Buddhism Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and gra ...

(

Pali Pali () is a Middle Indo-Aryan liturgical language native to the Indian subcontinent. It is widely studied because it is the language of the Buddhist ''Pāli Canon'' or ''Tipiṭaka'' as well as the sacred language of ''Theravāda'' Buddhism ...

and sa, बौद्ध धर्म ''Buddha Dharma'') is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to

Siddhartha Gautama Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha, was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist tradition, he was born in Lu ...

, commonly known as the

Buddha Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha, was a śramaṇa, wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist tradition, he was ...

, "the awakened one". The following

outline Outline or outlining may refer to: * Outline (list), a document summary, in hierarchical list format * Code folding, a method of hiding or collapsing code or text to see content in outline form * Outline drawing, a sketch depicting the outer edge ...

is provided as an overview of, and topical guide to, Buddhism.

The Buddha

Gautama Buddha Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha, was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist tradition, he was born in Lu ...

Tathāgata Tathāgata () is a Pali word; Gautama Buddha uses it when referring to himself or other Buddhas in the Pāli Canon. The term is often thought to mean either "one who has thus gone" (''tathā-gata''), "one who has thus come" (''tathā-āgata''), o ...

— meaning "Thus Come One" ''and'' "Thus Gone One" simultaneously, the epithet the Buddha uses most often to refer to himself; occasionally it is used as a general designation for a person who has reached the highest attainment * Buddha's Birthday * The Four Sights — observations that affected Prince Siddhartha deeply and made him realize the sufferings of all beings, and compelled him to begin his spiritual journey ** An

old Old or OLD may refer to: Places *Old, Baranya, Hungary *Old, Northamptonshire, England *Old Street station, a railway and tube station in London (station code OLD) *OLD, IATA code for Old Town Municipal Airport and Seaplane Base, Old Town, Mai ...

man ** A

sick Sick may refer to: Medical conditions * Having a disease or infection * Vomiting (British) Music * The Sick, a Swedish band formed by two members of Dozer Albums * Sick (Loaded album), ''Sick'' (Loaded album), 2009 * Sick (Massacra album), ' ...

man ** A dead man ** An

ascetic Asceticism (; from the el, ἄσκησις, áskesis, exercise', 'training) is a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from sensual pleasures, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals. Ascetics may withdraw from the world for their p ...

Monk A monk (, from el, μοναχός, ''monachos'', "single, solitary" via Latin ) is a person who practices religious asceticism by monastic living, either alone or with any number of other monks. A monk may be a person who decides to dedica ...

* Qualities of the Buddha ** Abandonment of all defilements (''

kilesa Kleshas ( sa, क्लेश, kleśa; pi, किलेस ''kilesa''; bo, ཉོན་མོངས། ''nyon mongs''), in Buddhism, are mental states that cloud the mind and manifest in unwholesome actions. ''Kleshas'' include states of mind su ...

'' — principally greed, hatred and delusion) together with their residual impressions (''vasana'') *** All defilements have been abandoned totally — all defilements have been destroyed with none remaining *** All defilements have been abandoned completely — each defilement has been destroyed at the root, without residue *** All defilements have been abandoned finally — no defilement can ever arise again in the future ** Acquisition of all virtues *** Great Wisdom (''Mahapaññā'') **** Extensiveness of range — understanding the totality of existent phenomena **** Profundity of view — understanding the precise mode of existence of each phenomenon *** Great Compassion (''Maha-karuṇā'') *

Physical characteristics of the Buddha There are no extant representations of the Buddha represented in artistic form until roughly the 2nd century CE, probably due to the prominence of aniconism in Buddhism in the earliest extant period of Buddhist devotional statuary and bas relief ...

* Buddha footprint * Buddha statue (''Buddharupa'') *

Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand The iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand recall specific episodes during his travels and teachings that are familiar to the Buddhists according to an iconography with specific rules. The Buddha is always represented with certain ...

Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film The life of Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha, has been the subject of several films. History The first known film about the life of Buddha was ''Buddhadev'' (English title: ''Lord Buddha'') which was produced by the well-known Indian filmmaker Dad ...

Miracles of Gautama Buddha The miracles of Gautama Buddha refers to supernatural feats and abilities attributed to Gautama Buddha by the Buddhist scriptures. The feats are mostly attributed to supranormal powers gained through meditation, rather than divine miracles. Supran ...

List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed There are various types of places where Buddha stayed. The most important kind are those monasteries which were given for his (or the Sangha's) use. Also, sometimes he was invited to stay in someone's garden or house, or he just stayed in the wild ...

* Colours of Buddha's aura (''prabashvara'') ** Sapphire blue (''nila'') **

Golden yellow Gold, also called golden, is a color tone resembling the gold chemical element. The web color ''gold'' is sometimes referred to as ''golden'' to distinguish it from the color ''metallic gold''. The use of ''gold'' as a color term in traditio ...

(''pita'') **

Crimson Crimson is a rich, deep red color, inclining to purple. It originally meant the color of the kermes dye produced from a scale insect, ''Kermes vermilio'', but the name is now sometimes also used as a generic term for slightly bluish-red colo ...

(''lohita'') **

White White is the lightest color and is achromatic (having no hue). It is the color of objects such as snow, chalk, and milk, and is the opposite of black. White objects fully reflect and scatter all the visible wavelengths of light. White on ...

(''odata'') ** Scarlet (''manjesta'') *

Family of Gautama Buddha The Buddha was born into a noble family in Lumbini in 563 BCE as per historical events and 624 BCE according to Buddhist tradition. He was called Siddhartha Gautama in his childhood. His father was king Śuddhodana, leader of the Shakya clan in wh ...

** Śuddhodana (father) **

Māyā ''Maya'' (; Devanagari: , IAST: ), literally "illusion" or "magic", has multiple meanings in Indian philosophies depending on the context. In later Vedic texts, connotes a "magic show, an illusion where things appear to be present but are not ...

(mother) ** Yasodharā (wife) ** Rāhula (son) ** Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī (foster mother) **

Nanda Nanda may refer to: Indian history and religion * Nanda Empire, ruled by the Nanda dynasty, an Indian royal dynasty ruling Magadha in the 4th century BCE ** Mahapadma Nanda, first Emperor of the Nanda Empire ** Dhana Nanda (died c. 321 BCE), last ...

(half-brother) **

Ānanda Ānanda (5th4th century BCE) was the primary attendant of the Buddha and one of his ten principal disciples. Among the Buddha's many disciples, Ānanda stood out for having the best memory. Most of the texts of the early Buddhist '' Sutta-Pi� ...

(cousin) **

Anuruddha Anuruddha ( pi, Anuruddhā) was one of the ten principal disciples and a cousin of Gautama Buddha. Early years Anuruddha was the son of Amitodana and brother to Mahanama and princess Rohini (Buddha's disciple). Since Amitodana was the broth ...

(cousin) ** Devadatta (cousin) * Teachers of the Bodhisatta Gotama ** Āḷāra Kālāma — taught Gautama the Jhanic Stage of nothingness ** Uddaka Rāmaputta — taught Gautama the Jhanic Stage of neither perception nor non-perception *

Gautama Buddha in world religions Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, is also venerated as a manifestation of God in Hinduism and the Baháʼí Faith. Some Hindu texts regard Buddha as an avatar of the god Vishnu, who came to Earth to delude beings away from the Vedic relig ...

** Gautama Buddha in Hinduism

Branches of Buddhism

Schools of Buddhism

Schools of Buddhism The schools of Buddhism are the various institutional and doctrinal divisions of Buddhism that have existed from ancient times up to the present. The classification and nature of various doctrinal, philosophical or cultural facets of the schools ...

Theravāda

Theravada ''Theravāda'' () ( si, ථේරවාදය, my, ထေရဝါဒ, th, เถรวาท, km, ថេរវាទ, lo, ເຖຣະວາດ, pi, , ) is the most commonly accepted name of Buddhism's oldest existing school. The school' ...

— literally, "the Teaching of the Elders" or "the Ancient Teaching", it is the oldest surviving

Buddhist Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...

school. It was founded in

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

. It is relatively conservative, and ''generally'' closer to early Buddhism, and for many centuries has been the predominant religion of

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

(now about 70% of the population) and most of continental

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, south-eastern region of Asia, consistin ...

. * ''

Bangladesh Bangladesh (}, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of . Bangladesh is among the mos ...

'': **

Sangharaj Nikaya The Sangharaja Nikaya is a tradition of Theravada Buddhism, located in Bangladesh. The word Nikaya is Pali and literally means "volume". It refers to the sections of the Tipitaka. However, an alternate usage is practiced in Southeast Asia, in ...

Mahasthabir Nikaya The Mahasthabir Nikaya is a Bengali order of Buddhist monks. They were anti-reformists and anti-foreign influence who attempted to replace the movement led by Saramitra Mahasthabir ("Saramedha Mahasthavira" in Pali), which led to the formation of ...

* ''

Burma Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...

'': ** Thudhamma Nikaya ***

Vipassana ''Samatha'' (Pāli; sa, शमथ ''śamatha''; ), "calm," "serenity," "tranquillity of awareness," and ''vipassanā'' (Pāli; Sanskrit ''vipaśyanā''), literally "special, super (''vi-''), seeing (''-passanā'')", are two qualities of the ...

tradition of

Mahasi Sayadaw Mahāsī Sayādaw U Sobhana ( my, မဟာစည်ဆရာတော် ဦးသောဘန, ; 29 July 1904 – 14 August 1982) was a Burmese Theravada Buddhist monk and meditation master who had a significant impact on the teaching of vipa ...

Shwekyin Nikaya Shwegyin Nikāya (, ; also spelt Shwekyin Nikāya) is the second largest monastic order of monks in Burma. It is one of nine legally sanctioned monastic orders (''nikāya'') in the country, under the 1990 Law Concerning Sangha Organizations. Sh ...

** Dvaya Nikaya or Dvara Nikaya * ''

Cambodia Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thailand t ...

'' * ''

Laos Laos (, ''Lāo'' )), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic ( Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, French: République démocratique populaire lao), is a socialist ...

'' * ''

'': ** Siam Nikaya ** Amarapura Nikaya ** Ramañña Nikaya * ''

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bo ...

'': **

Maha Nikaya The Mahā Nikāya (literal translation: "great order") is one of the two principal monastic orders, or fraternities, of modern Thai and Cambodian Buddhism. The term is used to refer to any Theravada monks not within the Dhammayuttika Nikaya, the ...

*** Dhammakaya Movement **

Thammayut Nikaya Dhammayuttika Nikāya (Pali; th, ธรรมยุติกนิกาย; ; km, ធម្មយុត្តិកនិកាយ, ), or Dhammayut Order ( th, คณะธรรมยุต) is an order of Theravada Buddhist ''bhikkhus'' (mon ...

***

Thai Forest Tradition The Kammaṭṭhāna Forest Tradition of Thailand (from pi, kammaṭṭhāna meaning Kammaṭṭhāna, "place of work"), commonly known in the West as the Thai Forest Tradition, is a Parampara, lineage of Theravada Buddhist monasticism. The ...

**** Tradition of Ajahn Chah

Mahāyāna

Mahayana ''Mahāyāna'' (; "Great Vehicle") is a term for a broad group of Buddhist traditions, texts, philosophies, and practices. Mahāyāna Buddhism developed in India (c. 1st century BCE onwards) and is considered one of the three main existing bra ...

— literally the "Great Vehicle", it is the largest school of Buddhism, and originated in India. The term is also used for classification of Buddhist philosophies and practice. According to the teachings of Mahāyāna traditions, "Mahāyāna" also refers to the path of seeking complete enlightenment for the benefit of all sentient beings, also called "Bodhisattvayāna", or the "

Bodhisattva In Buddhism, a bodhisattva ( ; sa, 𑀩𑁄𑀥𑀺𑀲𑀢𑁆𑀢𑁆𑀯 (Brahmī), translit=bodhisattva, label=Sanskrit) or bodhisatva is a person who is on the path towards bodhi ('awakening') or Buddhahood. In the Early Buddhist schools ...

Vehicle."Keown, Damien (2003), ''A Dictionary of Buddhism'': p. 38 *

Madhyamaka Mādhyamaka ("middle way" or "centrism"; ; Tibetan: དབུ་མ་པ ; ''dbu ma pa''), otherwise known as Śūnyavāda ("the emptiness doctrine") and Niḥsvabhāvavāda ("the no ''svabhāva'' doctrine"), refers to a tradition of Buddhist ...

** Prāsangika ** Svatantrika ** Sanlun (Three Treatise school) *** Sanron ** Maha-Madhyamaka (

Jonangpa The Jonang () is one of the schools of Tibetan Buddhism. Its origins in Tibet can be traced to early 12th century master Yumo Mikyo Dorje, but became much wider known with the help of Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen, a monk originally trained in the S ...

) * Yogācāra **

Cittamatra Yogachara ( sa, योगाचार, IAST: '; literally "yoga practice"; "one whose practice is yoga") is an influential tradition of Buddhist philosophy and psychology emphasizing the study of cognition, perception, and consciousness through ...

in Tibet ** Wei-Shi (Consciousness-only school) or Faxiang (Dharma-character school) *** Beopsang *** Hossō *

Tathagatagarbha Buddha-nature refers to several related Mahayana Buddhist terms, including '' tathata'' ("suchness") but most notably ''tathāgatagarbha'' and ''buddhadhātu''. ''Tathāgatagarbha'' means "the womb" or "embryo" (''garbha'') of the "thus-gone ...

** Daśabhūmikā (absorbed into Huayan) ** Huayan () *** Hwaeom ***

Kegon The Huayan or Flower Garland school of Buddhism (, from sa, अवतंसक, Avataṃsaka) is a tradition of Mahayana Buddhist philosophy that first flourished in China during the Tang dynasty (618-907). The Huayan worldview is based primar ...

Chán Chan (; of ), from Sanskrit '' dhyāna'' (meaning "meditation" or "meditative state"), is a Chinese school of Mahāyāna Buddhism. It developed in China from the 6th century CE onwards, becoming especially popular during the Tang and So ...

/ Zen / Seon / Thien **

Caodong Caodong school () is a Chinese Chan Buddhist sect and one of the Five Houses of Chán. Etymology The key figure in the Caodong school was founder Dongshan Liangjie (807-869, 洞山良价 or Jpn. Tozan Ryokai). Some attribute the name "Cáodòng" ...

*** Sōtō ****

Keizan Keizan Jōkin (, 1268–1325), also known as Taiso Jōsai Daishi, is considered to be the second great founder of the Sōtō school of Zen in Japan. While Dōgen, as founder of Japanese Sōtō, is known as , Keizan is often referred to as . Keiza ...

line ****

Jakuen Jìyuán (寂円, 1207 – 8 October 1299), better known to Buddhist scholars by his Japanese name Jakuen, was a Chinese Zen Buddhist monk and a disciple of Rujing. Most of his life is known to us only through medieval hagiography, legends, ...

line ****

Giin Kangan Giin (寒巌義尹, 1217–1300) was a disciple of Dōgen and the founder of the Higo school of Sōtō Zen Buddhism. It has been claimed that his father was Emperor Go-Toba or Emperor Juntoku. He did much evangelization work in Kyūshū, w ...

line ** Linji ***

Rinzai The Rinzai school ( ja, , Rinzai-shū, zh, t=臨濟宗, s=临济宗, p=Línjì zōng) is one of three sects of Zen in Japanese Buddhism (along with Sōtō and Ōbaku). The Chinese Linji school of Chan was first transmitted to Japan by Myōan E ...

*** Ōbaku *** Fuke *** Won Buddhism: Korean Reformed Buddhism *

Pure Land A pure land is the celestial realm of a buddha or bodhisattva in Mahayana Buddhism. The term "pure land" is particular to East Asian Buddhism () and related traditions; in Sanskrit the equivalent concept is called a buddha-field (Sanskrit ). Th ...

(Amidism) ** Jodo Shu ** Jodo Shinshu *

Tiantai Tiantai or T'ien-t'ai () is an East Asian Buddhist school of Mahāyāna Buddhism that developed in 6th-century China. The school emphasizes the ''Lotus Sutra's'' doctrine of the "One Vehicle" (''Ekayāna'') as well as Mādhyamaka philosophy, ...

(Lotus Sutra School) ** Cheontae **

Tendai , also known as the Tendai Lotus School (天台法華宗 ''Tendai hokke shū,'' sometimes just "''hokke shū''") is a Mahāyāna Buddhist tradition (with significant esoteric elements) officially established in Japan in 806 by the Japanese m ...

(also contains Vajrayana elements) *

Nichiren Nichiren (16 February 1222 – 13 October 1282) was a Japanese Buddhist priest and philosopher of the Kamakura period. Nichiren declared that the Lotus Sutra alone contains the highest truth of Buddhist teachings suited for the Third Age of B ...

Nichiren Shū Nichiren (16 February 1222 – 13 October 1282) was a Japanese Buddhist priest and philosopher of the Kamakura period. Nichiren declared that the Lotus Sutra alone contains the highest truth of Buddhist teachings suited for the Third Age of ...

** Nichiren Shōshū ** Nipponzan Myōhōji **

Soka Gakkai is a Japanese Buddhist religious movement based on the teachings of the 13th-century Japanese priest Nichiren as taught by its first three presidents Tsunesaburō Makiguchi, Jōsei Toda, and Daisaku Ikeda. It is the largest of the Japanese ...

Vajrayāna

Vajrayana Vajrayāna ( sa, वज्रयान, "thunderbolt vehicle", "diamond vehicle", or "indestructible vehicle"), along with Mantrayāna, Guhyamantrayāna, Tantrayāna, Secret Mantra, Tantric Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism, are names referring t ...

Tibetan Buddhism Tibetan Buddhism (also referred to as Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, Lamaism, Lamaistic Buddhism, Himalayan Buddhism, and Northern Buddhism) is the form of Buddhism practiced in Tibet and Bhutan, where it is the dominant religion. It is also in majo ...

Nyingma Nyingma (literally 'old school') is the oldest of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. It is also often referred to as ''Ngangyur'' (, ), "order of the ancient translations". The Nyingma school is founded on the first lineages and transl ...

** New Bön (synthesis of Yungdrung Bön and

Nyingmapa Nyingma (literally 'old school') is the oldest of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. It is also often referred to as ''Ngangyur'' (, ), "order of the ancient translations". The Nyingma school is founded on the first lineages and transl ...

) ** Kadam **

Sakya The ''Sakya'' (, 'pale earth') school is one of four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism, the others being the Nyingma, Kagyu, and Gelug. It is one of the Red Hat Orders along with the Nyingma and Kagyu. Origins Virūpa, 16th century. It depict ...

*** Ngor-pa *** Tsar-pa ** Jonang **

Gelug file:DalaiLama0054 tiny.jpg, 240px, 14th Dalai Lama, The 14th Dalai Lama (center), the most influential figure of the contemporary Gelug tradition, at the 2003 Kalachakra ceremony, Bodh Gaya, Bodhgaya (India). The Gelug (, also Geluk; "virtuous ...

Kagyu The ''Kagyu'' school, also transliterated as ''Kagyü'', or ''Kagyud'' (), which translates to "Oral Lineage" or "Whispered Transmission" school, is one of the main schools (''chos lugs'') of Tibetan (or Himalayan) Buddhism. The Kagyu lineag ...

: ***

Shangpa Kagyu The Shangpa Kagyu (, "Oral Tradition of the man from Shang") is known as the "secret lineage" of the Kagyu school of Vajrayana or Tibetan Buddhism and differs in origin from the better known Dagpo Kagyu schools. The Dagpo Kagyu are the line ...

*** Marpa Kagyu: **** Rechung Kagyu ****

Dagpo Kagyu Dagpo Kagyu encompasses the branches of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism that trace their lineage back through Gampopa (1079-1153), who was also known as Dagpo Lhaje () "the Physician from Dagpo" and Nyamed Dakpo Rinpoche "Incomparable Pre ...

: *****

Karma Kagyu Karma Kagyu (), or Kamtsang Kagyu (), is a widely practiced and probably the second-largest lineage within the Kagyu school, one of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The lineage has long-standing monasteries in Tibet, China, Russia, Mon ...

(or Kamtshang Kagyu) ***** Tsalpa Kagyu ***** Baram Kagyu ***** Pagtru Kagyu (or Phagmo Drugpa Kagyu): ****** Taglung Kagyu ****** Trophu Kagyu ******

Drukpa Kagyu The Drukpa Kagyu (), or simply Drukpa, sometimes called either Dugpa or "Red Hat sect" in older sources,

****** Martsang Kagyu ******

Yerpa Kagyu Yerpa (also known as Brag Yer-pa, Drak Yerpa, Druk Yerpa, Dagyeba, Dayerpa and Trayerpa) is a monastery and a number of ancient meditation caves that used to house about 300 monks, located a short drive to the east of Lhasa, Tibet. Description Dr ...

****** Yazang Kagyu ****** Shugseb Kagyu ******

Drikung Kagyu Drikung Kagyü or Drigung Kagyü ( Wylie: 'bri-gung bka'-brgyud) is one of the eight "minor" lineages of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. "Major" here refers to those Kagyü lineages founded by the immediate disciples of Gampopa (1079-1153) ...

Rime movement Rime may refer to: *Rime ice, ice that forms when water droplets in fog freeze to the outer surfaces of objects, such as trees Rime is also an alternative spelling of "rhyme" as a noun: *Syllable rime, term used in the study of phonology in ling ...

(ecumenical movement) * Japanese Mikkyo ** Shingon **

(derived from

but added tantric practices)

Early Buddhist schools

Early Buddhist schools The early Buddhist schools are those schools into which the Buddhist monastic saṅgha split early in the history of Buddhism. The divisions were originally due to differences in Vinaya and later also due to doctrinal differences and geographic ...

* ** Ekavyahārikas (during

Aśoka Ashoka (, ; also ''Asoka''; 304 – 232 BCE), popularly known as Ashoka the Great, was the third emperor of the Maurya Empire of Indian subcontinent during to 232 BCE. His empire covered a large part of the Indian subcontinent, s ...

) ***

Lokottaravāda The Lokottaravāda (Sanskrit, लोकोत्तरवाद; ) was one of the early Buddhist schools according to Mahayana doxological sources compiled by Bhāviveka, Vinitadeva and others, and was a subgroup which emerged from the Mahāsā� ...

** Golulaka (during

) *** Bahuśrutīya (late third century BCE) ***

Prajñaptivāda The Prajñaptivāda (Sanskrit; ) was a branch of the Mahāsāṃghika, one of the early Buddhist schools in India. The Prajñaptivādins were also known as the ''Bahuśrutīya-Vibhajyavādins''. History According to Vasumitra, the Prajñaptivād ...

(late third century BCE) ** Caitika (mid-first century BCE) *** Apara Śaila *** Uttara Śaila ** Cetiyavāda * Sthaviravāda ** Pudgalavāda ('Personalist') (c. 280 BCE) *** Vatsīputrīya (during

) later name:

Saṃmitīya The Pudgalavāda (Sanskrit; English: "Personalism"; Pali: Puggalavāda; ) was a Buddhist philosophical view and also refers to a group of Nikaya Buddhist schools (mainly known as Vātsīputrīyas) that arose from the Sthavira nikāya.Williams, ...

*** Dharmottarīya *** Bhadrayānīya *** Sannāgarika ** Vibhajjavāda (prior to 240 BCE; during

) ***

Theravāda ''Theravāda'' () ( si, ථේරවාදය, my, ထေရဝါဒ, th, เถรวาท, km, ថេរវាទ, lo, ເຖຣະວາດ, pi, , ) is the most commonly accepted name of Buddhism's oldest existing school. The school' ...

(c. 240 BCE) ***

Mahīśāsaka Mahīśāsaka ( sa, महीशासक; ) is one of the early Buddhist schools according to some records. Its origins may go back to the dispute in the Second Buddhist council. The Dharmaguptaka sect is thought to have branched out from Mah� ...

(after 232 BCE) ****

Dharmaguptaka The Dharmaguptaka (Sanskrit: धर्मगुप्तक; ) are one of the eighteen or twenty early Buddhist schools, depending on the source. They are said to have originated from another sect, the Mahīśāsakas. The Dharmaguptakas had a p ...

(after 232 BCE) **

Sarvāstivāda The ''Sarvāstivāda'' (Sanskrit and Pali: 𑀲𑀩𑁆𑀩𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺𑀯𑀸𑀤, ) was one of the early Buddhist schools established around the reign of Ashoka (3rd century BCE).Westerhoff, The Golden Age of Indian Buddhist Philosophy ...

(c. 237 BCE) ***

Kāśyapīya Kāśyapīya (Sanskrit: काश्यपीय; Pali: ''Kassapiyā'' or ''Kassapikā''; ) was one of the early Buddhist schools in India. Etymology The name ''Kāśyapīya'' is believed to be derived from Kāśyapa, one of the original missionar ...

(after 232 BCE) ***

Sautrāntika The Sautrāntika or Sutravadin ( sa, सौत्रान्तिक, Suttavāda in Pali; ; ja, 経量部, Kyou Ryou Bu) were an early Buddhist school generally believed to be descended from the Sthavira nikāya by way of their immediate pare ...

(between 50 BCE and c. 100 CE) ***

Mūlasarvāstivāda The Mūlasarvāstivāda (Sanskrit: मूलसर्वास्तिवाद; ) was one of the early Buddhist schools of India. The origins of the Mūlasarvāstivāda and their relationship to the Sarvāstivāda sect still remain largely unk ...

(3rd and 4th centuries) *** Vaibhashika

Buddhist modernism

Buddhist modernism *

Humanistic Buddhism Humanistic Buddhism () is a modern philosophy practiced by Buddhist groups originating from Chinese Buddhism which places an emphasis on integrating Buddhist practices into everyday life and shifting the focus of ritual from the dead to the li ...

* Sōka Gakkai *

Vipassana movement The Vipassanā movement, also called (in the United States) the Insight Meditation Movement and American vipassana movement, refers to a branch of modern Burmese Theravāda Buddhism that promotes "bare insight" (''sukha-vipassana'') to attain s ...

* New Kadampa Tradition *

Friends of the Western Buddhist Order The Triratna Buddhist Community (formerly the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order (FWBO)) is an international fellowship of Buddhists and others who aspire to its path of mindfulness. It was founded by Sangharakshita (born Dennis Philip Edward ...

Fo Guang Shan Fo Guang Shan (FGS) () is an international Chinese Mahāyāna Buddhist organization and monastic order based in Taiwan that practices Humanistic Buddhism. The headquarters, Fo Guang Shan Monastery is located in Dashu District, Kaohsiung, and is ...

Buddhism worldwide

Buddhism by country This list of Buddhism by country shows the distribution of the Buddhist religion, practiced by about 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population. Buddhism is the dominant religion in Buddhism in Bhu ...

* Buddhism in the East ***

Tamil Buddhism Buddhism amongst the Tamils was historically found in the Tamilakam region of India and Northern Sri Lanka. India Origin The heritage of the town of Nākappaṭṭinam is found in the Burmese historical text of the 3rd century BCE and gives ev ...

Buddhism in Central Asia Buddhism in Central Asia refers to the forms of Buddhism (mainly Mahayana) that existed in Central Asia, which were historically especially prevalent along the Silk Road. The history of Buddhism in Central Asia is closely related to the Silk R ...

** Buddhism in Southeast Asia **

East Asian Buddhism East Asian Buddhism or East Asian Mahayana is a collective term for the schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism that developed across East Asia which follow the Chinese Buddhist canon. These include the various forms of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vi ...

Buddhism in the Middle East It is estimated that in the Middle East, over 900,000 people profess Buddhism as their religion. Buddhist adherents make up just over 0.3% of the Middle East total population. Many of these Buddhists are workers who have migrated from Asia to the ...

* Buddhism in the West ** Buddhism in the Americas *** Buddhism in Central America ** Buddhism in Australia ** Buddhism in Europe *

Buddhism in Africa Buddhism is practised in Africa. Though there have been some conversions amongst Africans, the majority of Buddhists in Africa are of Asian descent, mostly Chinese, Vietnamese, Sri Lankan or Japanese. South Africa holds the largest Buddhist popu ...

Buddhist scriptures and texts

Buddhist texts Buddhist texts are those religious texts which belong to the Buddhist tradition. The earliest Buddhist texts were not committed to writing until some centuries after the death of Gautama Buddha. The oldest surviving Buddhist manuscripts a ...

Theravada texts

Pali literature Pali literature is concerned mainly with Theravada Buddhism, of which Pali is the traditional language. The earliest and most important Pali literature constitutes the Pāli Canon, the authoritative scriptures of Theravada school. Pali literat ...

* Pāli Canon (Tipitaka) **

Vinaya Pitaka The Vinaya (Pali & Sanskrit: विनय) is the division of the Buddhist canon (''Tripitaka'') containing the rules and procedures that govern the Buddhist Sangha (Buddhism), Sangha (community of like-minded ''sramanas''). Three parallel Vinay ...

— Basket of Discipline *** Suttavibhanga **** Patimokkha — Buddhist Monastic Code ***

Khandhaka Khandhaka is the second book of the Theravadin ''Vinaya Pitaka'' and includes the following two volumes: * Mahāvagga: includes accounts of Gautama Buddha's and the ten principal disciples' awakenings, as well as rules for uposatha days and monast ...

**** Mahāvagga **** Cullavagga *** Parivara **

Sutta Pitaka Sutta may refer to: *Sutta Nipata, is a Buddhist scripture *Sutta Piṭaka, The second of the three divisions of the Tripitaka or Pali Canon *Sutta Pazham, is a 2008 Indian Tamil language adult comedy thriller film *Sutta Kadhai, 2013 Indian Tamil ...

— Basket of Discourses ***

Digha Nikaya Digha is a seaside resort town in the state of West Bengal, India. It lies in Purba Medinipur district and at the northern end of the Bay of Bengal. It has a low gradient with a shallow sand beach. It is a popular sea resort in West Bengal. Hi ...

— the Long Discourses **** Brahmajala Sutta — Discourse on the Net of Perfect Wisdom ****

Samaññaphala Sutta The Samaññaphala Sutta, "The Fruit of Contemplative Life," is the second discourse (Pali, ''sutta''; Skt., ''sutra'') of the Digha Nikaya. In terms of narrative, this discourse tells the story of King Ajātasattu, son and successor of King Bi ...

— The Fruit of Contemplative Life Discourse ****

Kevatta Sutta The Kevatta Sutta (or Kevaddha) is a Buddhist scripture, one of the texts in the Digha Nikaya (long discourses collection) of the Pali Canon. The scripture takes its name from the householder Kevatta, who invites the Buddha to display various mira ...

**** Mahaparinibbana Sutta — The Last Days of the Buddha **** Mahasatipatthana Sutta — The Great Discourse on the Foundations of Mindfulness ****

Aggañña Sutta Aggañña Sutta is the 27th Sutta of the Digha Nikaya collection (Pāli version). The sutta describes a discourse imparted by the Lord Buddha to two brahmins, Bharadvaja and Vasettha, who left their family and vanna to become monks. The two brahm ...

**** Sigalovada Sutta *** Majjhima Nikaya — the Middle-length Discourses **** Sammaditthi Sutta — Discourse on Right View ****

Satipatthana Sutta The Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 10: ''The Discourse on the Establishing of Mindfulness''), and the subsequently created Mahāsatipaṭṭhāna Sutta (Dīgha Nikāya 22: ''The Great Discourse on the Establishing of Mindfulness''), are ...

— The Discourse on the Foundations of Mindfulness **** Aggi-Vacchagotta Sutta **** Anapanasati Sutta — Discourse on Mindfulness of Breathing *** Samyutta Nikaya — the Connected Discourses **** Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta — Setting Rolling the Wheel of Truth (Buddha's first discourse) **** Anattalakkhana Sutta — The Nonself Characteristic (Buddha's second discourse) ****

Fire Sermon Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material (the fuel) in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. At a certain point in the combustion reaction, called the ignition point, flames are ...

— Buddha's third discourse *** Anguttara Nikaya — the Numerical Discourses **** Dighajanu Sutta **** Dona Sutta ****

Kalama Sutta The Kesamutti Sutta, popularly known in the West as the Kālāma Sutta, is a discourse of the Buddha contained in the Aṅguttara Nikaya (3.65) of the Tipiṭaka. It is often cited by those of the Theravada and Mahayana traditions alike as the B ...

****

Upajjhatthana Sutta The Upajjhatthana Sutta ("Subjects for Contemplation"), also known as the Abhiṇhapaccavekkhitabbaṭhānasutta in the Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana Tipiṭaka, is a Buddhist discourse (Pali: ''sutta''; Skt.: '' sutra'') famous for its inclusion of ...

— Subjects for Contemplation *** Khuddaka Nikaya — the Minor Collection **** Khuddakapatha *****

Mangala Sutta Mangala (Sanskrit: मङ्गल, IAST: ) is the personification, as well as the name for the planet Mars, in Hindu literature. Also known as Lohita (), he is the celibate deity of anger, aggression, as well as war. According to Vaishnavism, ...

***** Ratana Sutta ***** Karaṇīya Mettā Sutta — The Hymn of Universal Love ****

Dhammapada The Dhammapada (Pāli; sa, धर्मपद, Dharmapada) is a collection of sayings of the Buddha in verse form and one of the most widely read and best known Buddhist scriptures. The original version of the Dhammapada is in the Khuddaka ...

— The Path of Truth **** Udana — Inspired utterances ****

Itivuttaka The Itivuttaka (Pali for "as it was said") is a Buddhism, Buddhist scripture, part of the Pali Canon of Theravada Buddhism and is attributed to Khujjuttara's recollection of Buddha's discourses. It is included there in the Sutta Pitaka's Khuddaka ...

**** Suttanipata ***** Uraga Vagga ****** Rhinoceros Horn Sutra ****** Metta Sutta ***** Cula Vagga ****** Ratana Sutta ******

******

Dhammika Sutta The Dhammika Sutta is part of the Sutta Nipata(Sn 2.14). In this sutta, the Buddha instructs a lay disciple named Dhammika on rules for monks and on the "layman's rule of conduct" (''gahatthavatta''). Dhammika asks of virtue In the sutta, Dh ...

***** Maha Vagga ***** Atthaka Vagga ***** Parayana Vagga **** Vimanavatthu **** Petavatthu ****

Theragatha The ''Theragatha'' (''Verses of the Elder Monks'') is a Buddhist text, a collection of short poems in Pali attributed to members of the early Buddhist sangha. It is classified as part of the Khuddaka Nikaya, the collection of minor books in the ...

— Verses of the Elder Monks **** Therigatha — Verses of the Elder Nuns **** Jataka tales — Buddha's former lives **** Niddesa **** Patisambhidamagga — Path of discrimination ****

Apadana Apadana ( peo, 𐎠𐎱𐎭𐎠𐎴) is a large hypostyle hall in Persepolis, Iran. It belongs to the oldest building phase of the city of Persepolis, in the first half of the 6th century BC, as part of the original design by Darius the Gre ...

**** Buddhavamsa **** Cariyapitaka **** Nettipakarana **** Petakopadesa **** Milindapanha ** Abhidhamma Pitaka — Basket of Ultimate Doctrine *** Dhammasangani *** Vibhanga *** Dhatukatha *** Puggalapannatti *** Kathavatthu ***

Yamaka The Yamaka (; Pali for "pairs") is a text of the Pali Canon, the scriptures of a Buddhist monk laws. It is a text on applied logic and analysis included in the Abhidhamma Pitaka. Description The ''Yamaka'' consists of ten chapters, each dealin ...

*** Patthana * Anupitaka — non-canonical or extra-canonical Pāli literature ** Paracanonical texts * Commentaries — commentaries on the Tipitaka ** Subcommentaries — commentaries on the commentaries on the Tipitaka **

Visuddhimagga The ''Visuddhimagga'' (Pali; English: ''The Path of Purification''), is the 'great treatise' on Buddhist practice and Theravāda Abhidhamma written by Buddhaghosa approximately in the 5th century in Sri Lanka. It is a manual condensing and syst ...

— ''The Path of Purification'', considered the most important Theravada text outside of the Tipitaka canon of scriptures ** Vimuttimagga — ''The Path of Freedom'', manual of meditation ** Abhidhammattha Sangaha — A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma

Mahayana texts

Mahayana sutras The Mahāyāna sūtras are a broad genre of Buddhist scriptures (''sūtra'') that are accepted as canonical and as ''buddhavacana'' ("Buddha word") in Mahāyāna Buddhism. They are largely preserved in the Chinese Buddhist canon, the Tibetan B ...

** Angulimaliya Sutra ** Brahmajala Sutra **

Innumerable Meanings Sutra The ''Innumerable Meanings Sutra'' also known as the ''Sutra of Infinite Meanings'' (Sanskrit: अनन्त निर्देश सूत्र, ''Ananta Nirdeśa Sūtra''; ; Japanese: ''Muryōgi Kyō''; Korean: ''Muryangeui Gyeong'') is a ...

** Lalitavistara Sutra ** Lankavatara Sutra **

Lotus Sutra The ''Lotus Sūtra'' ( zh, 妙法蓮華經; sa, सद्धर्मपुण्डरीकसूत्रम्, translit=Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtram, lit=Sūtra on the White Lotus of the True Dharma, italic=) is one of the most influ ...

Perfection of Wisdom A Tibetan painting with a Prajñāpāramitā sūtra at the center of the mandala Prajñāpāramitā ( sa, प्रज्ञापारमिता) means "the Perfection of Wisdom" or "Transcendental Knowledge" in Mahāyāna and Theravāda B ...

sutras (''Prajñāpāramitā'') *** Diamond Sutra *** Heart Sutra ** Ten Stages Sutra **

Vimalakirti-nirdesa Sutra The ''Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa'' (Devanagari: विमलकीर्तिनिर्देश) (sometimes referred to as the ''Vimalakīrti Sūtra'' or ''Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra'') is a Buddhist text which centers on a lay Buddhist meditat ...

** Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment **

Platform Sutra The ''Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch'' ( or simply: ''Tánjīng'') is a Chan Buddhist scripture that was composed in China during the 8th to 13th century. The "platform" (施法壇) refers to the podium on which a Buddhist teacher speak ...

** Amitabha Sutra **

Avatamsaka Sutra The ' (IAST, sa, 𑀅𑀯𑀢𑀁𑀲𑀓 𑀲𑀽𑀢𑁆𑀭) or ''Buddhāvataṃsaka-nāma-mahāvaipulya-sūtra (The Mahāvaipulya Sūtra named “Buddhāvataṃsaka”)'' is one of the most influential Mahāyāna sutras of East Asian B ...

Contemplation Sutra The ''Amitāyurdhyāna Sūtra'' (Sanskrit; , ''Guan-wuliangshou-jing;'' Vietnamese: Phật Thuyết Kinh Quán Vô Lượng Thọ Phật; English: ''Sutra on the Visualization of he BuddhaImmeasurable Life'') is a Mahayana sutra in Pure Land Bu ...

Infinite Life Sutra Infinite may refer to: Mathematics *Infinite set, a set that is not a finite set *Infinity, an abstract concept describing something without any limit Music * Infinite (group), a South Korean boy band *''Infinite'' (EP), debut EP of American m ...

Mahaparinirvana Sutra In Buddhism, ''parinirvana'' (Sanskrit: '; Pali: ') is commonly used to refer to nirvana-after-death, which occurs upon the death of someone who has attained ''nirvana'' during their lifetime. It implies a release from '' '', karma and rebirth a ...

Mahasamnipata Sutra The ''Mahāsaṃnipāta Sūtra'' ( Chinese: 大方等大集經, pinyin: ''Dàfāng děng dà jí jīng'', Japanese: ''Daijuku-kyō'' or ''Daishik-kyō'') is an anthology of Mahayana Buddhist sutras. The meaning in English is the ''Sutra of the Gre ...

Sanghata Sutra The Sanghata Sutra (Ārya Sanghāta Sūtra; Devanagari, आर्य सङ्घाट सूत्र) is a Mahāyāna Buddhist scripture widely circulated in northwest India and Central Asia. History and background Although the Sanghāta cir ...

** Shurangama Sutra ** Sutra of Forty-Two Sections **

Sutra of Golden Light The Golden Light Sutra or ( sa, IAST: Suvarṇaprabhāsottamasūtrendrarājaḥ), also known by the Old Uygur title Altun Yaruq, is a Buddhist text of the Mahayana branch of Buddhism. In Sanskrit, the full title is ''The Sovereign King of Sutra ...

Sutra of The Great Vows of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva ''Sutra'' ( sa, सूत्र, translit=sūtra, translit-std=IAST, translation=string, thread)Monier Williams, ''Sanskrit English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, Entry fo''sutra'' page 1241 in Indian literary traditions refers to an ap ...

Ullambana Sutra The Yulanpen Sutra, also known as the Ullambana Sutra (), is a Mahayana sutra concerning filial piety. It was translated from an Indic language (see History) and is found in Taisho 685 and Taisho 686 in Volume 16, the third volume of the Collec ...

* Āgamas * Chinese Buddhist canon **

Tripitaka Koreana The (lit. ) or ("Eighty-Thousand ''Tripiṭaka''") is a Korean collection of the (Buddhist scriptures, and the Sanskrit word for "three baskets"), carved onto 81,258 wooden printing blocks in the 13th century. It is the oldest intact vers ...

Vajrayana texts

* Buddhist Tantras ** Guhyasamāja Tantra **

Mahavairocana Tantra Vairocana (also Mahāvairocana, sa, वैरोचन) is a cosmic buddha from Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism. Vairocana is often interpreted, in texts like the '' Avatamsaka Sutra'', as the dharmakāya of the historical Gautama Buddha. In Eas ...

** Vajrasekhara Sutra ** Hevajra Tantra **

Cakrasaṃvara Tantra The ''Cakrasaṃvara Tantra'' (, ''khorlo demchok,'' The "Binding of the Wheels" Tantra) is an influential Buddhist Tantra. It is roughly dated to the late eight or early ninth century by David B. Gray (with a ''terminus ante quem'' in the late ...

** Guhyagarbha tantra **

Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa The ''AryaMañjuśrīmūlakalpa'' or ''Arya-Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa'' is a text of the Kriyā-tantra class. It is affiliated with the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī.Keown, Damien (editor) with Hodge, Stephen; Jones, Charles; Tinti, Paola (2003). ''A Dicti ...

** Shurangama Sutra **

Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti The ''Mañjuśrī-Nāma-Saṃgīti'' () (hereafter, ''Nama-samgiti'') is considered amongst the most advanced teachings given by the Shakyamuni Buddha. It represents the pinnacle of all Shakyamuni Buddha's teachings, being a tantra of the nondual ...

Kalachakra Tantra ''Kālacakra'' () is a polysemic term in Vajrayana Buddhism that means "wheel of time" or "time cycles". "''Kālacakra''" is also the name of a series of Buddhist texts and a major practice lineage in Indian Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism. The ta ...

* Nyingma Gyubum ** Guhyagarbha tantra **

Kulayarāja Tantra The ''Kulayarāja Tantra'' (Tibetan phonetically: ''Kunjed Gyalpo'', ; "All-Creating King", "Supreme Source") is a Buddhist Tantra in the Tibetan language and the principal 'mind-series' (Wylie: ''sems sde'') text of the Dzogchen tradition. T ...

** Seventeen tantras of Dzogchen **

Vima Nyingtik Vima Nyingthig (), "Seminal Heart of Vimalamitra", in Tibetan Buddhism is one of the two "seminal heart" () collections of the menngagde cycle Dzogchen, the other one being "Seminal Heart of the Dakini" (''mkha' 'gro snying thig''). Traditionally ...

** Longchen Nyingthig * Tibetan Buddhist canon ** Kangyur **

Tengyur The Tengyur or Tanjur or Bstan-’gyur (Tibetan: "Translation of Teachings") is the Tibetan collection of commentaries to the Buddhist teachings, or "Translated Treatises". The Buddhist Canon To the Tengyur were assigned commentaries to b ...

* Terma (hidden treasure) literature ** Bardo Thodol

History of Buddhism

History of Buddhism The history of Buddhism spans from the 5th century BCE to the present. Buddhism arose in Ancient India, in and around the ancient Kingdom of Magadha, and is based on the teachings of the ascetic Siddhārtha Gautama. The religion evolved as it sp ...

Timeline of Buddhism The purpose of this timeline is to give a detailed account of Buddhism from the birth of Gautama Buddha to the present. Timeline Dates 6th–5th century BCE 4th century BCE 3rd century BCE 2nd century BCE 1st century BCE 1st century ...

* Pre-sectarian Buddhism * Buddhist councils **

First Buddhist council __NOTOC__ The First Buddhist council was a gathering of senior monks of the Buddhist order convened just after Gautama Buddha's death, which according to Buddhist tradition was c. 483 BCE, though most modern scholars place it around 400 BCE. T ...

** Second Buddhist council **

Third Buddhist council The Third Buddhist council was convened in about 250 BCE at Asokarama in Pataliputra, under the patronage of Emperor Ashoka. The traditional reason for convening the Third Buddhist Council is reported to have been to rid the Sangha of corruption ...

Fourth Buddhist council Fourth Buddhist Council is the name of two separate Buddhist councils, Buddhist council meetings. The first one was held in Sri Lanka and is traditionally attributed to the 1st century BCE. In this fourth Buddhist council the Theravadin Pali Cano ...

Fifth Buddhist council The Fifth Buddhist Council ( my, ပဉ္စမသင်္ဂါယနာ; pi, Pañcamasaṃgāyanā) took place in Mandalay, Burma (Myanmar) in 1871 CE under the auspices of King Mindon of Burma (Myanmar). The chief objective of this meeting ...

** Sixth Buddhist council *

World Buddhist Forum, 2006 The World Buddhist Forum () was held in Hangzhou City and Zhoushan City, Zhejiang Province, China, from April 13 to April 16, 2006. It was the first major international religious conference in China since the founding of the People's Republic of Ch ...

Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Buddhism entered Han China via the Silk Road, beginning in the 1st or 2nd century CE. The first documented translation efforts by Buddhist monks in China were in the 2nd century CE via the Kushan Empire into the Chinese territory bordering the ...

* History of Buddhism in India **

Decline of Buddhism in India Buddhism, which originated in India, gradually dwindled and was replaced by approximately the 12th century. According to Lars Fogelin, this was "not a singular event, with a singular cause; it was a centuries-long process." The decline of Buddh ...

Greco-Buddhism Greco-Buddhism, or Graeco-Buddhism, is the cultural syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism, which developed between the fourth century BC and the fifth century AD in Gandhara, in present-day north-western Pakistan and parts of nort ...

Buddhism and the Roman world Several instances of interaction between Buddhism and the Roman world are documented by Classical and early Christian writers. Textual sources in Tamil language, moreover, suggest the presence of Buddhism among some Roman citizens in the 2nd ce ...

Buddhist crisis The Buddhist crisis ( vi, Biến cố Phật giáo) was a period of political and religious tension in South Vietnam between May and November 1963, characterized by a series of repressive acts by the South Vietnamese government and a campaign of ...

Doctrines of Buddhism

Three Jewels (''Tiratana'' • ''Triratna'')

Three Jewels In Buddhism, refuge or taking refuge refers to a religious practice, which often includes a prayer or recitation performed at the beginning of the day or of a practice session. Since the period of Early Buddhism until present time, all Theravada ...

— Gautama Buddha, the Blessed One, the Awakened One, the Teacher ** Accomplished (''arahaṃ'' • ''arhat'') ** Fully enlightened (''sammā-sambuddho'' • ''samyak-saṃbuddha'') ** Perfect in true knowledge and conduct (''vijjā-caraṇa sampanno'' • ''vidyā-caraṇa-saṃpanna'') ** Sublime (''sugato'' • ''sugata'') ** Knower of the worlds (''lokavidū'' • ''loka-vid'') ** Incomparable leader of persons to be tamed (''anuttaro purisa-damma-sārathi'' • ''puruṣa-damya-sārathi'') ** Teacher of devas and humans (''satthā deva-manussānaṃ'' • ''śāsta deva-manuṣyāṇaṃ'') ** The Enlightened One (''buddho'') ** The Blessed One (''bhagavā'' • ''bhagavat'') *

Dhamma Dharma (; sa, धर्म, dharma, ; pi, dhamma, italic=yes) is a key concept with multiple meanings in Indian religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and others. Although there is no direct single-word translation for ''d ...

(Dharma) — the cosmic principle of truth, lawfulness, and virtue discovered, fathomed, and taught by the Buddha; the Buddha's teaching as an expression of that principle; the teaching that leads to enlightenment and liberation ** Well expounded by the Blessed One (''svākkhāto bhagavatā dhammo'' • ''svākhyāta'') ** Directly visible (''sandiṭṭhiko'' • ''sāṃdṛṣṭika'') ** Immediate (''akāliko'' • ''akālika'') ** Inviting one to come and see (''ehi-passiko'' • ''ehipaśyika'') ** Worthy of application (''opanayiko'' • ''avapraṇayika'') ** To be personally experienced by the wise (''paccattaṃ veditabbo viññūhi'' • ''pratyātmaṃ veditavyo vijñaiḥ'') *

Saṅgha Sangha is a Sanskrit word used in many Indian languages, including Pali meaning "association", "assembly", "company" or "community"; Sangha is often used as a surname across these languages. It was historically used in a political context t ...

(Saṃgha) — the spiritual community, which is twofold (1) the monastic Saṅgha, the order of monks and nuns; and (2) the noble Saṅgha, the spiritual community of noble disciples who have reached the stages of world-transcending realization ** Practicing the good way (''supaṭipanno bhagavato sāvaka-saṅgho'') ** Practicing the straight way (''ujupaṭipanno bhagavato sāvaka-saṅgho'') ** Practicing the true way (''ñāyapaṭipanno bhagavato sāvaka-saṅgho'') ** Practicing the proper way (''sāmīcipaṭipanno bhagavato sāvaka-saṅgho'') ** Worthy of gifts (''āhuṇeyyo'') ** Worthy of hospitality (''pāhuṇeyyo'') ** Worthy of offerings (''dakkhiṇeyyo'') ** Worthy of reverential salutation (''añjalikaraṇīyo'') ** The unsurpassed field of merit for the world (''anuttaraṃ puññākkhettaṃ lokassā'')

Four Noble Truths (''Cattāri ariyasaccāni'' • ''Catvāri āryasatyāni'')

Four Noble Truths In Buddhism, the Four Noble Truths (Sanskrit: ; pi, cattāri ariyasaccāni; "The four Arya satyas") are "the truths of the Noble Ones", the truths or realities for the "spiritually worthy ones".

Suffering Suffering, or pain in a broad sense, may be an experience of unpleasantness or aversion, possibly associated with the perception of harm or threat of harm in an individual. Suffering is the basic element that makes up the negative valence of a ...

(''dukkha'' • ''duḥkha'') — ''to be fully understood'' (''pariññeyya'') ** Dukkha as intrinsic suffering, as bodily or mental suffering">pain Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli. The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, ...

(''dukkha-dukkha'') *** birth (''Jāti (Buddhism), jāti'') *** old age (''Jarāmaraṇa, jarā'') *** illness (''byādhi'') *** death (''Jarāmaraṇa, maraṇa'') *** sorrow (emotion), sorrow (''soka'') *** crying, lamentation ('' parideva'') ***

pain Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli. The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, ...

('' dukkha'') ***

grief Grief is the response to loss, particularly to the loss of someone or some living thing that has died, to which a bond or affection was formed. Although conventionally focused on the emotional response to loss, grief also has physical, cogni ...

('' domanassa'') *** despair ('' upāyāsā'') ** Dukkha due to change (''vipariṇāma-dukkha'') *** Association with the unpleasant (''appiyehi sampayogo'') *** Separation from the pleasant (''piyehi vippayogo'') *** Not to get what one wants (''yampicchaṃ na labhati tampi'') ** Dukkha of conditioned formations (''saṅkhāra-dukkha'') *** Five aggregates of clinging (''pañcupādānakkhandha'') **** material form (''rūpa'') ****

feeling Feelings are subjective self-contained phenomenal experiences. According to the ''APA Dictionary of Psychology'', a feeling is "a self-contained phenomenal experience"; and feelings are "subjective, evaluative, and independent of the sensations ...

(''vedanā'') ****

perception Perception () is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information or environment. All perception involves signals that go through the nervous system ...

(''saññā'' • ''samjñā'') **** mental formations (''saṅkhāra'' • ''samskāra'') ****

consciousness Consciousness, at its simplest, is sentience and awareness of internal and external existence. However, the lack of definitions has led to millennia of analyses, explanations and debates by philosophers, theologians, linguisticians, and scien ...

(''viññāṇa'' • ''vijñāna'')

2. The Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering (''Dukkha samudaya ariya sacca'')

* Craving (''taṇhā'' • ''tṛṣṇā'') (''

samudaya In Buddhism, the Four Noble Truths (Sanskrit: ; pi, cattāri ariyasaccāni; "The four Arya satyas") are "the truths of the Noble Ones", the truths or realities for the "spiritually worthy ones". sensual pleasure">Sense">sensual pleasures (''Kama">kāma taṇhā'') ** Craving for existence">pleasure">Sense&qu.html" ;"title="pleasure.html" ;"title="Sense">sensual pleasure">Sense">sensual pleasures (''Kama">kāma taṇhā'') ** Craving for existence (''bhava taṇhā'') ** Craving for non-existence (''vibhava taṇhā'')

3. The Noble Truth of the Cessation of Suffering (''Dukkha nirodha ariya sacca'')

* Nirvana (Buddhism), Nirvana (''Nibbāna'' • ''Nirvāṇa'') (''

nirodha In Buddhism, nirodha, "cessation," "extinction," or "suppression," refers to the cessation or renouncing of craving and desire. It is the third of the Four Noble Truths,_stating_that_suffering_(dukkha.html" ;"title="Four Noble Truths: BUDDHIST P ...

'') — ''to be realized'' (''sacchikātabba'') ** Nibbāna element with residue remaining (''sa-upādisesa nibbānadhātu'' • ''sopadhiśeṣa-nirvāṇa'') ** Nibbāna element with no residue remaining (''anupādisesa nibbānadhātu'' • ''nir-upadhiśeṣa-nirvāṇa'') —

Parinirvana In Buddhism, ''parinirvana'' (Sanskrit: '; Pali: ') is commonly used to refer to nirvana-after-death, which occurs upon the death of someone who has attained ''nirvana'' during their lifetime. It implies a release from '' '', karma and rebirth a ...

(''parinibbāna'' • ''parinirvāṇa'')

4. The Noble Truth of the Path of Practice leading to the Cessation of Suffering (''Dukkha nirodha gāminī paṭipadā ariya sacca'')

Noble Eightfold Path The Noble Eightfold Path (Pali: ; Sanskrit: ) is an early summary of the path of Buddhist practices leading to liberation from samsara, the painful cycle of rebirth, in the form of nirvana. The Eightfold Path consists of eight practices: ri ...

(''Ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo'' • ''Ārya 'ṣṭāṅga mārgaḥ'') — ''to be developed'' (''bhāvetabba'') ** Right view ** Right intention ** Right speech ** Right action ** Right livelihood ** Right effort ** Right mindfulness ** Right concentration

Three Characteristics of Existence (''Tilakkhaṇa'' • ''Trilakṣaṇa'')

Three marks of existence In Buddhism, the three marks of existence are three characteristics (Pali: tilakkhaṇa; Sanskrit: त्रिलक्षण trilakṣaṇa) of all existence and beings, namely ''Impermanence#Buddhism, aniccā'' (impermanence), ''Duḥkha, dukkh ...

Impermanence Impermanence, also known as the philosophical problem of change, is a philosophical concept addressed in a variety of religions and philosophies. In Eastern philosophy it is notable for its role in the Buddhist three marks of existence. It is ...

(''anicca'' • ''anitya'') *

(''dukkha'' • ''duḥkha'') * Nonself (''anattā'' • ''anātman'')

Five Aggregates (''Pañca khandha'' • ''Pañca-skandha'')

Skandha (Sanskrit) or (Pāḷi) means "heaps, aggregates, collections, groupings". In Buddhism, it refers to the five aggregates of clinging (), the five material and mental factors that take part in the rise of craving and clinging. They are also ...

* Matter (Form) (''rūpa'') ** Four Great Elements (''mahābhūta'') *** Earth element (''paṭhavī-dhātu'') *** Water (or liquid) element (''āpo-dhātu'') *** Fire (or heat) element (''tejo-dhātu'') *** Air (or wind) element (''vāyo-dhātu'') *

Feeling Feelings are subjective self-contained phenomenal experiences. According to the ''APA Dictionary of Psychology'', a feeling is "a self-contained phenomenal experience"; and feelings are "subjective, evaluative, and independent of the sensations ...

(''vedanā'') ** Pleasant feeling (''sukha'') ** Painful feeling (''dukkha'' • ''duḥkha'') ** Neither-painful-nor-pleasant (neutral) feeling (''adukkham-asukhā'') *

Perception Perception () is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information or environment. All perception involves signals that go through the nervous system ...

(''saññā'' • ''samjñā'') * Mental formations (''saṅkhāra'' • ''samskāra'') — '' see below'' *

Consciousness Consciousness, at its simplest, is sentience and awareness of internal and external existence. However, the lack of definitions has led to millennia of analyses, explanations and debates by philosophers, theologians, linguisticians, and scien ...

(''viññāṇa'' • ''vijñāna'')

Dependent Origination (''Paticcasamuppāda'' • ''Pratītyasamutpāda'')

This/that Conditionality (''Idappaccayatā'')

Describing the causal nature of everything in the universe, as expressed in the following formula:

Twelve Links (''Nidāna'')

Describes how suffering arises. * Ignorance (''avijjā'' • ''avidyā'') ** Not knowing

suffering Suffering, or pain in a broad sense, may be an experience of unpleasantness or aversion, possibly associated with the perception of harm or threat of harm in an individual. Suffering is the basic element that makes up the negative valence of a ...

** Not knowing the origin of suffering ** Not knowing the cessation of suffering ** Not knowing the way leading to the cessation of suffering * Volitional formations (''saṅkhāra'' • ''saṃskāra'') ** Bodily formation ** Verbal formation ** Mental formation *

(''viññāṇa'' • ''vijñāna'') ** Eye-consciousness ** Ear-consciousness ** Nose-consciousness ** Tongue-consciousness ** Body-consciousness ** Mind-consciousness * Mind and body (''nāmarūpa'') ** Mind (''nāma'') ***

(''vedanā'') ***

(''saññā'' • ''samjñā'') *** Volition (''cetanā'') ***

Contact Contact may refer to: Interaction Physical interaction * Contact (geology), a common geological feature * Contact lens or contact, a lens placed on the eye * Contact sport, a sport in which players make contact with other players or objects * ...

(''phassa'') ***

Attention Attention is the behavioral and cognitive process of selectively concentrating on a discrete aspect of information, whether considered subjective or objective, while ignoring other perceivable information. William James (1890) wrote that "Atte ...

(''manasikāra'') ** Body/materiality/form (''rūpa'') *** Four Great Elements ****

Earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. While large volumes of water can be found throughout the Solar System, only Earth sustains liquid surface water. About 71% of Earth's surfa ...

—

solid Solid is one of the State of matter#Four fundamental states, four fundamental states of matter (the others being liquid, gas, and Plasma (physics), plasma). The molecules in a solid are closely packed together and contain the least amount o ...

ity ****

Water Water (chemical formula ) is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a ...

—

fluid In physics, a fluid is a liquid, gas, or other material that continuously deforms (''flows'') under an applied shear stress, or external force. They have zero shear modulus, or, in simpler terms, are substances which cannot resist any shear ...

ity **** Fire (classical element), Fire — heat **** Air (classical element), Wind — oscillation * Ṣaḍāyatana, Six sense bases (''saḷāyatana'' • ''ṣaḍāyatana'') ** Eye-base ** Ear-base ** Nose-base ** Tongue-base ** Body-base ** Mind-base * Sparśa, Contact (''phassa'' • ''sparśa'') ** Eye-contact ** Ear-contact ** Nose-contact ** Tongue-contact ** Body-contact ** Mind-contact *

(''vedanā'') ** Feeling born of eye-contact ** Feeling born of ear-contact ** Feeling born of nose-contact ** Feeling born of tongue-contact ** Feeling born of body-contact ** Feeling born of mind-contact * Craving (''taṇhā'' • ''tṛṣṇā'') ** Craving for forms ** Craving for sounds ** Craving for odors ** Craving for flavors ** Craving for tangibles ** Craving for mind-objects * Upādāna, Clinging (''upādāna'') ** Clinging to Kāma, sensual pleasures (''kāmupādāna'') ** Clinging to View (Buddhism), views (''diṭṭhupādāna'') ** Clinging to rituals and observances (''sīlabbatupādāna'') ** Clinging to a doctrine of Ātman (Buddhism), self (''attavādupādāna'') * Bhava, Being (''bhava'') ** Sense-sphere being ** Fine-material being ** Immaterial being * Jāti (Buddhism), Birth (''jāti'') * Jarāmaraṇa, Old age and death (''jarāmaraṇa'')

Transcendental Dependent Origination

Describes the path out of suffering. *

(''dukkha'' • ''duḥkha'') * Faith in Buddhism, Faith (''saddhā'' • ''śraddhā'') * Pāmojja, Joy (''pāmojja'') * Pīti, Rapture (''pīti'' • ''prīti'') * Passaddhi, Tranquillity (''passaddhi'') * Sukha, Happiness (''sukha'') * Samadhi (Buddhism), Concentration (''samādhi'') * Yathābhūta-ñāna-dassana, Knowledge and vision of things as they really are (''yathābhūta-ñāna-dassana'') * Nibbidā, Disenchantment with worldly life (''nibbidā'') * Virāga, Dispassion (''virāga'') * Vimutti, Freedom (''vimutti'') * Āsava-khaye-ñāna, Knowledge of destruction of the taints (''āsava-khaye-ñāna'')

Karma (Kamma)

Karma in Buddhism * Definition — ''volitional action, considered particularly as a moral force capable of producing, for the agent, results that correspond to the ethical quality of the action; thus good karma produces happiness, and bad karma produces suffering'' * Vipāka, Result of karma (''vipāka'') * Cetanā, Intention (''cetanā'') ** Kusala (Buddhism), Wholesome intention (''kusala'') ** Akusala, Unwholesome intention (''akusala'') * Kammadvara, Three doors of action (''kammadvara'') ** Human body, Body — Bodily acts ** Speech — Verbal acts ** Mind — Mental acts * Mula (Buddhism), Roots (''mula'') ** Unwholesome *** Raga (Buddhism), Greed (''lobha'' • ''raga'') *** Dvesha (Buddhism), Hatred (''dosa'' • ''dvesha'') *** Moha (Buddhism), Delusion (''moha'') ** Wholesome *** Alobha, Nongreed (''alobha'') — renunciation, detachment, generosity *** Adosa, Nonhatred (''adosa'') — loving-kindness, sympathy, gentleness *** Amoha, Nondelusion (''amoha'') — wisdom * Kammapatha, Courses of action (''kammapatha'') ** Unwholesome *** Bodily **** Destroying life **** Taking what is not given **** Wrong conduct in regard to sense pleasures *** Verbal **** False speech **** Slanderous speech **** Harsh speech **** Idle chatter *** Mental **** Covetousness **** Ill will **** Wrong view ** Wholesome *** Bodily **** Abstaining from destroying life **** Abstaining from taking what is not given **** Abstaining from wrong conduct in regard to sense pleasures *** Verbal **** Abstaining from false speech **** Abstaining from slanderous speech **** Abstaining from harsh speech **** Abstaining from idle chatter *** Mental **** Being free from covetousness **** Being free from ill will **** Holding right view * Function ** Reproductive kamma (''janaka kamma'') — that which produces mental aggregates and material aggregates at the moment of Fertilisation, conception ** Supportive kamma (''upatthambhaka kamma'') — that which comes near the Reproductive Kamma and supports it ** Obstructive kamma (''upapiḍaka kamma'') — that which tends to weaken, interrupt and retard the fruition of the Reproductive Kamma ** Destructive kamma (''upaghātaka kamma'') — that which not only obstructs but also destroys the whole force of the Reproductive Kamma * Order to take effect ** Weighty kamma (''garuka kamma'') — that which produces its results in this life or in the next for certain *** Five heinous crimes, causing rebirth in hell immediately after death (''anantarika-karma, ānantarika-kamma'') **** Intentionally killing one's father (patricide) **** Intentionally killing one's mother (matricide) **** Intentionally killing an arahant **** Maliciously causing blood to flow from the body of a

**** Creating a Schism (religion), schism in the Sangha (Buddhism), sangha ** Proximate kamma (''āsanna kamma'') — that which one does or remembers immediately before the dying moment ** Habitual kamma (''āciṇṇa kamma'') — that which one habitually performs and recollects and for which one has a great liking ** Reserve kamma (''kaṭattā kamma'') — refers to all actions that are done once and soon forgotten * Time of taking effect ** Immediately effective kamma (''diţţhadhammavedaniya kamma'') ** Subsequently, effective kamma (''upapajjavedaniya kamma'') ** Indefinitely effective kamma (''aṗarāpariyavedaniya kamma'') ** Defunct kamma (''ahosi kamma'') * Place of taking effect ** Immoral (''akusala'') kamma pertaining to the sense-sphere (''kamavacara'') ** Moral (''kusala'') kamma pertaining to the sense-sphere (''kamavacara'') ** Moral kamma pertaining to the form-sphere (''rupavacara'') ** Moral kamma pertaining to the formless-sphere (''arupavacara'') * Karma in Buddhism#The Theravada commentarial tradition, Niyama Dhammas ** ''Utu Niyama'' — Physical Inorganic Order (seasonal changes and climate), the natural law pertaining to physical objects and changes in the natural environment, such as the weather; the way flowers bloom in the day and fold up at night; the way soil, water and nutrients help a tree to grow; and the way things disintegrate and decompose. This perspective emphasizes the changes brought about by heat or temperature ** ''Bīja Niyama'' — Physical Organic Order (laws of heredity), the natural law pertaining to heredity, which is best described in the adage, “as the seed, so the fruit” ** ''Citta Niyama'' — Order of Mind and Psychic Law (will of mind), the natural law pertaining to the workings of the mind, the process of cognition of sense objects and the mental reactions to them ** ''Kamma Niyama'' — Order of Acts and Results (consequences of one's actions), the natural law pertaining to human behavior, the process of the generation of action and its results. In essence, this is summarized in the words, “good deeds bring good results, bad deeds bring bad results” ** ''Dhamma Niyama'' — Order of the Norm (nature's tendency to produce a perfect type), the natural law governing the relationship and interdependence of all things: the way all things arise, exist and then cease. All conditions are subject to change, are in a state of affliction and are not self: this is the Norm

Rebirth (''Punabbhava'' • ''Punarbhava'')

* Saṃsāra (Buddhism), Saṃsāra — Lit., the "wandering," the round of rebirths without discoverable beginning, sustained by ignorance and craving

Buddhist cosmology

Buddhist cosmology Samsara

* Six realms ** Deva (Buddhism), Heaven (''sagga'') *** Tushita, Tusita — one of the six deva-worlds of the ''kāmadhātu'' *** Trayastrimsa, Tāvatiṃsa — the fifth of the heavens of the ''kāmadhātu'', and the highest of the heavens that maintains a physical connection with the rest of the world *** Four Heavenly Kings ** Asura (Buddhism), Demigod realm (''asura'') ** Human beings in Buddhism, Human realm (''mānusatta'') ** Preta, Hungry Ghost realm (''peta'' • ''preta'') ** Animals in Buddhism, Animal realm ** Naraka (Buddhism), Hell (''niraya'' • ''naraka'') *** Avici, Avīci — the lowest level of the hell realm * Trailokya, Three planes of existence (''tiloka'' • ''triloka'') ** Desire realm, World of desire (''kāmaloka'') ** World of form (''rūpaloka'') ** World of formlessness (''arūpaloka'') * Ten spiritual realms ** Buddhahood **

— Bodhisattvahood ** Pratyekabuddha — Realization ** Sāvakabuddha — Learning ** Deva (Buddhism), Deva — Heaven ** Asura (Buddhism), Asura — Paranoid jealousy ** Human beings in Buddhism — Humanity ** Animals in Buddhism — Animality ** Preta — Hunger ** Naraka (Buddhism), Naraka — Hell

Sense bases (''Āyatana'')

Ayatana * Ṣaḍāyatana, Six sense bases (''saḷāyatana'' • ''ṣaḍāyatana'') ** human eye, Eye (''cakkhu'') and Rūpa, Forms ** Ear (''sota'') and Sounds ** Human nose, Nose (''ghāṇa'') and Odors ** Tongue (''jivhā'') and Flavor (taste), Flavors ** Human body, Body (''kāya'') and Somatosensory system, Tactile objects ** Vijñāna, Mind (''mano'') and Dharma (Buddhism), Phenomena

Six Great Elements (''Dhātu'')

* Earth element (''paṭhavī-dhātu'') * Water (or liquid) element (''āpo-dhātu'') * Fire (classical element), Fire element (''tejo-dhātu'') * Air (or wind) element (''vāyo-dhātu'') * Space, Space element (''ākāsa-dhātu'') * Vijñāna, Consciousness element (''viññāṇa-dhātu'')

Faculties (''Indriya'')

Indriya * Six sensory faculties ** Eye/vision faculty (''cakkh-undriya'') ** Ear/hearing faculty (''sot-indriya'') ** Nose/smell faculty () ** Tongue/taste faculty (''jivh-indriya'') ** Body/sensibility faculty () ** Mind faculty (''man-indriya'') * Three physical faculties ** Femininity (''itth-indriya'') ** Masculinity (''puris-indriya'') ** Life or vitality () * Five feeling faculties ** Physical pleasure (''sukh-indriya'') ** Physical

(''dukkh-indriya'') ** Mental joy (''somanasa-indriya'') ** Mental

(''domanass-indriya'') ** Indifference (emotion), Indifference (''upekh-indriya'') * Five spiritual faculties ** Faith in Buddhism, Faith (') ** Vīrya, Energy (''viriy-indriya'') ** Mindfulness (Buddhism), Mindfulness (''sat-indriya'') ** Samadhi (Buddhism), Concentration (') ** Wisdom in Buddhism, Wisdom (''-indriya'') * Three final-knowledge faculties ** Thinking "I shall know the unknown" (') ** Gnosis (') ** One who knows (')

Formations (''Saṅkhāra'' • ''Saṃskāra'')

Mental Factors (''Cetasika'' • ''Caitasika'' )

Theravāda abhidhamma

* Seven universal mental factors common to all; ethically variable mental factors common to all consciousnesses (''sabbacittasādhāraṇa cetasikas'') **

(''phassa'') **

(''vedanā'') **

(''saññā'') ** Volition (''cetanā'') ** Ekaggatā, One-pointedness (''ekaggatā'') ** Jīvitindriya, Life Faculty (''jīvitindriya'') **

(''manasikāra'') * Six occasional or particular mental factors; ethically variable mental factors found only in certain consciousnesses (''pakiṇṇaka cetasikas'') ** Vitakka, Application of thought (''vitakka'') ** Vicāra, Examining (''vicāra'') ** Adhimokkha, Decision (''adhimokkha'') ** Viriya, Energy (''viriya'') ** Pīti, Rapture (''pīti'') ** Chanda (Buddhism), Wholesome desire (''chanda'') * Fourteen unwholesome mental factors (''akusala cetasikas'') ** Four universal unwholesome mental factors (''akusalasādhāraṇa''): *** Moha (Buddhism), Delusion (''moha'') *** Ahirika, Lack of shame (''ahirika'') *** Anottappa, Disregard for consequence (''anottappa'') *** Uddhacca, Restlessness (''uddhacca'') ** Three mental factors of the greed-group (''lobha''): *** Lobha, Greed (''lobha'') *** View (Buddhism), Wrong view (''diṭṭhi'') *** Māna, Conceit (''māna'') ** Four mental factors of the hatred-group (''dosa'') *** Dvesha (Buddhism), Hatred (''dosa'') *** Issā, Envy (''issā'') *** Macchariya, Miserliness (''macchariya'') *** Kukkucca, Regret (''kukkucca'') ** Other unwholesome mental factors *** Thīna, Sloth (''thīna'') *** Middha, Torpor (''middha'') *** Vicikicchā, Doubt (''vicikicchā'') * Twenty-five beautiful mental factors (''sobhana cetasikas'') ** Nineteen universal beautiful mental factors (''sobhanasādhāraṇa''): *** Saddhā, Faith (''saddhā'') *** Mindfulness (Buddhism), Mindfulness (''sati'') *** Hiri (Buddhism), Shame at doing evil (''hiri'') *** Ottappa, Regard for consequence (''ottappa'') *** Alobha, Lack of greed (''alobha'') *** Adosa, Lack of hatred (''adosa'') *** Tatramajjhattatā, Balance, neutrality of mind (''tatramajjhattatā'') *** Kāyapassaddhi, Tranquillity of mental body (''kāyapassaddhi'') *** Cittapassaddhi, Tranquillity of consciousness (''cittapassaddhi'') *** Kāyalahutā, Lightness of mental body (''kāyalahutā'') *** Cittalahutā, Lightness of consciousness (''cittalahutā'') *** Kāyamudutā, Softness/malleability of mental body (''kāyamudutā'') *** Cittamudutā, Softness/malleability of consciousness (''cittamudutā'') *** Kāyakammaññatā, Readiness/wieldiness of mental body (''kāyakammaññatā'') *** Cittakammaññatā, Readiness/wieldiness of consciousness (''cittakammaññatā'') *** Kāyapāguññatā, Proficiency of mental body (''kāyapāguññatā'') *** Cittapāguññatā, Proficiency of consciousness (''cittapāguññatā'') *** Kāyujukatā, Straightness/rectitude of mental body (''kāyujukatā'') *** Cittujukatā, Straightness/rectitude of consciousness (''cittujukatā'') ** Three Abstinences (''virati''): *** Right speech (''sammāvācā'') *** Noble Eightfold Path#Right action, Right action (''sammākammanta'') *** Right livelihood (''sammā-ājīva'') ** Two Illimitables (''appamañña''): *** Karuṇā, Compassion (''karuṇā'') *** Mudita, Sympathetic joy (''muditā'') ** One Faculty of wisdom (''paññindriya''): *** Paññā, Wisdom (''paññā'' • ''prajñā'')

Mahayana abhidharma

* Five universal mental factors (''sarvatraga'') common to all: # ''Sparśa'' — contact, contacting awareness, sense impression, touch # ''Vedanā'' — feeling, sensation # ''Saṃjñā'' — perception # ''Cetanā'' — volition # ''Manasikara'' — attention * Five determining mental factors (''viṣayaniyata''): # Chanda (Buddhism), ''Chanda'' — desire (to act), intention, interest # ''Adhimoksha'' — decision, interest, firm conviction # Mindfulness (Buddhism), ''Smṛti'' — mindfulness # ''Wisdom in Buddhism, Prajñā'' — wisdom # ''Samādhi'' — concentration * Eleven virtuous (''kuśala'') mental factors # Saddhā, ''Sraddhā'' — faith # Hri (Buddhism), ''Hrī'' — self-respect, conscientiousness, sense of shame # ''Apatrāpya'' — decorum, regard for consequence # ''Alobha'' — non-attachment # ''Adveṣa'' — non-aggression, equanimity, lack of hatred # ''Amoha'' — non-bewilderment # ''Vīrya'' — diligence, effort # ''Praśrabdhi'' — pliancy # ''Apramāda'' — conscientiousness # ''Upekṣa'' — equanimity # ''Ahiṃsā'' — nonharmfulness *Six root mental defilements (''mūlakleśa''): # Raga (Buddhism), ''Raga'' — attachment # ''Pratigha'' — anger # ''Avidya (Buddhism), Avidya'' — ignorance # ''Māna'' — pride, conceit # ''Vicikitsa'' — doubt # View (Buddhism), ''Dṛiṣṭi'' — wrong view * Twenty secondary defilement (''upakleśa''): #''Krodha (Mental factor), Krodha'' — rage, fury #''Upanāha'' — resentment #''Mrakśa'' — concealment, slyness-concealment #''Pradāśa'' — spitefulness #''Irshya'' — envy, jealousy #''Mātsarya'' — stinginess, avarice, miserliness #''Maya (Buddhist mental factor), Māyā'' — pretense, deceit #''Śāṭhya'' — hypocrisy, dishonesty #''Mada (Buddhism), Mada'' — self-infatuation, mental inflation, self-satisfaction #''Vihiṃsā'' — malice, hostility, cruelty, intention to harm #''Āhrīkya'' — lack of shame, lack of conscious, shamelessness #''Anapatrāpya'' — lack of propriety, disregard, shamelessness #''Styāna'' — lethargy, gloominess #''Auddhatya'' — excitement, ebullience #''Āśraddhya'' — lack of faith, lack of trust #''Kausīdya'' — laziness, slothfulness #''Pramāda'' — heedlessness, carelessness, unconcern #''Muṣitasmṛtitā'' — forgetfulness #''Asaṃprajanya'' — non-alertness, inattentiveness #''Vikṣepa'' — distraction, desultoriness * Four changeable mental factors (''aniyata''): #''Kaukṛitya'' — regret, worry, #''Middha'' — sleep, drowsiness #''Vitarka'' — conception, selectiveness, examination #''Vicāra'' — discernment, discursiveness, analysis

Mind and Consciousness

* ''Citta'' — Mind, mindset, or state of mind * ''Cetasika'' — Mental factors * ''Manas (early Buddhism), Manas'' — Mind, general thinking faculty * Consciousness (''Vijñāna, viññāṇa'') * Mindstream (''citta-saṃtāna'') — the moment-to-moment continuity of consciousness * ''Bhavanga'' — the most fundamental aspect of mind in Theravada * Luminous mind (''pabhassara citta'') * Consciousness-only (''vijñapti-mātratā'') * Eight Consciousnesses (''aṣṭavijñāna'') ** Eye-consciousness — seeing apprehended by the visual sense organs ** Ear-consciousness — hearing apprehended by the auditory sense organs ** Nose-consciousness — smelling apprehended through the olfactory organs ** Tongue-consciousness — tasting perceived through the gustatory organs ** Ideation-consciousness — the aspect of mind known in Sanskrit as the "mind monkey"; the consciousness of ideation (idea generation), ideation ** Body-consciousness — tactile feeling apprehended through skin contact, touch ** The manas consciousness — obscuration-consciousness — a consciousness which through apprehension, gathers the hindrances, the poisons, the karmic formations ** Store-house consciousness (''ālāyavijñāna'') — the seed consciousness, the consciousness which is the basis of the other seven * Conceptual proliferation, Mental proliferation (''papañca'' • ''prapañca'') — the deluded conceptualization of the world through the use of ever-expanding language and concepts * Mind monkey, Monkey mind — unsettled, restless mind

Obstacles to Enlightenment

* Āsava, Taints (''āsava'') ** Kāma, Sensual desire (''kāmāsava'') ** Bhava, Becoming (''bhavāsava'') ** View (Buddhism), Wrong view (''diṭṭhāsava'') ** Ignorance (''avijjāsava'') * Kleshas (Buddhism), Defilements (''kilesa'' • ''kleśā'') ** Three poisons (Buddhism), Three defilements *** Rāga (Buddhism), Greed (''lobha'' • ''rāga'') *** Dvesha (Buddhism), Hatred (aversion) (''dosa'' • ''dvesha'') *** Moha (Buddhism), Delusion (''moha'') ** Round of defilements (''kilesa-vaṭṭa'') *** Ignorance (''avijjā'' • ''avidyā'') *** Craving (''taṇhā'' • ''tṛṣṇā'') *** Upādāna, Clinging (''upādāna'') * Vipallasa, Four perversions of view, thought and perception (''vipallasa'') ** Taking what is impermanence, impermanent (''anicca'' • ''anitya'') to be permanent (''nicca'' • ''nitya'') ** Taking what is dukkha, suffering (''dukkha'' • ''duḥkha'') to be sukkha, happiness (''sukha'') ** Taking what is anatta, nonself (''anattā'' • ''anātman'') to be Ātman (Buddhism), self (''attā'' • ''ātman'') ** Taking what is asubha, not beautiful (''asubha'') to be beautiful (''subha'') * Five hindrances (''pañca nīvaraṇā'') — the main inner impediments to the development of concentration and insight ** Kāmacchanda, Sensual desire (''kāmacchanda'') — craving for pleasure to the senses ** Vyāpāda, Ill-will (''vyāpāda'') — feelings of malice directed toward others ** Thīna-middha, Sloth and torpor (''thīna-middha'') — half-hearted action with little or no energy ** Uddhacca-kukkucca, Restlessness and remorse (''uddhacca-kukkucca'') — the inability to calm the mind ** Vicikicchā, Doubt (''vicikicchā'') — lack of conviction or trust * Anusaya, Latent tendencies (''anusaya'') ** Kāma-rāga, Sensual passion (''kāma-rāga'') ** Patigha, Resistance (''patigha'') ** View (Buddhism), Views (''diṭṭhi'') ** Vicikicchā, Doubt (''vicikicchā'') ** Māna, Conceit (''māna'') ** Bhavarāga, Craving for continued existence (''bhavarāga'') ** Ignorance (''avijjā'' • ''avidyā'') * Fetter (Buddhism), Ten Fetters (''saṃyojana'') ** Sakkāyadiṭṭhi, Identity view (''sakkāyadiṭṭhi'') — the view of a truly existent self either as identical with the five aggregates, or as existing in some relation to them *** Sassatavada, Eternity-belief (''sassata-diṭṭhi'') *** Annihilation-belief (''uccheda-diṭṭhi'') ** Vicikicchā, Doubt (''vicikicchā'') — doubt about the Buddha, the Dhamma, the Saṅgha, or the training ** Sīlabbata-parāmāsa, Wrong grasp of rules and observances (''sīlabbata-parāmāsa'') — the belief that mere external observances, particularly religious rituals and ascetic practices, can lead to liberation ** Kāmacchanda, Sensual lust (''kāmacchando'') ** Vyāpādo, Ill will (''vyāpādo'') ** Rūparāgo, Desire for existence in the form realm (''rūparāgo'') ** Arūparāgo, Desire for existence in the formless realm (''arūparāgo'') ** Māna, Conceit (''māna'') ** Uddhacca, Restlessness (''uddhacca'') ** Ignorance (''avijjā'' • ''avidyā'')

Two Kinds of Happiness (''Sukha'')

* Bodily pleasure (''kayasukha'') * Mental happiness (''cittasukha'')

Two Kinds of Bhava

* Kamma Bhava — kammas caused by four Upadanas * Upapatti Bhava — rebirth bhava

Two Guardians of the World (''Sukka lokapala'')

* Hiri (Buddhism), Shame at doing evil (''hiri'') * Ottappa, Fear of the results of wrongdoing (''ottappa'')

Three Conceits

* "I am better" * "I am equal" * "I am worse"

Three Standpoints

* Assāda, Gratification (''assāda'') * Ādinava, Danger (''ādinava'') * Nissaraṇa, Escape (''nissaraṇa'')

Three Primary Aims

* Welfare and happiness directly visible in this present life, attained by fulfilling one's moral commitments and social responsibilities (''diṭṭha-dhamma-hitasukha'') * Welfare and happiness pertaining to the next life, attained by engaging in meritorious deeds (''samparāyika-hitasukha'') * The ultimate good or supreme goal, Nirvana (Buddhism), Nibbāna, final release from the cycle of rebirths, attained by developing the

(''paramattha'')

Three Divisions of the Dharma

* Pariyatti, Study (''pariyatti'') * Patipatti, Practice (''paṭipatti'') * Pativedha, Realization (''pativedha'')

Four Kinds of Nutriment

* Food, Physical food [either gross or subtle] (''kabalinkaro'') * Sparśa, Contact (''phasso dutiyo'') * Manosancetana, Mental volition (''manosancetana'') *

(''viññāṇa'' • ''vijñāna'')

Four Kinds of Acquisitions (''Upadhi'')

* Skandha, The Five Aggregates (''khandha'' • ''skandha'') * Kilesa, Defilements (''kilesa'' • ''kleśā'') * Volitional formations (''saṅkhāra'' • ''saṃskāra'') * Kāmacchanda, Sensual pleasures (''kāmacchanda'')

Eight Worldly Conditions

:''The "Eight Worldly Winds"'' referenced in discussions of upekkha, Equanimity (''upekkhā'', ''upekṣhā'') * Pleasure and

* Praise and blame * Honour and Infamy, dishonour * Gain (accounting), Gain and Grief, loss

Truth (''Sacca'' • ''Satya'')

(''cattāri ariyasaccāni'' • ''catvāri āryasatyāni'') **

(''dukkha'' • ''duḥkha'') ** Samudaya, Cause of suffering (''samudaya'') ** Nirodha, Cessation of suffering (''nirodha'') ** Noble Eightfold Path, Path leading to the cessation of suffering (''magga'' • ''marga'') * Two truths doctrine ** Samvriti, Conventional truth (''sammutisacca'' • ''saṃvṛtisatya'') ** Paramartha, Ultimate truth (''paramatthasacca'' • ''paramārthasatya'')

Higher Knowledge (''Abhiññā'' • ''Abhijñā'')

Abhijñā * Six types of higher knowledges (''chalabhiñña'') ** Iddhi, Supernormal powers (''iddhi'') *** Multiplying the body into many and into one again *** Appearing and vanishing at will *** Passing through solid objects as if space *** Ability to rise and sink in the ground as if in water *** Walking on water as if land *** Flight, Flying through the skies *** Touching anything at any distance (even the moon or sun) *** Traveling to other worlds (like the world of Brahma (Buddhism), Brahma) with or without the body ** Divine ear (''dibba-sota''), that is, clairaudience ** Mind-penetrating knowledge (''ceto-pariya-ñāa''), that is, telepathy ** Remembering one's former abodes (''pubbe-nivāsanussati''), that is, recalling one's own Rebirth (Buddhism), past lives ** Divine eye (''dibba-cakkhu''), that is, knowing others' Karma in Buddhism, karmic destinations ** Extinction of mental intoxicants (''āsavakkhaya''), upon which arahantship follows * Three knowledges (''tevijja'') ** Remembering one's former abodes (''pubbe-nivāsanussati'') ** Divine eye (''dibba-cakkhu'') ** Extinction of mental intoxicants (''āsavakkhaya'')

Great fruits of the contemplative life (''Maha-Phala'')

Phala * upekkha, Equanimity (''upekkhā'', ''upekṣhā'') * Fearlessness (''nibbhaya'') * Freedom from unhappiness & suffering (''asukhacaadukkha'') * Meditative Absorption (''samādhi'') * Out-of-body experience (''manomaya'') * Clairaudience (''dibba-sota'') * Intuition and mental telepathy (''ceto-pariya-ñána'') * Recollection of past lives (''patisandhi'') * Clairvoyance (''dibba-cakkhu'') * The Ending of Mental Fermentations (''samatha'')

Concepts unique to Mahayana and Vajrayana

* Bardo — Intermediate state ** Shinay bardo — the Bardo of This Life ** Milam bardo — the Bardo of Dream ** Samten bardo — the Bardo of Meditation ** Chikkhai bardo — the Bardo of Dying ** Chönyid bardo — the Bardo of Dharmata ** Sidpai bardo — the Bardo of Existence * Bodhicitta — the wish to attain Buddhahood *

— name given to anyone who has generated bodhicitta * Buddha-nature — immortal potency or element within the purest depths of the mind, present in all sentient beings, for awakening and becoming a Buddha * Dzogchen — the natural, primordial state or natural condition of every sentient being * Eternal Buddha * Lung (Tibetan Buddhism) * Pure land * Rainbow body — a body not made of flesh, but consists of pure light, an astral body * Svabhava — Intrinsic nature * Tathātā/Dharmatā — Thusness ** Dharmadhatu — Realm of Truth *** Four Dharmadhātu * Terma (Buddhism), Terma * Three Roots ** Lama ** Iṣṭha-deva(tā) (Buddhism), Iṣṭha-deva(tā) — Yidam ** Dakini/Dharmapala * Trikaya ** Nirmanakaya ** Sambhogakaya ** Dharmakāya * Upaya, Upāya — Skillful means ** Five Wisdoms

Other concepts

* Śūnyatā, Emptiness (''suññatā'' • ''śūnyatā'') * Middle Way (''majjhimā paṭipadā'' • ''madhyamā-pratipad'') — the Buddhist path of non-extremism ** Avoiding the extreme of Gratification, sensual indulgence (''kāmesu kāma-sukha-allika'') ** Avoiding the extreme of Mortification of the flesh, self-mortification (''atta-kilamatha'') * Sentient beings (Buddhism), Sentient beings (''satta'' • ''sattva'')

Buddhist practices

Buddhist devotion

Buddhist devotion * Refuge (Buddhism), Taking refuge in the Triple Gem **

** Dharma (Buddhism), Dharma ** Sangha (Buddhism), Sangha * Puja (Buddhism), Worship (''pūjā'') — ''see also'': ''Abhisheka'' ** Offering (Buddhism), Offerings ** Prostration (Buddhism), Prostration (''panipāta'' • ''namas-kara'') ** Buddhist chant, Chanting *** Mantra **** Om mani padme hum **** Nianfo, Namo Amituofo **** Daimoku, Nam Myōhō Renge Kyō **** Buddho (mantra), Buddho **** Namo tassa bhagavato arahato sammāsambuddhassa — Homage to the Blessed One, the Worthy One, the Fully Self-enlightened One

Moral discipline and precepts (''Sīla'' • ''Śīla'')

* Five Precepts (''pañca-sīlāni'' • ''pañca-śīlāni'') ** Abstinence, Abstaining from taking life (''pāṇātipātā veramaṇī'') ** Abstaining from theft, taking what is not given (''adinnādānā veramaṇī'') ** Abstaining from sexual misconduct (''kāmesu micchācāra veramaṇī'') ** Abstaining from lie, false speech (''musāvāda veramaṇī'') ** Abstaining from Alcoholic beverage, drinks and Recreational drug use, drugs that cause heedlessness (''surā-meraya-majja-pamādaṭṭhānā veramaṇī'') * Eight Precepts (''aṭṭhasīla'') ** Abstaining from taking life (both human and non-human) ** Abstaining from taking what is not given (stealing) ** Abstaining from all Human sexual activity, sexual activity ** Abstaining from telling lies ** Abstaining from using intoxicating Alcoholic beverage, drinks and Recreational drug use, drugs which lead to carelessness ** Abstaining from eating at the wrong time (the right time is eating once, after sunrise, before noon) ** Abstaining from singing, dancing, playing music, attending entertainment performances, wearing perfume, and using cosmetics and garlands (decorative accessories) ** Abstaining from luxurious places for sitting or sleeping * Ten Precepts (Buddhism), Ten Precepts (''dasasīla'') ** Abstaining from killing living things ** Abstaining from stealing ** Abstaining from un-chastity (sensuality, sexuality, lust) ** Abstaining from lying ** Abstaining from taking intoxicants ** Abstaining from taking food at inappropriate times (after noon) ** Abstaining from singing, dancing, playing music or attending entertainment programs (performances) ** Abstaining from wearing perfume, cosmetics and garland (decorative accessories) ** Abstaining from sitting on high chairs and sleeping on luxurious, soft beds ** Abstaining from accepting money * Five Precepts#Sixteen Precepts, Sixteen Precepts ** Three Treasures *** Taking refuge in the Buddha *** Taking refuge in the Dharma *** Taking refuge in the Sangha ** Three Pure Precepts *** Not Creating Evil *** Practicing Good *** Actualizing Good For Others ** Ten Grave Precepts *** Affirm life; Do not kill *** Be giving; Do not steal *** Honor the body; Do not misuse sexuality *** Manifest truth; Do not lie *** Proceed clearly; Do not cloud the mind *** See the perfection; Do not speak of others errors and faults *** Realize self and other as one; Do not elevate the self and blame others *** Give generously; Do not be withholding *** Actualize harmony; Do not be angry *** Experience the intimacy of things; Do not defile the Three Treasures * Vinaya ** Patimokkha, ''Pātimokkha'' (''Pratimoksha'') — the code of monastic rules binding on members of the Buddhist monastic order *** ''Parajika'' (defeats) — four rules entailing expulsion from the sangha for life **** Sexual intercourse, that is, any voluntary sexual interaction between a bhikkhu and a living being, except for mouth-to-mouth intercourse which falls under the ''sanghadisesa'' **** Stealing, that is, the robbery of anything worth more than 1/24 troy ounce of gold (as determined by local law.) **** Intentionally bringing about the death of a human being, even if it is still an embryo — whether by killing the person, arranging for an assassin to kill the person, inciting the person to die, or describing the advantages of death **** Deliberately Lie, lying to another person that one has attained a superior human state, such as claiming to be an arahant when one knows one is not, or claiming to have attained one of the Jhāna, jhanas when one knows one hasn't *** ''Sanghadisesa'' — thirteen rules requiring an initial and subsequent meeting of the sangha (communal meetings) *** ''Aniyata'' — two indefinite rules where a monk is accused of having committed an offence with a woman in a screened (enclosed) or private place by a lay person *** ''Nissaggiya pacittiya'' — thirty rules entailing "confession with forfeiture" *** ''Pacittiya'' — ninety-two rules entailing confession *** ''Patidesaniya'' — four violations which must be verbally acknowledged *** ''Sekhiyavatta'' — seventy-five rules of training, which are mainly about the deportment of a monk **** ''Sāruppa'' — proper behavior **** ''Bhojanapatisamyutta'' — food **** ''Dhammadesanāpatisamyutta'' — teaching dhamma **** ''Pakinnaka'' — miscellaneous *** ''Adhikarana-samatha'' — seven rules for settlement of legal processes that concern monks only * Bodhisattva vows * Samaya — a set of vows or precepts given to initiates of an esoteric

Buddhist order * Dhutanga, Ascetic practices (''dhutanga'') — a group of thirteen austerities, or ascetic practices, most commonly observed by Forest Monastics of the

Tradition of Buddhism

Three Resolutions

* To abstain from all evil (''sabbapāpassa akaraṇaṃ'') * To Sādhanā, cultivate the good (''kusalassa upasampadā'') * To purify one's mind (''sacittapariyodapanaṃ'')

Three Pillars of Dharma

* Dāna, Generosity (''dāna'') * Śīla, Morality (''sīla'' • ''śīla'') * Bhavana, Meditation (''bhāvanā'')

Threefold Training (''Sikkhā'')

Threefold Training * The training in the higher moral discipline (''adhisīla-sikkhā'') — Śīla, morality (''sīla'' • ''śīla'') * The training in the higher mind (''adhicitta-sikkhā'') — Samadhi (Buddhism), concentration (''samādhi'') * The training in the higher wisdom (''adhipaññā-sikkhā'') — Wisdom in Buddhism, wisdom (''paññā'' • ''prajñā'')

Five Qualities

* Faith in Buddhism, Faith (''saddhā'' • ''śraddhā'') * Śīla, Morality (''sīla'' • ''śīla'') * Buddhist texts, Learning (''suta'') * Dāna, Generosity (''cāga'') * Wisdom in Buddhism, Wisdom (''paññā'' • ''prajñā'')

Five Powers of a Trainee

* Faith in Buddhism, Faith (''saddhā'' • ''śraddhā'') * Hiri (Buddhism), Conscience (''hiri'') — an innate sense of shame over moral transgression * Ottappa, Fear of wrong-doing (''ottappa'') — moral dread, fear of the results of wrongdoing * Vīrya, Energy (''viriya'' • ''vīrya'') * Wisdom in Buddhism, Wisdom (''paññā'' • ''prajñā'')

Five Things that lead to Enlightenment

* Kalyāṇa-mittatā, Admirable friendship (''kalyāṇa-mittatā'' • ''kalyāṇa-mitratā'') * Śīla, Morality (''sīla'' • ''śīla'') * Hearing the

* Vīrya, Exertion (''viriya'' • ''vīrya'') * Impermanence, Awareness of impermanence (''anicca-ñāṇa'')

Five Subjects for Contemplation

* I am subject to ageing, I am not exempt from ageing * I am subject to illness, I am not exempt from illness * I am subject to death, I am not exempt from death * There will be change and separation from all that I hold dear and near to me * I am the owner of my Karma in Buddhism, actions, heir to my actions, I am born of my actions, I am related to my actions and I have my actions as refuge; whatever I do, good or evil, of that I will be the heir

Gradual training (''Anupubbikathā'')

* Dāna, Generosity (''dāna'') * Śīla, Virtue (''sīla'' • ''śīla'') * Deva (Buddhism), Heaven (''sagga'') * Danger of kāma, sensual pleasure (''kāmānaṃ ādīnava'') * Nekkhamma, Renunciation (''nekkhamma'') * The

(''cattāri ariyasaccāni'' • ''catvāri āryasatyāni'')

Seven Good Qualities (''Satta saddhammā'')

* Faith in Buddhism, Faith (''saddhā'' • ''śraddhā'') * Hiri (Buddhism), Conscience (''hiri'') * Ottappa, Moral dread (''ottappa'') * Suta (Buddhism), Learning (''suta'') * Vīrya, Energy (''viriya'' • ''vīrya'') * Mindfulness (Buddhism), Mindfulness (''sati'' • ''smṛti'') * Wisdom in Buddhism, Wisdom (''paññā'' • ''prajñā'')

Ten Meritorious Deeds (''Dasa Punnakiriya vatthu'')

* Dāna, Generosity (''dāna'') * Śīla, Morality (''sīla'' • ''śīla'') * Bhavana, Meditation (''bhāvanā'') * Paying due respect to those who are worthy of it (''apacayana'') * Helping others perform good deeds (''veyyavacca'') * Anumodana, Sharing of merit after doing some good deed (''anumodana'') * Pattanumodana, Rejoicing in the merits of others (''pattanumodana'') * Teaching the

(''dhammadesana'') * Listening to the

(''dhammassavana'') * Straightening one's own View (Buddhism), views

Perfections (''Pāramī'' • ''Pāramitā'')

Ten Theravada Pāramīs (''Dasa pāramiyo'')

* Dāna, Generosity (''dāna'') * Śīla, Morality (''sīla'') * Nekkhamma, Renunciation (''nekkhamma'') * Wisdom in Buddhism, Wisdom (''paññā'') * Vīrya, Energy (''viriya'') * Kshanti, Patience (''khanti'') * Sacca, Truthfulness (''sacca'') * Adhiṭṭhāna, Determination (''adhiṭṭhāna'') * Mettā, Loving-kindness (''mettā'') * Upekkha, Equanimity (''upekkhā'')

Six Mahayana Pāramitās

* Dāna, Generosity (''dāna'') * Śīla, Morality (''śīla'') * Kshanti, Patience (''kṣanti'') * Vīrya, Energy (''vīrya'') * Dhyāna in Buddhism, Concentration (''dhyāna'') * Wisdom in Buddhism, Wisdom (''prajñā'')

States Pertaining to Enlightenment (''Bodhipakkhiyādhammā'' • ''Bodhipakṣa dharma'')

Four Foundations of Mindfulness (''Cattāro satipaṭṭhānā'' • ''Smṛtyupasthāna'')

Satipatthana * Mindfulness of the body (''kāyagatāsati'' • ''kāyasmṛti'') ** Anapanasati, Mindfulness of breathing (''ānāpānasati'' • ''ānāpānasmṛti'') *** Mindfulness of the body (''kāyanupassana'') — first tetrad **** Breathing a long breath **** Breathing a short breath **** Experiencing the whole (breath-) body (awareness of the beginning, middle, and end of the breath) **** Tranquilizing the bodily formation *** Mindfulness of feelings (''vedanānupassana'') — second tetrad **** Experiencing rapture **** Experiencing bliss **** Experiencing the mental formation **** Tranquilizing the mental formation *** Mindfulness of the mind (''cittanupassana'') — third tetrad **** Experiencing the mind **** Gladdening the mind **** Concentrating the mind **** Liberating the mind *** Mindfulness of Dhammas (''dhammānupassana'') — fourth tetrad **** Contemplating impermanence (''aniccānupassī'') **** Contemplating fading away (''virāgānupassī'') **** Contemplating cessation (''nirodhānupassī'') **** Contemplating relinquishment (''paṭinissaggānupassī'') ** Human position, Postures *** Walking *** Standing *** Sitting *** Lying (position), Lying down ** Sampajañña, Clear comprehension (''sampajañña'' • ''samprajaña'') *** Clear comprehension of the purpose of one's action (''sātthaka'') *** Clear comprehension of the suitability of one's means to the achievement of one's purpose (''sappāya'') *** Clear comprehension of the domain, that is, not abandoning the subject of meditation during one's daily routine (''gocara'') *** Clear comprehension of reality, the awareness that behind one's activities there is no abiding self (''asammoha'') ** Reflections on repulsiveness of the body, meditation on the thirty-two body parts (''patikulamanasikara'') *** head hairs *** Androgenic hair, body hairs *** Nail (anatomy), nails *** Tooth, teeth *** skin *** flesh *** tendons *** bones *** bone marrow *** kidneys *** heart *** liver *** pleura (or Thoracic diaphragm, diaphragm) *** spleen *** lungs *** intestines *** mesentery *** stomach *** feces *** bile *** phlegm *** pus *** blood *** sweat *** fat *** tears *** skin-oil *** saliva *** mucus *** synovial fluid *** urine *** brain ** Reflections on the Mahābhūta, material elements (''mahābhūta'') ***

***

*** Fire (classical element), Fire *** Air (classical element), Wind ** Asubha, Cemetery contemplations (''asubha'') *** Swollen or bloated corpse *** Corpse brownish black or purplish blue with decay *** Festering or suppurated corpse *** Corpse splattered half or fissured from decay *** Corpse gnawed by animals such as Dhole, wild dogs and foxes *** Corpse scattered in parts, hands, human leg, legs, human head, head and human body, body being dispersed *** Corpse cut and thrown away in parts after killing *** Bleeding corpse, i.e. with red blood oozing out *** Corpse infested with and eaten by worms *** Remains of a corpse in a heap of bones, i.e. skeleton * Mindfulness of Vedanā, feelings (''vedanāsati'' • ''vedanāsmṛti'') ** Pleasant feeling *** Worldly pleasant feeling *** Spiritual pleasant feeling ** Painful feeling *** Worldly painful feeling *** Spiritual painful feeling ** Neither-pleasant-nor-painful (neutral) feeling *** Worldly neutral feeling *** Spiritual neutral feeling * Mindfulness of the Citta, mind (''cittasati'' • ''cittasmṛti'') ** With lust (''sarāga'') or without lust (''vītarāga'') ** With hate (''sadosa'') or without hate (''vītadosa'') ** With delusion (''samoha'') or without delusion (''vītamoha'') ** Contracted (''sakhitta'') or scattered (''vikkhitta'') ** Lofty (''mahaggata'') or not lofty (''amahaggata'') ** Surpassable (''sa-uttara'') or unsurpassed (''anuttara'') ** Quieted (''samāhita'') or not quieted (''asamāhita'') ** Released (''vimutta'') or not released (''avimutta'') * Mindfulness of Dharma (Buddhism), mental phenomena (''dhammāsati'' • ''dharmasmṛti'') ** Five hindrances, Hindrances ** Skandha, Aggregates of Upadana, clinging ** Ayatana, Sense bases and their Fetter (Buddhism), fetters ** Seven factors of enlightenment **

Four Right Efforts (''Cattārimāni sammappadhānāni'' • ''Samyak-pradhāna'')

Four Right Exertions * The effort to prevent the arising of unarisen unwholesome mental states (''anuppādāya'') * The effort to abandon arisen unwholesome mental states (''pahānāya'') * The effort to generate unarisen wholesome mental states (''uppādāya'') * The effort to maintain and perfect arisen wholesome mental states (''ṭhitiyā'')

Four Roads to Mental Power (''Iddhipāda'' • ''Ṛddhipāda'')

Iddhipada * Concentration due to Chanda (Buddhism), desire (''chanda'') * Concentration due to Vīrya, energy (''viriya'' • ''vīrya'') * Concentration due to Citta, mind (''citta'') * Concentration due to Vīmaṃsā, investigation (''vīmaṃsā'')

Five Spiritual Faculties (''Pañca indriya'')

Indriya * Faith in Buddhism, Faith (''saddhā'' • ''śraddhā'') — faith in the Buddha's awakening * Vīrya, Energy (''viriya'' • ''vīrya'') — exertion towards the Four Right Exertions, Four Right Efforts * Mindfulness (Buddhism), Mindfulness (''sati'' • ''smṛti'') — focusing on the four satipatthana * Samadhi (Buddhism), Concentration (''samādhi'') — achieving the four jhānas * Wisdom in Buddhism, Wisdom (''paññā'' • ''prajñā'') — discerning the

Five Powers (''Pañca bala'')

Five Strengths * Faith in Buddhism, Faith (''saddhā'' • ''śraddhā'') — controls doubt * Vīrya, Energy (''viriya'' • ''vīrya'') — controls laziness * Mindfulness (Buddhism), Mindfulness (''sati'' • ''smṛti'') — controls heedlessness * Samadhi (Buddhism), Concentration (''samādhi'') — controls distraction * Wisdom in Buddhism, Wisdom (''paññā'' • ''prajñā'') — controls ignorance

Seven Factors of Enlightenment (''Satta sambojjhaṅgā'' • ''Sapta bodhyanga'')

Seven Factors of Enlightenment

= Neutral

= * Mindfulness (Buddhism), Mindfulness (''sati'' • ''smṛti'')

= Arousing

= * Dhamma vicaya, Investigation of doctrine (''dhamma vicaya'' • ''dharma-vicaya'') * Vīrya, Energy (''viriya'' • ''vīrya'') * Pīti, Rapture (''pīti'' • ''prīti'')

= Calming

= * Passaddhi, Tranquillity (''passaddhi'') * Samadhi (Buddhism), Concentration (''samādhi'') * Upekkha, Equanimity (''upekkhā'' • ''upekṣā'')

Noble Eightfold Path (''Ariya aṭṭhaṅgika magga'' • ''Ārya 'ṣṭāṅga mārgaḥ'')

= Wisdom (''Paññākkhandha'')

* Right view (''sammā-diṭṭhi'' • ''samyag-dṛṣṭi'') ** Mundane right view *** Karma in Buddhism, Karma ** Supramundane right view *** Right view that accords with the

(''saccanulomika sammā-diṭṭhi'') **** Buddhist texts, Study **** Contemplation **** Buddhist meditation, Meditation *** Right view that penetrates the Four Noble Truths (''saccapativedha sammā-diṭṭhi'') * Right intention (''sammā-saṅkappa'' • ''samyak-saṃkalpa'') ** Nekkhamma, The intention of renunciation (''nekkhamma-sankappa'') ** Mettā, The intention of non-ill will (''abyapada-sankappa'') ** Karuṇā, The intention of harmlessness (''avihimsa-sankappa'')

= Moral discipline (''Sīlakkhandha'')

= * Right speech (''sammā-vācā'' • ''samyag-vāc'') ** Abstinence, Abstaining from Lie, false speech (''musāvāda veramaṇī'') ** Abstaining from Slander, slanderous speech (''pisunaya vacaya veramaṇī'') ** Abstaining from harsh speech (''pharusaya vacaya veramaṇī'') *** Abstaining from verbal abuse *** Abstaining from insults *** Abstaining from sarcasm ** Abstaining from Gossip, idle chatter (''samphappalāpa veramaṇī'') * Noble Eightfold Path#Right action, Right action (''sammā-kammanta'' • ''samyak-karmānta'') ** Abstinence, Abstaining from the taking of life (''pāṇātipātā veramaṇī'') *** Abstaining from homicide *** Abstaining from animal slaughter **** Abstaining from hunting **** Abstaining from fishing **** Abstaining from killing insects *** Abstaining from deliberately harming or torture, torturing another being ** Abstaining from taking what is not given (''adinnādānā veramaṇī'') *** Abstaining from stealing *** Abstaining from robbery *** Abstaining from Snatch theft, snatching *** Abstaining from fraudulence *** Abstaining from deceitfulness ** Abstaining from sexual misconduct (''kāmesu micchācāra veramaṇī'') *** Abstaining from adultery *** Abstaining from sexual harassment *** Abstaining from rape * Right livelihood (''sammā-ājīva'' • ''samyag-ājīva'') ** Abstinence, Abstaining from dealing in weapons ** Abstaining from dealing in living beings (including raising animals for Animal slaughter, slaughter as well as slave trade and prostitution) ** Abstaining from dealing in meat production and butchery ** Abstaining from dealing in poisons ** Abstaining from dealing in intoxicants ** Abstaining from deceit ** Abstaining from treachery ** Abstaining from Fortune-telling, soothsaying ** Abstaining from trickery ** Abstaining from usury

= Concentration (''Samādhikkhandha'')

= * Right effort (''sammā-vāyāma'' • ''samyag-vyāyāma'') ** The effort to prevent the arising of unarisen unwholesome states of mind (''samvarappadhana'') *** Yoniso manasikara, Wise attention (''yoniso manasikara'') *** Indriya-samvara, Restraint of the sense faculties (''indriya-samvara'') ** The effort to abandon unwholesome states of mind that have already arisen (''pahanappadhana'') *** Overcoming the Five hindrances ** The effort to generate wholesome states of mind that have not yet arisen (''bhavanappadhana'') *** Seven Factors of Enlightenment (''satta sambojjhaṅgā'' • ''sapta bodhyanga'') **** Mindfulness (Buddhism), Mindfulness (''sati'') **** Dhamma vicaya, Investigation of doctrine (''dhamma vicaya'') **** Vīrya, Energy (''viriya'' • ''vīrya'') **** Pīti, Rapture (''pīti'') **** Passaddhi, Tranquillity (''passaddhi'') **** Samadhi (Buddhism), Concentration (''samādhi'') **** Upekkha, Equanimity (''upekkha'') ** The effort to maintain and perfect wholesome states of mind already arisen (''anurakkhanappadhana'') * Right mindfulness (''sammā-sati'' • ''samyak-smṛti'') ** Rūpa, Contemplation of the body (''kāyanupassana'') ** Vedanā, Contemplation of feeling (''vedanānupassana'') ** Citta, Contemplation of states of mind (''cittanupassana'') ** Dharma (Buddhism), Contemplation of phenomena (''dhammānupassana'') * Right concentration (''sammā-samādhi'' • ''samyak-samādhi'') ** Jhāna, Four jhānas *** First jhāna (''pathamajjhana'') *** Second jhāna (''dutiyajjhana'') *** Third jhāna (''tatiyajjhana'') *** Fourth jhāna (''catutthajjhana'')

= Acquired factors

= * Noble Eightfold Path#Liberation, Right knowledge (''sammā-ñāṇa'') * Noble Eightfold Path#Liberation, Right liberation (''sammā-vimutti'')

Buddhist meditation

Theravada meditation practices

= Tranquillity/Serenity/Calm (''Samatha'' • ''Śamatha'')

= Samatha Abbot of Watkungtaphao in Phu Soidao Waterfall

* Kammaṭṭhāna, Place of work (''kammaṭṭhāna'') ** Ten ''Kasinas'' *** Earth kasina (''pathavikasinam'') *** Water kasina (''apokasinam'') *** Fire kasina (''tejokasinam'') *** Wind kasina (''vayokasinam'') *** Brownish or deep purplish blue kasina (''nilakasinam'') *** Yellow kasina (''pitakasinam'') *** Red kasina (''lohitakasinam'') *** White kasina (''odatakasinam'') *** Light kasina (''alokakasinam'') *** Open air-space, sky kasina (''akasakasinam'') ** Ten reflections on repulsiveness (''asubas'') *** A swollen or bloated corpse (''uddhumatakam'') *** A corpse brownish black or purplish blue with decay (''vinilakam'') *** A festering or suppurated corpse (''vipubbakam'') *** A corpse splattered half or fissured from decay (''vicchiddakam'') *** A corpse gnawed by animals such as wild dogs and foxes (''vikkhayittakam'') *** A corpse scattered in parts, hands, legs, head and body being dispersed (''vikkhitakam'') *** A corpse cut and thrown away in parts after killing (''hatavikkhittakam'') *** A bleeding corpse, i.e. with red blood oozing out (''lohitakam'') *** A corpse infested with and eaten by worms (''puluvakam'') *** Remains of a corpse in a heap of bones, i.e. skeleton (''atthikam'') ** Ten Anussati, Recollections (''anussati'' • ''anusmriti'') *** ''Buddhānussati'' (''Buddhanusmrti'') — Recollection of the Buddha — ''fixing the mind with attentiveness and reflecting repeatedly on the glorious virtues and attributes of Buddha'' *** ''Dhammānussati'' (''Dharmanusmrti'') — Recollection of the Dhamma — ''reflecting with serious attentiveness repeatedly on the virtues and qualities of Buddha's teachings and his doctrine'' *** ''Saṅghānussati'' (''Sanghanusmrti'') — Recollection of the Saṅgha — ''fixing the mind strongly and repeatedly upon the rare attributes and sanctity of the Sangha'' *** ''Sīlānussati'' — Recollection of virtue — ''reflecting seriously and repeatedly on the purification of one's own morality or sīla'' *** ''Cāgānussati'' — Recollection of generosity — ''reflecting repeatedly on the mind's purity in the noble act of one's own dāna, charitableness and liberality'' *** ''Devatānussati'' — Recollection of deities — ''reflecting with serious and repeated attention on one's own complete possession of the qualities of absolute faith (saddhā), morality (sīla), learning (suta), liberality (cāga) and wisdom (paññā) just as the devas have, to enable one to be reborn in the world of devas'' *** ''Maraṇānussati'' — Mindfulness of death — ''reflecting repeatedly on the inevitability of death'' *** ''Patikulamanasikara#Objects of contemplation, Kāyagatāsati'' — Mindfulness of the body — ''reflecting earnestly and repeatedly on the impurity of the body which is composed of the detestable 32 constituents such as hair, body hair, nails, teeth, skin, etc.'' *** ''Anapanasati, Ānāpānasati'' — Mindfulness of breathing — ''repeated reflection on the inhaled and exhaled breath'' *** ''Upasamānussati'' — Recollection of peace — ''reflecting repeatedly with serious attentiveness on the supreme spiritual blissful state of Nirvana'' ** Brahmavihara, Four Divine Abidings (''brahmavihāra'') *** Mettā, Loving-kindness (''mettā'' • ''maitrī'') *** Karuṇā, Compassion (''karuṇā'') *** Mudita, Sympathetic joy (''muditā'') *** Upekkha, Equanimity (''upekkhā'' • ''upekṣā'') ** Arūpajhāna, Four formless jhānas (''arūpajhāna'') *** Ākāsānañcāyatana, Base of the infinity of space (''ākāsānañcāyatana'') *** Viññāṇañcāyatana, Base of the infinity of consciousness (''viññāṇañcāyatana'') *** Ākiñcaññāyatana, Base of nothingness (''ākiñcaññāyatana'') *** Nevasaññānāsaññāyatana, Base of neither-perception-nor-nonperception (''nevasaññānāsaññāyatana'') ** Aharepatikulasanna, Perception of disgust of food (''aharepatikulasanna'') ** Four Great Elements (''mahābhūta'') *** Earth element (''paṭhavī-dhātu'') *** Water (or liquid) element (''āpo-dhātu'') *** Fire (classical element), Fire element (''tejo-dhātu'') *** Air (or wind) element (''vāyo-dhātu'')

= Concentration (''Samādhi'')

= * Nimitta, Sign (''nimitta'') ** Uggahanimitta, Learning sign (''uggahanimitta'') ** Patibhaganimitta, Counterpart sign (''paṭibhāganimitta'') * Khanikasamādhi, Momentary concentration (''khaṇikasamādhi'') * Parikammasamādhi, Preliminary concentration (''parikammasamādhi'') * Upacārasamādhi, Neighbourhood concentration (''upacārasamādhi'') * Samāpatti, Nine attainments (''samāpatti'') ** Appanāsamādhi, Attainment concentration (''appanāsamādhi'') *** Dhyāna in Buddhism, Jhāna (''Dhyāna'') — states of deep meditative concentration marked by the one-pointed fixation of the mind upon its object **** Rupajhana, Four form jhānas (''rūpajhāna'') ***** First jhāna (''pathamajjhana'') ****** Vitakka, initial application (''vittaka'') ****** Vicara, sustained application (''vicāra'') ****** Pīti, rapture (''pīti'') ****** Sukha, bliss (''sukha'') ****** Ekaggata, one-pointedness (''ekaggata'') ***** Second jhāna (''dutiyajjhana'') ****** Pīti, rapture (''pīti'') ****** Sukha, bliss (''sukha'') ****** Ekaggata, one-pointedness (''ekaggata'') ***** Third jhāna (''tatiyajjhana'') ****** Sukha, bliss (''sukha'') ****** Ekaggata, one-pointedness (''ekaggata'') ***** Fourth jhāna (''catutthajjhana'') ****** Ekaggata, one-pointedness (''ekaggata'') ****** Upekkha, equanimity (upekkhā • upekṣā) **** Arūpajhāna, Four formless jhānas (''arūpajhāna'') ***** Ākāsānañcāyatana, Base of the infinity of space (''ākāsānañcāyatana'') ***** Viññāṇañcāyatana, Base of the infinity of consciousness (''viññāṇañcāyatana'') ***** Ākiñcaññāyatana, Base of nothingness (''ākiñcaññāyatana'') ***** Nevasaññānāsaññāyatana, Base of neither-perception-nor-nonperception (''nevasaññānāsaññāyatana'') ** Jhāna#Cessation of feelings and perceptions, Cessation of perception and feeling (''nirodha-samāpatti'')

= Insight meditation (''Vipassanā'' • ''Vipaśyanā'')

= * Vipassanā ñanas, Insight knowledge (''vipassanā-ñāṇa'') ** Vipassana jhanas ** Eighteen kinds of insight *** Contemplation on impermanence (''aniccanupassana'') overcomes the wrong idea of permanence *** Contemplation on dukkha, unsatisfactoriness (''dukkhanupassana'') overcomes the wrong idea of real happiness *** Contemplation on anatta, non-self (''anattanupassana'') overcomes the wrong idea of self *** Contemplation on disenchantment (revulsion) (''nibbidanupassana'') overcomes affection *** Contemplation on dispassion (fading away) (''viraganupassana'') overcomes greed *** Contemplation on cessation (''nirodhanupassana'') overcomes the arising *** Contemplation on giving up (''patinissagganupassana'') overcomes attachment *** Contemplation on dissolution (''khayanupassana'') overcomes the wrong idea of something compact *** Contemplation on disappearance (''vayanupassana'') overcomes kamma-accumulation *** Contemplation on changeableness (''viparinamanupassana'') overcomes the wrong idea of something immutable *** Contemplation on the signless (''animittanupassana'') overcomes the conditions of rebirth *** Contemplation on the desireless (''appanihitanupassana'') overcomes longing *** Contemplation on Śūnyatā, emptiness (''suññatanupassana'') overcomes clinging *** Higher wisdom and insight (''adhipaññadhamma vipassana'') overcomes the wrong idea of something substantial *** True eye of knowledge (''yathabhuta ñanadassana'') overcomes clinging to delusion *** Contemplation on misery (''adinavanupassana'') overcomes clinging to desire *** Reflecting contemplation (''patisankhanupassana'') overcomes thoughtlessness *** Contemplation on the standstill of existence (''vivattanupassana'') overcomes being entangled in fetters ** Sixteen Stages of Vipassanā Knowledge *** Knowledge to distinguish mental and physical states (''namarupa pariccheda ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge of the cause-and-effect relationship between mental and physical states (''paccaya pariggaha ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge of mental and physical processes as impermanent, unsatisfactory and nonself (''sammasana ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge of arising and passing away (''udayabbaya ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge of the dissolution of formations (''bhanga ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge of the fearful nature of mental and physical states (''bhaya ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge of mental and physical states as unsatisfactory (''adinava ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge of disenchantment (''nibbida ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge of the desire to abandon the worldly state (''muncitukamayata ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge which investigates the path to deliverance and instills a decision to practice further (''patisankha ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge which regards mental and physical states with equanimity (''sankharupekha ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge which conforms to the Four Noble Truths (''anuloma ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge of deliverance from the worldly condition (''gotrabhu ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge by which defilements are abandoned and are overcome by destruction (''magga ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge which realizes the fruit of the path and has nibbana as object (''phala ñāṇa'') *** Knowledge which reviews the defilements still remaining (''paccavekkhana ñāṇa'')

Zen meditation practices

* Zazen ** Samadhi (Buddhism), Concentration ** Kōan — a story, dialogue, question, or statement in Zen, containing aspects that are inaccessible to rational understanding, yet may be accessible to intuition ** Shikantaza — just sitting

Vajrayana meditation practices

* Tonglen * Tantra ** Anuttarayoga Tantra *** Generation stage *** Completion stage * Margaphala * Ngöndro — Four thoughts which turn the mind towards Dharma ** The freedoms and advantages of precious Human beings in Buddhism, human rebirth ** The truth of impermanence and :wikt:change, change ** The workings of Karma in Buddhism, karma ** The suffering of living beings within Saṃsāra (Buddhism), Samsara

Other practices

* Ahimsa — Nonviolence, Non-violence * Appamada — Heedfulness * Chöd — advanced spiritual practice and discipline arising from confluences of Bonpo, Mahasidda,

traditions and now practiced throughout the schools of

* Merit (Buddhism), Merit * Paritta — Protection * Saṃvega, Samvega and pasada * Simran (Sanskrit word), Simran

Attainment of Enlightenment

Enlightenment in Buddhism

General

* Nirvana (Buddhism), Nirvana (''Nibbāna'' • ''Nirvāṇa'') — the final goal of the Buddha's teaching; the unconditioned state beyond the round of rebirths, to be attained by the destruction of the defilements; Full Enlightenment or Awakening, the cessation of dukkha, suffering; saupādisesa-nibbāna-dhātu — Nibbāna with residue remaining **

(''Parinibbāna'' • ''Parinirvāṇa'') — final passing away of an enlightened person, final Nibbāna, Nibbāna at death; anupādisesa-nibbāna-dhātu — Nibbāna without residue remaining * Bodhi — the awakening attained by the Buddha and his accomplished disciples, referring to insight into the

and the

* Types of Buddha ** ''Buddhahood, Sammāsambuddha'' (''Samyak-saṃbuddha'') — one who, by his own efforts, attains Nirvana, having rediscovered the

after it has been lost to humanity, and makes this Path known to others ** ''Pratyekabuddha, Paccekabuddha'' (''Pratyekabuddha'') — "a lone Buddha", a self-awakened Buddha, but one who lacks the ability to spread the Dhamma to others ** ''Sāvakabuddha'' (''Śrāvakabuddha'') — enlightened 'disciple of a Buddha'. Usual being named Arhat

Theravada

* Four stages of enlightenment (''see also'': Arya#Buddhism, Ariya-puggala — Noble Ones) ** ''Sotāpanna'' — Stream-enterer (first stage of enlightenment) — one who has "opened the eye of the Dhamma", and is guaranteed enlightenment after no more than seven successive rebirths, having eradicated the first three Fetter (Buddhism), fetters *** The four factors leading to stream-entry **** Association with superior persons **** Hearing the true Dhamma **** Careful attention **** Practice in accordance with the Dhamma *** The four factors of a stream-enterer **** Possessing confirmed confidence in the Buddha **** Possessing confirmed confidence in the Dhamma **** Possessing confirmed confidence in the Sangha **** Possessing moral virtues dear to the noble ones ** ''Sakadagami'' — Once-returner (second stage of enlightenment) — will be reborn into the human world once more, before attaining enlightenment, having eradicated the first three Fetter (Buddhism), fetters and attenuated greed, hatred, and delusion ** ''Anagami, Anāgāmi'' — Non-returner (third stage of enlightenment) — does not come back into human existence, or any lower world, after death, but is reborn in the "Pure Abodes", where he will attain Nirvāṇa, having eradicated the first five Fetter (Buddhism), fetters ** ''Arahant (Buddhism), Arahant'' — "Worthy One", (''see also'': ''Arhat''), a fully enlightened human being who has abandoned all ten Fetter (Buddhism), fetters, and who upon decease (Parinibbāna) will not be reborn in any world, having wholly abandoned saṃsāra

Mahayana

— one who has generated bodhicitta, the spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood ** Bhumi (Buddhism), Bodhisattva Bhumis — stages of enlightenment through which a bodhisattva passes

Zen

* Satori — a Japanese Buddhist term for "enlightenment", which translates as a flash of sudden awareness, or individual enlightenment * Kensho — "Seeing one's nature"

Buddhist monasticism and laity

Buddhist monasticism * Śrāvaka, Disciple 声闻弟子ShengWenDiZi (''sāvaka'' • ''śrāvaka'') * Upāsaka and Upāsikā, Male lay follower (忧婆塞 YouPoSai) (''upāsaka'') and Upāsaka and Upāsikā, Female lay follower (忧婆夷 YouPoYi) (''upāsikā'') ** Householder (Buddhism), Householder 在家弟子ZaiJiaDiZi ** ''Dhammacari, Dhammacārī'' — lay devotees who have seriously committed themselves to Buddhist practice for several years ** ''Anagarika, Anāgārika'' — lay attendant of a monk ** ''近侍Jisha (Japan), JinShi (chinese)'' — personal attendant of a monastery's abbot or teacher in Chan/Zen Buddhism ** ''Ngagpa'' — non-monastic male practitioners of such disciplines as Vajrayana, shamanism, Tibetan medicine, Tantra and Dzogchen ** ''Thilashin'' — Burmese Buddhist female lay renunciant ** ''Mae ji'' — Buddhist laywomen in Thailand occupying a position somewhere between that of an ordinary lay follower and an ordained monk * Pabbajja, Lower ordination (''pabbajja'' • ''pravrajya'') ** Samanera, Novice monk (''sāmaṇera'' • ''śrāmaṇera'') ** Samaneri, Novice nun (''samaṇerī'' • ''śrāmaṇerī'') * Upasampada, Higher ordination (''upasampadā'') ** Bhikkhu, Monk (''bhikkhu'' • ''bhikṣu'') ** Bhikkhuni, Nun (''bhikkhunī'' • ''bhikṣuṇī'') * Titles for Buddhist teachers ** General *** ''Acharya, Acariya'' (''Ācārya'') — teacher *** ''Upajjhaya'' (''Upādhyāya'') — preceptor *** ''Pandita (Buddhism), Pandita'' — a learned master, scholar or professor in Buddhist philosophy *** ''Bhante'' — Venerable Sir ** in

*** in

**** ''Ayya (Pali word), Ayya'' — commonly used as a veneration in addressing or referring to an ordained Buddhist nun *** in Thailand **** ''Ajahn'' — Thai term which translates as teacher **** ''Luang Por'' — means "venerable father" and is used as a title for respected senior Buddhist monastics *** in Burma **** ''Sayadaw, Sayādaw'' — a Burmese senior monk of a monastery *** in China **** ''和尚，Heshang'' — high-ranking or highly virtuous Buddhist monk; respectful designation for Buddhist monks in general **** ''僧侣，SengLv'' — Monk **** ''住持，ZhuChi'' — Abbot **** ''禅师，ChanShi'' — Chan/Zen Master **** ''法师，FaShi'' — Dharma Master **** ''律师，LvShi'' — Vinaya Master, teacher who focuses on the discipline and precepts **** ''开山祖师，KaiShanZuShi'' — founder of a school of Buddhism or the founding abbot of a Zen monastery **** ''比丘，BiQiu'' — transliteration of Bhikkhu **** ''比丘尼，BiQiuNi'' — transliteration of Bhikkhuni **** ''沙弥，ShaMi'' — transliteration of Samanera **** ''沙弥尼，ShaMiNi'' — transliteration of Samaneri **** ''尼姑，NiGu'' — Nun **** ''论师，LunShi'' — Abhidharma Master, one who is well versed in the psychology, thesis and higher teachings of Buddhism **** ''师兄，ShiXiong'' — dharma brothers, used by laity to address each other, note that all male or female lay disciples are called 'Dharma Brothers' ** in Japan *** ''Ajari'' — a Japanese term that is used in various schools of Buddhism in Japan, specifically

and Shingon, in reference to a "senior monk who teaches students *** ''和尚 Oshō'' — high-ranking or highly virtuous Buddhist monk; respectful designation for Buddhist monks in general ** in Zen *** in Japan **** ''开山 Kaisan'' — founder of a school of Buddhism or the founding abbot of a Zen monastery **** ''老师 Roshi'' — a Japanese honorific title used in Zen Buddhism that literally means "old teacher" or "elder master" and usually denotes the person who gives spiritual guidance to a Zen sangha **** ''先生 Sensei'' — ordained teacher below the rank of roshi **** Zen master — individual who teaches Zen Buddhism to others *** in Korea **** ''Sunim'' — Korean title for a Buddhist monk or Buddhist nun ** in

*** ''Geshe'' — Tibetan Buddhist academic degree for monks *** ''Guru'' *** ''Khenpo'' — academic degree similar to that of a doctorate or Geshe. Khenpos often are made abbots of centers and monasteries *** ''Khenchen'' — academic degree similar in depth to post doctorate work. Senior most scholars often manage many Khenpos *** ''Lama'' — Tibetan teacher of the Dharma *** ''Rinpoche'' — an honorific which literally means "precious one" *** ''Tulku'' — an enlightened Tibetan Buddhist lama who has, through phowa and siddhi, consciously determined to take birth, often many times, in order to continue his or her Bodhisattva vow

Major figures of Buddhism

List of Buddhists

Founder

— The Buddha, ''Siddhattha Gotama'' (Pali), ''Siddhārtha Gautama'' (Sanskrit), ''Śākyamuni'' (Sage of the Sakya clan), The Awakened One, The Enlightened One, The Blessed One, ''Tathāgata'' (Thus Come One, Thus Gone One)

Buddha's disciples and early Buddhists

Chief Disciples

* Sariputta, Sāriputta — Chief disciple, "General of the Dhamma", foremost in wisdom * Moggallana, Mahamoggallāna — Second chief disciple, foremost in psychic powers

Great Disciples

= Monks

= *

— Buddha's cousin and personal attendant * Mahākāśyapa, Maha Kassapa — Convener of First Buddhist Council *

— Half-cousin of the Buddha * Katyayana (Buddhist), Mahakaccana — Foremost in teaching *

— Half-brother of the Buddha * Subhuti * Punna * Upali — Master of the Vinaya

= Nuns

= * Mahapajapati Gotami — Eldest nun, half-mother of Buddha * Khema — First great female disciple in power * Uppalavanna — Second great female disciple * Patacara — Foremost exponent of the Vinaya, the rules of monastic discipline

Laymen

* Anathapindika — Chief lay disciple, foremost disciple in generosity * Hatthaka of Alavi * Jivaka * Citta (disciple), Citta — the foremost householder for explaining the Teaching * Cunda (Buddhism), Cunda

Laywomen

* Khujjuttara * Velukandakiya * Visakha * Rohini (Buddha's disciple), Rohini * Sujata (disambiguation), Sujata

First five disciples of the Buddha

* Kaundinya, Kondañña — the first Arahant * Assaji — converted Sāriputta and Mahamoggallāna * Bhaddiya * Vappa * Mahanama (Buddhist), Mahanama

Two seven-year-old Arahants

* Samanera Sumana * Samanera Pandita

Other disciples

* Channa (Buddhist), Channa — royal servant and head charioteer of Prince Siddhartha * Angulimala — mass murderer turned saint * Kisa Gotami

Later Indian Buddhists (after Gotama Buddha)

* Ashoka - emperor of the Indian subcontinent emperor from 268 to 232 BCE and a convert who facilitated the spread of Buddhism across Asia * Sanghamitta — daughter of Emperor Ashoka * Mahinda (buddhist monk), Mahinda — son of Emperor Ashoka * Nagarjuna — founder of the

school * Aryadeva — disciple of Nagarjuna * Asanga — exponent of the yogācāra school * Vasubandhu * Buddhaghosa — 5th-century Indian Theravadin Buddhist commentator and scholar, author of the

* Buddhapālita — commentator on the works of Nagarjuna and Aryadeva * Candrakīrti * Dharmakirti * Atisha * B. R. Ambedkar - a Father of modern India, Polymath, Revivalist of Buddhism

Indo-Greek Buddhists

* Dharmaraksita * Nagasena

Chinese Buddhists

* Bodhidharma * Dajian Huineng * Ingen

Tibetan Buddhists

* Je Tsongkhapa * Milarepa * Longchenpa * Marpa Lotsawa * Padmasambhava * Drogmi — founder of the

school of

* Sakya Pandita * Panchen Lama * Karmapa * Dalai Lama ** 1st Dalai Lama ** 2nd Dalai Lama ** 3rd Dalai Lama ** 4th Dalai Lama ** 5th Dalai Lama ** 6th Dalai Lama ** 7th Dalai Lama ** 8th Dalai Lama ** 9th Dalai Lama ** 10th Dalai Lama ** 11th Dalai Lama ** 12th Dalai Lama ** 13th Dalai Lama ** 14th Dalai Lama

Japanese Buddhists

* Saichō * Kūkai * Hōnen * Shinran * Dōgen * Eisai * Nichiren

Vietnamese Buddhists

* Trần Thái Tông * Trần Thánh Tông * Trần Nhân Tông * Trần Anh Tông * Trần Minh Tông * Trần Hiến Tông * Trần Dụ Tông * Trần Nghệ Tông * Trần Duệ Tông * Trần Hưng Đạo * Trần Thuận Tông * Trần Thiếu Đế * Lý Thái Tổ * Lý Thái Tông * Lý Thường Kiệt * Lý Long Tường * Thich Quang Duc * Thích Trí Quang * Thich Nhat Hanh, Thích Nhất Hạnh * Thich Thiên Ân * Thích Quảng Độ * Thích Thanh Từ * Thich Nhat Tu, Thích Nhật Từ * Thich Chan Khong

Burmese Buddhists

* Ledi Sayadaw * Mahasi Sayadaw, Mahāsī Sayādaw * Mother Sayamagyi * S. N. Goenka * U Ba Khin * U Nārada * U Pandita * Webu Sayadaw

Thai Buddhists

* Buddhadasa, Ajahn Buddhadasa * Ajahn Chah *Ajahn Lee * Ajahn Maha Bua * Ajahn Mun Bhuridatta * Ajahn Thate

Sri Lankan Buddhists

* Balangoda Ananda Maitreya * Henepola Gunaratana * K. Sri Dhammananda * Piyadassi Maha Thera * Walpola Rahula

American Buddhists

* Ajahn Sumedho * Bhikkhu Bodhi * Thanissaro Bhikkhu

Brazilian Buddhists

* Ajahn Mudito * Monja Coen * Lama Michel Rinpoche

British Buddhists

* Ajahn Amaro * Ajahn Brahm * Ajahn Khemadhammo *Houn Jiyu-Kennett * Nanamoli Bhikkhu, Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu * Nanavira Thera, Ñāṇavīra Thera * Arthur Lillie

German Buddhists

* Ayya Khema * Bhikkhu Analayo * Muho Noelke * Nyanatiloka * Nyanaponika Thera

Irish Buddhists

* U Dhammaloka

Buddhist philosophy

Buddhist philosophy Nagarjuna at Samye Ling Monastery

* Abhidharma (Abhidhamma) * Buddhist anarchism * Buddhist atomism * Buddhism and the body * Buddhology * Engaged Buddhism * Buddhist economics * Buddhist eschatology * Buddhist ethics ** Buddhism and abortion ** Buddhism and euthanasia ** Buddhism and sexuality *** Religious views on masturbation#Buddhism, Buddhist views on masturbation *** LGBT topics and Buddhism * Buddhism and evolution * Acinteyya, Four imponderables * Fourteen unanswerable questions ** Questions referring to the world: concerning the existence of the world in time *** Is the world eternal? *** or not? *** or both? *** or neither? ** Questions referring to the world: concerning the existence of the world in space *** Is the world finite? *** or not? *** or both? *** or neither? ** Questions referring to personal experience *** Is the self (philosophy), self identical with the body? *** or is it different from the body? ** Questions referring to life after death *** Does the Tathagata exist after death? *** or not? *** or both? *** or neither? * God in Buddhism *

* Buddhist logic * Buddhist mythology * Reality in Buddhism * Buddhist socialism

Buddhist culture

Burning-money-and-yuanbao-at-the-cemetery-3249

* Alms * Ango — three-month-long period of intense training for students of Zen Buddhism * Buddhist architecture ** Vihara — Buddhist monastery ** Wat — monastery temple in Cambodia, Thailand, Lanna or Laos ** Thai temple art and architecture ** Stupa — mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics ** Pagoda — tiered tower with multiple eaves common in China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and other parts of Asia ** Zendo — meditation hall in Zen Buddhism ** Butsudan — shrine * Buddhist art ** Greco-Buddhist art *** Standing Buddha ** Buddhist poetry ** Buddhist music ** Buddha statue *** Colossal Buddha statues **** Tian Tan Buddha **** Kōtoku-in, Kamakura Great Buddha **** Grand Buddha at Ling Shan **** Leshan Giant Buddha **** Gifu Great Buddha **** Great Buddha (disambiguation), Great Buddha * Buddhist calendar * Buddhist clothes ** Tricivara — Monastic robe *** Antaravasaka — Lower robe *** Uttarasanga — Upper robe *** Sangati — Outer robe * Buddhist cuisine ** Buddhist vegetarianism * Dharani * Drubchen — traditional form of meditation retreat in Tibetan Buddhism * Funeral (Buddhism) * Buddhist holidays ** Vesak — birth, enlightenment (Nirvana), and passing away (Parinirvana) of Gautama Buddha ** Asalha Puja ** Magha Puja ** Uposatha — the Buddhist observance days, falling on the days of the full moon and new moon, when the monks gather to recite the Patimokkha, Pātimokkha and lay people often visit monasteries and temples to undertake the eight precepts ** Kathina — festival which comes at the end of Vassa * Kaicho * Kīla (Buddhism), Kīla — three-sided peg, stake, knife, or nail like ritual implement traditionally associated with Indo-Tibetan Buddhism * Mandala — concentric diagram having spiritual and ritual significance ** Sand mandala * Buddhist prayer beads — Mala * Mantra ** Om mani padme hum ** Nianfo, Namo Amituofo ** Daimoku, Nam Myōhō Renge Kyō ** Om tare tuttare ture svaha ** Buddho (mantra), Buddho ** Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Sammāsambuddhassa * Buddhist view of marriage * Mudra — Symbolic or ritual gesture ** Añjali Mudrā — greeting gesture which consists of putting the palms together in front of the chest * Buddhist music * Prayer wheel * Sarira — Buddhist relics * Sesshin — period of intensive Buddhist meditation, meditation (zazen) in a Zen monastery * Buddhist symbolism ** Dharmacakra — Wheel of Dhamma ** Bhavacakra — Wheel of Becoming ** Buddhist flag ** Ensō — Symbol in Zen symbolizing enlightenment, strength, elegance, the Universe, and the void ** Thangka *** Tree of physiology ** Ashtamangala * Vajra — short metal weapon that has the symbolic nature of a diamond * Vassa — Rains retreat

Buddhist pilgrimage

Buddhist pilgrimage Mahabodhi in Bodhgaya

* The Four Main Sites ** Lumbini — Buddha's birthplace *** Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini, Maya Devi Temple ** Bodh Gaya — Buddha's place of Bodhi, Enlightenment *** Mahabodhi Temple **** Bodhi Tree ** Sarnath — Place of Buddha's first discourse ** Kushinagar — Place of Buddha's Parinirvana, final passing away * Four Additional Sites ** Sravasti ** Rajgir ** Sankassa ** Vaishali (ancient city), Vaishali * Other Sites ** Patna ** Gaya, India, Gaya ** Kosambi ** Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, Mathura ** Kapilavastu (ancient city), Kapilavastu ** Devadaha ** Kesariya ** Pava ** Nalanda ** Varanasi * Later Sites ** Sanchi ** Ratnagiri (Orissa), Ratnagiri ** Ellora Caves, Ellora ** Ajanta Caves, Ajantha ** Bharhut

Comparative Buddhism

* Buddhism and science ** Buddhism and psychology * Buddhism and Theosophy * Buddhism and other religions ** Buddhism and Eastern religions *** Buddhism and Hinduism *** Buddhism and Jainism ** Buddhism and Christianity *** Buddhist-Christian Studies *** Parallels between Buddha and Jesus ** Buddhism and Gnosticism **

Lists

* Glossary of Buddhism * Index of Buddhism-related articles * List of Buddhas ** List of the twenty-eight Buddhas * List of Buddha claimants * List of bodhisattvas * List of Buddhists * List of modern scholars in Buddhist studies * List of suttas ** in

*** List of Digha Nikaya suttas *** List of Majjhima Nikaya suttas *** List of Samyutta Nikaya suttas *** List of Anguttara Nikaya suttas *** List of Khuddaka Nikaya suttas ** in

***

* List of Buddhist temples ** Buddhist temples in Japan *** List of Buddhist temples in Kyoto ** Korean Buddhist temples ** List of Buddhist Architecture in China ** List of Buddhist temples in Thailand * List of writers on Buddhism * Buddha games list

Charts

File:Dhamma_Chart_in_English.gif, Dhamma chart in English File:Dhamma_Chart_in_Pali.gif, Dhamma chart in the Pali language

Notes

References

External links

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buddhism Outlines of religions Wikipedia outlines Buddhism,