the River Dee in the introduction to his 1968 book ''Royal Valley : The Story Of The Aberdeenshire Dee'': This introduction appears to suggest that Wyness defines the Grampians as being the range of mountains running from immediately south of Aberdeen westward to Beinn Dearg (Blair Atholl), Beinn Dearg in the Forest of Atholl. Similarly, Adam Watson (scientist), Adam Watson, when defining the extent of the Cairngorms, specifically excluded the range south of the River Dee, writing: Both Wyness and Watson appear to exclude the Cairngorms from the Grampians, regarding them as a separate range. In effect, Wyness' and Watson's definition of the Grampians is as a synonym for the Mounth. However Robert Gordon, writing in the 1650s, used the term Grampians to refer to hills on either side of the River Dee, and thus explicitly included the Cairngorms within the range.Ian R Mitchell. ''Scotland's Mountains Before the Mountaineers'', pp. 62–63. Published 2013, Luath Press. Wyness and Watson both exclude areas west of the Pass of Drumochter from the Grampians, but the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica adopted a wider definition, including the highlands as far as Dunbartonshire in the west.

Geology

The Grampian Mountains are chiefly made up of metamorphic and igneous rocks.Stephenson, D, and Gould, D. 1995. British regional geology: the Grampian Highlands. Fourth edition. Reprint 2007. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey. The mountains are composed of granite, gneiss, marble, schists and quartzite. The Quaternary glaciation (<2.6 Ma) eroded the region significantly, and glacial deposits, such as Glacial till, tills, are largely those of the Last Glacial Period, last Ice Age (< 20 Ka).

Sub-ranges

The following ranges of hills and mountains fall within the generally recognised definition of the Grampians, i.e. lying between the Highland and Great Glen fault lines: * Cairngorms * Monadh Liath * Mounth * Grey Corries * Mamores * Ben Alder Forest * The mountains of Glen Coe and Glen Etive * Black Mount * Breadalbane, Scotland, Breadalbane Hills * Trossachs * Arrochar Alps * Cowal * The Isle of Arran

References

External links

* {{Authority control Mountains and hills of Highland (council area) Mountains and hills of Moray Mountains and hills of Aberdeenshire Mountains and hills of Angus, Scotland Mountains and hills of Perth and Kinross Mountain ranges of Scotland Grampian, Mountains Highland Boundary Fault