Canal de Bourgogne
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

The Canal de Bourgogne (English: Canal of Burgundy or Burgundy Canal) is a canal in the
Burgundy Burgundy (; french: link=no, Bourgogne ) is a historical territory and former administrative region and province of east-central France. The province was once home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th century. The ...
historical region in east-central
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
. It connects the
Yonne Yonne () is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in France. It is named after the river Yonne, which flows through it, in the country's north-central part. One of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté's eight constituent departments, it is l ...
at
Migennes Migennes () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France. Laroche-Migennes station has rail connections to Dijon, Paris, Auxerre, Corbigny and Avallon. Population Town partnership * Simmern, Rhine ...
with the
Saône The Saône ( , ; frp, Sona; lat, Arar) is a river in eastern France. It is a right tributary of the Rhône, rising at Vioménil in the Vosges department and joining the Rhône in Lyon, at the southern end of the Presqu'île. The name d ...
at
Saint-Jean-de-Losne Saint-Jean-de-Losne (, literally ''Saint John of Losne'') is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It is about southeast of Dijon. History Despite its size, the town's position on the Saône River meant it featured in a ...
. Construction began in 1775 and was completed in 1832. The canal completes the link between the
English Channel The English Channel, "The Sleeve"; nrf, la Maunche, "The Sleeve" ( Cotentinais) or ( Jèrriais), ( Guernésiais), "The Channel"; br, Mor Breizh, "Sea of Brittany"; cy, Môr Udd, "Lord's Sea"; kw, Mor Bretannek, "British Sea"; nl, Het Ka ...
and the
Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on ...
, via the rivers
Seine ) , mouth_location = Le Havre/ Honfleur , mouth_coordinates = , mouth_elevation = , progression = , river_system = Seine basin , basin_size = , tributaries_left = Yonne, Loing, Eure, Risle , tributa ...
and the
Yonne Yonne () is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in France. It is named after the river Yonne, which flows through it, in the country's north-central part. One of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté's eight constituent departments, it is l ...
to the
Saône The Saône ( , ; frp, Sona; lat, Arar) is a river in eastern France. It is a right tributary of the Rhône, rising at Vioménil in the Vosges department and joining the Rhône in Lyon, at the southern end of the Presqu'île. The name d ...
and
Rhône The Rhône ( , ; wae, Rotten ; frp, Rôno ; oc, Ròse ) is a major river in France and Switzerland, rising in the Alps and flowing west and south through Lake Geneva and southeastern France before discharging into the Mediterranean Sea. At Ar ...
. The canal is long, with 189
locks Lock(s) may refer to: Common meanings *Lock and key, a mechanical device used to secure items of importance *Lock (water navigation), a device for boats to transit between different levels of water, as in a canal Arts and entertainment * ''Lock ...
. There were originally 191 lock basins, but the double staircase locks at Migennes (114-115Y) and Germigny (106-107Y) had the uppermost set of gates removed and the lower chamber raised to form single locks, but they are twice as deep as a standard lock (5.13 m and 5.14 m instead of the usual 2.5 to 3 m). The canal passes through the
departments Department may refer to: * Departmentalization, division of a larger organization into parts with specific responsibility Government and military *Department (administrative division), a geographical and administrative division within a country, ...
of
Yonne Yonne () is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in France. It is named after the river Yonne, which flows through it, in the country's north-central part. One of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté's eight constituent departments, it is l ...
and
Côte-d'Or Côte-d'Or (; literally, "Golden Slope") is a département in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of Northeastern France. In 2019, it had a population of 534,124.Pouilly-en-Auxois Pouilly-en-Auxois () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It is the start of the Canal of Burgundy, which passes in a tunnel under the town. Geography The town was originally sited on the ''St Pierre'' hilltop surroundin ...
, 378 m above
sea level Mean sea level (MSL, often shortened to sea level) is an average surface level of one or more among Earth's coastal bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured. The global MSL is a type of vertical datuma standardis ...
, when the canal passes through a
tunnel A tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through surrounding soil, earth or rock, and enclosed except for the entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube cons ...
3.3 km long. The lowest point is at the junction with the Yonne at above sea level.


Description

The canal begins at Migennes where the former double staircase lock gives access from the Yonne to a large basin. For the next 100 km the canal follows the valley of the
Armançon The river Armançon () drains part of north-western Burgundy in France. It is long. It rises at Meilly-sur-Rouvres in the department of Côte-d'Or and flows into the Yonne (right bank) at Migennes. Its source is at about above sea level and i ...
river. This is a centuries-old route towards the south-east, which is why the canal is closely followed by road and railway. The first lock after leaving Migennes, Cheny (113Y), is one of the few electric locks to be found on the canal. After 9 km the canal arrives in Brienon-sur-Armançon with its recently built grain silos which permit the loading of barges and trains. The canal then heads off towards Saint-Florentin with its aqueduct over the Armance river and the impressive church overlooking the lower town. After the former double lock at Germigny (107-106Y) and Egrevin lock (105Y) the canal runs alongside the D905 (formerly N5) road. This pound suffered exceptional damage with almost all of the trees being blown down during the great
storm A storm is any disturbed state of the natural environment or the atmosphere of an astronomical body. It may be marked by significant disruptions to normal conditions such as strong wind, tornadoes, hail, thunder and lightning (a thunderstorm), ...
of 26 December 1999. The canal continues through Flogny-la-Chapelle, somewhat surprisingly leaves Burgundy for a short stretch (1.5 km) as it passes through Charrey in the
Aube Aube () is a French department in the Grand Est region of north-eastern France. As with sixty departments in France, this department is named after a river: the Aube. With 310,242 inhabitants (2019),Champagne-Ardenne Champagne-Ardenne () is a former administrative region of France, located in the northeast of the country, bordering Belgium. Mostly corresponding to the historic province of Champagne, the region is known for its sparkling white wine of the ...
region) and heads to the town of Tonnerre, famous for the
Fosse Dionne The Fosse Dionne is a karst spring,''Ville de Tonnerre - Guide touristique du patrimoine'', édité par l'Office de tourisme, 2012 in Tonnerre in the Yonne department of France. It is fed by the rainwater on the surrounding hills as well by at ...
spring Spring(s) may refer to: Common uses * Spring (season), a season of the year * Spring (device), a mechanical device that stores energy * Spring (hydrology), a natural source of water * Spring (mathematics), a geometric surface in the shape of a h ...
and the birthplace of the
Chevalier d'Eon Chevalier may refer to: Honours Belgium * a rank in the Belgian Order of the Crown * a rank in the Belgian Order of Leopold * a rank in the Belgian Order of Leopold II * a title in the Belgian nobility France * a rank in the French Legion d' ...
. Leaving Tonnerre the canal closely follows the Armançon and meanders due to hills situated between Tonnerre and Ancy-le-Franc. The canal passes through the village of Commissey before arriving in
Tanlay Tanlay () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France. See also * Château de Tanlay * Communes of the Yonne department The following is a list of the 423 communes of the Yonne department of Fran ...
with its impressive Renaissance château. At
Lézinnes Lézinnes () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France. See also *Communes of the Yonne department The following is a list of the 423 communes of the Yonne department of France. The communes co ...
boats meet a series of six electrified locks, taking them past a cement works and more grain silos at Pacy-sur-Armançon and on to
Ancy-le-Franc Ancy-le-Franc () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France. See also *Château d'Ancy-le-Franc *Communes of the Yonne department The following is a list of the 423 communes of the Yonne departme ...
. Here the tourist can visit the famous 16th-century château set in its vast grounds. Leaving Ravières there is an extremely difficult pound which suffers from intense growth of aquatic weeds and which can cause fouling of the
propeller A propeller (colloquially often called a screw if on a ship or an airscrew if on an aircraft) is a device with a rotating hub and radiating blades that are set at a pitch to form a helical spiral which, when rotated, exerts linear thrust upon ...
. Immediately after is situated the small village of Cry-sur-Armançon, site of the Acrobatix Adventure Park. After passing through Aisy the canal enters the
Côte-d'Or Côte-d'Or (; literally, "Golden Slope") is a département in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of Northeastern France. In 2019, it had a population of 534,124.department. It then runs through Buffon past the great
ironwork Ironwork is any weapon, artwork, utensil, or architectural feature made of iron, especially one used for decoration. There are two main types of ironwork: wrought iron and cast iron. While the use of iron dates as far back as 4000BC, it was the ...
forge built by the
Comte de Buffon Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (; 7 September 1707 – 16 April 1788) was a French naturalist, mathematician, cosmologist, and encyclopédiste. His works influenced the next two generations of naturalists, including two prominent F ...
in the 18th century. It is then merely a short trip until arrival in the town of
Montbard Montbard () is a commune and subprefecture of the Côte-d'Or department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. Montbard is a small industrial town on the river Brenne. The ''Forges de Buffon'', ironworks established by Buff ...
. Nearby is the
Abbey of Fontenay The Abbey of Fontenay is a former Cistercian abbey located in the commune of Marmagne, near Montbard, in the département of Côte-d'Or in France. It was founded by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux in 1118, and built in the Romanesque style. It is ...
. The canal is now running through the wide, flat plain of the river Brenne. Eight locks and 13 km after Montbard the canal arrives in Venarey-les-Laumes situated close to the village of Alise-Sainte-Reine thought to be the site of the
Battle of Alesia The Battle of Alesia or Siege of Alesia (September 52 BC) was a military engagement in the Gallic Wars around the Gallic '' oppidum'' (fortified settlement) of Alesia in modern France, a major centre of the Mandubii tribe. It was fought b ...
. At this point the geography changes dramatically. The railway carries on straight towards
Dijon Dijon (, , ) (dated) * it, Digione * la, Diviō or * lmo, Digion is the prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department and of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in northeastern France. the commune had a population of 156,920. The earlie ...
, climbing the steep Burgundy escarpment which it crosses by means of a long tunnel at
Blaisy-Bas Blaisy-Bas () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department Department may refer to: * Departmentalization, division of a larger organization into parts with specific responsibility Government and military *Department (administrative division), a ...
. The canal on the other hand has to divert southwards passing through 40 locks in the space of . It then reaches more friendly ground before the final approach to the summit at
Pouilly-en-Auxois Pouilly-en-Auxois () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It is the start of the Canal of Burgundy, which passes in a tunnel under the town. Geography The town was originally sited on the ''St Pierre'' hilltop surroundin ...
. Here there is a large, fully equipped port close to the centre of town. The canal then runs through a tree-lined cutting before entering the 3-kilometre long tunnel. Boats must be fitted with a fixed or hand-held spotlight to pass through, following a fatal accident a number of years ago inside the tunnel itself. Emerging near the village of Créancey the canal begins to drop, passing close to the A6 autoroute, past the villages of Vandenesse and Châteauneuf before meeting the river
Ouche The Ouche () is a river in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It is a right tributary of the Saône, which it joins in Échenon. It is long. Its source is in Lusigny-sur-Ouche. The Ouche flows through the towns of Bligny-sur-Ouche, La ...
at Pont d'Ouche where there are moorings for boats wishing to lay up for the winter. Nearby is the small town of
Bligny-sur-Ouche Bligny-sur-Ouche (, literally ''Bligny on Ouche'') is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. History The history of Bligny is ancient. Its church is an interesting monument to visit (constructed within an old medieval ca ...
where there is a butterfly museum and a narrow-gauge railway built on the trackbed of a line leading from the mining town of Epinac to loading staithes on the canal. The canal now changes direction from SE to NNE running through the valley of the river Ouche as it makes its way towards
Dijon Dijon (, , ) (dated) * it, Digione * la, Diviō or * lmo, Digion is the prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department and of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in northeastern France. the commune had a population of 156,920. The earlie ...
, the capital of the
Burgundy Burgundy (; french: link=no, Bourgogne ) is a historical territory and former administrative region and province of east-central France. The province was once home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th century. The ...
region. On arrival in Plombières-lès-Dijon the canal turns SE passing close to Lac Kir, a man-made lake used for leisure activities, named after Canon
Félix Kir Canon Félix Kir (22 January 1876 - 26 April 1968) was a French Catholic priest, resistance fighter and politician. Life He was born at Alise-Sainte-Reine on the Côte-d'Or. He entered a small seminary at Plombières-lès-Dijon in 1891 and ...
, a former
mayor In many countries, a mayor is the highest-ranking official in a municipal government such as that of a city or a town. Worldwide, there is a wide variance in local laws and customs regarding the powers and responsibilities of a mayor as well ...
of Dijon and after whom is named the white wine and crème de cassis drink known as Kir. On leaving the port of Dijon and running past the
SNCF The Société nationale des chemins de fer français (; abbreviated as SNCF ; French for "National society of French railroads") is France's national state-owned railway company. Founded in 1938, it operates the country's national rail traffic ...
depot at Perrigny and the
airport An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for commercial air transport. Airports usually consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surfa ...
at Longvic the canal enters the wide and relatively flat valley of the Saône. In the final 30 kilometres the canal is totally straight apart from a slight turn near Thorey-en-Plaine and the main activity of the area is now farming. Shortly after passing by Brazey-en-Plaine the canal reaches its end at
Saint-Jean-de-Losne Saint-Jean-de-Losne (, literally ''Saint John of Losne'') is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It is about southeast of Dijon. History Despite its size, the town's position on the Saône River meant it featured in a ...
, the largest inland pleasure port in France, where it joins the river Saône.


History

Construction of the canal was already under consideration as early as 1605, during the reign of Henry IV. Difficulties were foreseen in crossing the Morvan Massif, however. In addition to the route finally selected, studies were made for various other routes, all of them passing further to the north. In the end, however, it was decided that the canal should follow the valleys of the rivers
Armançon The river Armançon () drains part of north-western Burgundy in France. It is long. It rises at Meilly-sur-Rouvres in the department of Côte-d'Or and flows into the Yonne (right bank) at Migennes. Its source is at about above sea level and i ...
and
Ouche The Ouche () is a river in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It is a right tributary of the Saône, which it joins in Échenon. It is long. Its source is in Lusigny-sur-Ouche. The Ouche flows through the towns of Bligny-sur-Ouche, La ...
.
Louis XV Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774), known as Louis the Beloved (french: le Bien-Aimé), was King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774. He succeeded his great-grandfather Louis XIV at the age of five. Until he reache ...
signed an edict for the canal's construction on 7 September 1773. In 1774 it was stipulated that the crown would pay for the section running to the
Yonne Yonne () is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in France. It is named after the river Yonne, which flows through it, in the country's north-central part. One of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté's eight constituent departments, it is l ...
while the other half, towards the
Saône The Saône ( , ; frp, Sona; lat, Arar) is a river in eastern France. It is a right tributary of the Rhône, rising at Vioménil in the Vosges department and joining the Rhône in Lyon, at the southern end of the Presqu'île. The name d ...
, would be funded by the Estates of Burgundy. In 1775 the total cost was estimated at 7.18 Million French pounds. Work began in 1777 on the
Laroche La Roche, LaRoche or Laroche may refer to: People *LaRoche (surname), includes Laroche *Sophie von La Roche, a German writer * Marquis de La Roche-Helgomarche or Marquis de La Roche-Mesgouez, title held by Troilus de Mesqouez and linked to La Roc ...
- Tonnerre section. In 1781 work started from the other end, between
Dijon Dijon (, , ) (dated) * it, Digione * la, Diviō or * lmo, Digion is the prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department and of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in northeastern France. the commune had a population of 156,920. The earlie ...
and the
Saône The Saône ( , ; frp, Sona; lat, Arar) is a river in eastern France. It is a right tributary of the Rhône, rising at Vioménil in the Vosges department and joining the Rhône in Lyon, at the southern end of the Presqu'île. The name d ...
. During the early years of the
French Revolution The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are conside ...
, between 1790 and 1795 progress on the construction slowed and then stopped. Work resumed only in 1808 after a
Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader wh ...
ic degree announced the sale to private companies of four major existing canals in order to finance further canal construction. 1808 saw the opening of the section between
Laroche La Roche, LaRoche or Laroche may refer to: People *LaRoche (surname), includes Laroche *Sophie von La Roche, a German writer * Marquis de La Roche-Helgomarche or Marquis de La Roche-Mesgouez, title held by Troilus de Mesqouez and linked to La Roc ...
and
Dijon Dijon (, , ) (dated) * it, Digione * la, Diviō or * lmo, Digion is the prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department and of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in northeastern France. the commune had a population of 156,920. The earlie ...
, thereby providing access to the
Saône The Saône ( , ; frp, Sona; lat, Arar) is a river in eastern France. It is a right tributary of the Rhône, rising at Vioménil in the Vosges department and joining the Rhône in Lyon, at the southern end of the Presqu'île. The name d ...
and so, indirectly, to the
Rhône The Rhône ( , ; wae, Rotten ; frp, Rôno ; oc, Ròse ) is a major river in France and Switzerland, rising in the Alps and flowing west and south through Lake Geneva and southeastern France before discharging into the Mediterranean Sea. At Ar ...
valley. At this time the challenge of how the canal should cross the
Drainage divide A drainage divide, water divide, ridgeline, watershed, water parting or height of land is elevated terrain that separates neighboring drainage basins. On rugged land, the divide lies along topographical ridges, and may be in the form of a singl ...
between the Saône and the Yonne valleys was still being argued, but in 1812 the adopted solution involved a tunnel and the creation of reservoirs to feed water into the higher pounds of the canal. The tunnel was built between 1826 and 1832, and in 1832 the entire canal was opened for navigation, although work on the important feeder reservoirs was not completed till 1840. Between 1879 and 1882 work was completed, where necessary, to increase lock sizes to conform to the Freycinet standard, after which it became possible to move barges of up to 250 tonnes displacement, and up to 38.50 metres long on the canal. The Canal de Bourgogne was, when built, an engineering triumph. Commercial usage never quite reached the levels that its promoters had envisaged, however. Traffic grew between 1832 and 1850, by when 43.5 million tonnes were being carried annually, but thereafter growth tailed off and volumes were disappointing. There were various reasons for this: *Even after work had been completed on enlarging the locks, in 1882, the canal's size remained a constraint on volumes, notably at Pouilly-en-Auxois, where the tunnel's one-way only traffic lengthened journey times and reduced flexibility for canal users (the tugboat that towed the convoys of '' péniches'' can still be seen at
Pouilly-en-Auxois Pouilly-en-Auxois () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It is the start of the Canal of Burgundy, which passes in a tunnel under the town. Geography The town was originally sited on the ''St Pierre'' hilltop surroundin ...
.) *Competition from railways had not been foreseen when the canal was built, and was still a future threat when it was completed in 1832. However, between 1847 and 1852, the
Paris–Marseille railway The railway from Paris to Marseille is an 862-kilometre long railway line, that connects Paris to the southern port city of Marseille, France, via Dijon and Lyon. The railway was opened in several stages between 1847 and 1856, when the final sect ...
, its strategic and economic importance highlighted by its designation as an "impériale" communications artery, made it possible to transport goods much more rapidly and in very much larger volumes than could be achieved using the canal. The canal was experimentally taken over by the Région Bourgogne in 2010, but after two years returned to VNF’s management. It carries very little traffic, and the region baulked at the rehabilitation expenditure to be committed.


Users

Commercial
barge Barge nowadays generally refers to a flat-bottomed inland waterway vessel which does not have its own means of mechanical propulsion. The first modern barges were pulled by tugs, but nowadays most are pushed by pusher boats, or other vessels. ...
traffic is restricted to the two extremities; between St Jean de Losne and
Dijon Dijon (, , ) (dated) * it, Digione * la, Diviō or * lmo, Digion is the prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department and of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in northeastern France. the commune had a population of 156,920. The earlie ...
in the south and from Migennes to Brienon in the north. Otherwise traffic is restricted to three types of user: privately owned boats (now the most important user group), hire craft, in decline due to the closure of several hire bases in recent years, and ''
hotel barge A hotel barge (fr. ''péniche hôtel'') is a barge that has been built or converted to serve as a hotel or other kind of lodging. Hotel barges are generally found on rivers and canals in Europe, and may be used for river cruises or permanently mo ...
s,'' mainly centered on the Ouche valley in the south, although three hotel barges remain operating on the northern section.


En route

* PK 0 Laroche-Migennes * PK 19 Saint-Florentin * PK 45 Tonnerre * PK 74
Ancy-le-Franc Ancy-le-Franc () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France. See also *Château d'Ancy-le-Franc *Communes of the Yonne department The following is a list of the 423 communes of the Yonne departme ...
* PK 102
Montbard Montbard () is a commune and subprefecture of the Côte-d'Or department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. Montbard is a small industrial town on the river Brenne. The ''Forges de Buffon'', ironworks established by Buff ...
* PK 115 Venarey-les-Laumes * PK 155
Pouilly-en-Auxois Pouilly-en-Auxois () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It is the start of the Canal of Burgundy, which passes in a tunnel under the town. Geography The town was originally sited on the ''St Pierre'' hilltop surroundin ...
* PK 213
Dijon Dijon (, , ) (dated) * it, Digione * la, Diviō or * lmo, Digion is the prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department and of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in northeastern France. the commune had a population of 156,920. The earlie ...
* PK 242
Saint-Jean-de-Losne Saint-Jean-de-Losne (, literally ''Saint John of Losne'') is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It is about southeast of Dijon. History Despite its size, the town's position on the Saône River meant it featured in a ...


See also

*
List of canals in France This is a list of the navigable canals and rivers in France. For reference purposes, all waterways are listed, including many that have been abandoned for navigation, mostly in the period 1925-1955, but some in later years. Although several source ...


References


External links


Canal de Bourgogne
navigation guide; places, ports and moorings on the canal, by the author of ''Inland Waterways of France'', Imray
The Burgundy Canal - at ''Burgundy-Canal.com'' (English)
{{Authority control
Burgundy Burgundy (; french: link=no, Bourgogne ) is a historical territory and former administrative region and province of east-central France. The province was once home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th century. The ...
Geography of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Transport in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Buildings and structures in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Canals opened in 1832