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Campione d'Italia is a comune (municipality) of the Province of Como in the Lombardy region of Italy and an exclave surrounded by the Swiss canton of Ticino. At its closest the enclave is less than one kilometre (0.6 mi) from the rest of Italy, but the intervening mountainous terrain requires a journey by road of over 14 km (9 mi) to reach the nearest Italian town, Lanzo d'Intelvi, and over 28 km (17 mi) to reach the city of Como.

History

Map showing the location of the Campione enclave near the centre.

In the first century BC the Romans founded the garrison town of Campilonum to protect their territories from Helvetii invasions.[2]

In 777, Toto of Campione, a local Lombard lord, left his inheritance to the archbishopric of Milan. Ownership was transferred to the abbey of Sant’Ambrogio. In 1512, the surrounding area of Ticino was transferred from the ownership of the bishop of Como to Switzerland by Pope Julius II, as thanks for support in the War of the Holy League. However, the abbey maintained control over what is now Campione d'Italia and some territory on the western bank of Lake Lugano.[2]

When Ticino chose to become part of the Swiss Confederation in 1798, the people of Campione chose to remain part of Lombardy.[3] In 1800, Ticino proposed exchanging Indemini for Campione. In 1814 a referendum was held, and the residents of Campione opposed it. In 1848, during the wars of Italian unification, Campione petitioned Switzerland for annexation. This was rejected due to the Swiss desire for neutrality.[2]

After Italian unification in 1861, all land west of Lake Lugano and half of the lake were given to Switzerland so that Swiss trade and transport would not have to pass through Italy. The d'Italia was added to the name of Campione in the 1930s by Prime Minister Benito Mussolini and an ornamental gate to the city was built. This was to assert the exclave's Italian-ness.[2]

During World War II, the US Office of Strategic Services (OSS – the precursor to the CIA) — partly through Berne OSS chief Allen Welsh Dulles — maintained a unit in Campione for operations in Italy.[4] At the time the Italian fascist regime did not have control over the exclave. The Swiss ignored the situation as long as the Americans kept a low profile. Postage stamps were issued during this period inscribed "Campione d'Italia" and valued in Swiss currency.[5]

Economy and administration

Campione has a considerable amount of economic and administrative integration with Switzerland. Because of its particular status, legal tender in the town is the Swiss franc,[6] but the euro is widely accepted.Vehicle registration plates are not Italian, but Swiss; similarly, the telephone system is almost entirely operated by Swisscom, so that calls from Italy and all other countries outside Switzerland (with very few exceptions such as calling the city hall) require the international dialing code for Switzerland (+41) and the Ticino area code (91). Mail may be sent using either a Swiss postal code or an Italian one using Switzerland or Italy as destination country respectively.

Pursuant to bilateral agreements, Italians residing in Campione also benefit from many services and facilities located in Swiss territory, such as hospital care, that would otherwise be available only to Swiss residents.[7]

Like the Italian town of Livigno, it is exempt from EU VAT. Campione takes advantage of its status by operating the Casinò di Campione, as gambling laws are less strict than in either Italy or Switzerland (also a legacy of the pre-World War II era).

Security is provided by the Carabinieri (Italian military police) and the city also has a Polizia Locale group. Firefighters and ambulances are Swiss.[8]

Education

Schools within the comune are the Scuola Materna G. Garibaldi, the Scuola Elementare, and the Scuola Media.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ http://demo.istat.it/index_e.html ISTAT demographics
  2. ^ a b c d Jacobs, Frank (15 May 2012). "Enclave-Hunting in Switzerland". New York Times. Retrieved 19 May 2012. 
  3. ^ http://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/istituzioni/storia/?unita=04.02
  4. ^ Frank Jacobs (15 May 2012). "Enclave-Hunting in Switzerland". The New York Times. 
  5. ^ "Campione d'Italia". swiss-stamps.us. Retrieved 2 June 2016. 
  6. ^ "Comune di Campione d'Italia" (Italian). Retrieved 2009-01-12.  "... pur essendo territorio italiano Campione è doganalmente ed economicamente svizzero. Così pure la moneta e la rete telefonica. ("... although being Italian territory, Campione is customs-wise and economically Swiss. Also the currency and the telephone network.")
  7. ^ "Rapporti tra il Cantone Ticino e il Comune di Campione d'Italia (Relations between Canton Ticino and Campione d'Italia) (Italian)". Retrieved 2008-08-11. 
  8. ^ "Servizi Emergenze (Services, emergencies) (Italian)". Retrieved 2012-11-18. 
  9. ^ "Numeri Utili." (Archive) Campione d'Italia. Retrieved on 14 November 2013.

External links

Coordinates: 45°58′N 8°58′E / 45.967°N 8.967°E / 45.967; 8.967

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