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Calima culture (200 BCE–400 CE) is a series of
''Colombia''. (retrieved 1 Dec 2011) The four societies that successively occupied the valley and make up Calima culture are the Ilama, Yotoco, Sonso, and
By 100 CE the Ilamas developed into the Yotoco Culture, which expanded their territory further into the Cauca River and the Pacific Ocean and to the south to the region of what is now the city of Cali.
The Yotocos prevailed in the region until 1200 CE and were a highly stratified society headed by caciques, which managed several settlements. The population had increased, forcing them to develop effective agricultural techniques to feed its population which also improved the techniques on pottery and metal works. They created polychrome ceramics and introduction of hammered goldware. The agriculture of the Yotocos was more varied than that of the Ilamas and was based on maize,
"Hallazgo arqueológico en el estadio del Deportivo Cali ."
''El Dorado Colombia.'' (retrieved 1 Dec 2011) This culture produced fine, burnished ceramics, predominantly white or terra cotta in color. Ocarinas, large bottles, and
Calima culture artwork
National Museum of the American Indian
The Art of Precolumbian Gold: The Jan Mitchell Collection
an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Calima culture {{DEFAULTSORT:Calima Culture Circum-Caribbean tribes Indigenous peoples in Colombia
Calima culture (200 BCE–400 CE) is a series of pre-Columbian culture
This list of pre-Columbian cultures includes those civilizations and cultures of the Americas which flourished prior to the European colonization of the Americas.
Cultural characteristics
Many pre-Columbian civilizations established permanent o ...
s from the Valle del Cauca in Colombia."Calima Darién Archaeological Museum: 10,000 Years of History."''Colombia''. (retrieved 1 Dec 2011) The four societies that successively occupied the valley and make up Calima culture are the Ilama, Yotoco, Sonso, and
Malagana culture
Malagana, also known as the Malagana Treasure is an Archaeological sites in Colombia, archaeological site of Colombia named after the same name sugarcane estate (house), estate where it was accidentally discovered in 1992 (Malagana being a misspell ...
s.
The Calima Darién Archaeological Museum and the Calima Gold Museum feature artifacts from the Calima culture.
Ilama culture
By 1500 BCE the Ilama culture, the first Agricultural-Pottery society, appeared along the Calima River, near the present day towns of Restrepo and Darien. Its society had a social structure of ''Cacicazgos'' (chiefdoms) that prevailed until the arrival of the Spaniards. The economy of Ilama was based on textile weaving, metallurgy, hunting, fishing, and agriculture. Yuca and beans were primary crops. The Chief or Cacique was the leader of the settlement. Other occupations were shamans, warriors, farmers, hunters, pottery men, and goldsmiths. Theirceramics
A ceramic is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and then firing an inorganic, nonmetallic material, such as clay, at a high temperature. Common examples are earthenware, porcelain ...
were typically red and black, featuring religious imagery.
Yotoco culture
By 100 CE the Ilamas developed into the Yotoco Culture, which expanded their territory further into the Cauca River and the Pacific Ocean and to the south to the region of what is now the city of Cali.
The Yotocos prevailed in the region until 1200 CE and were a highly stratified society headed by caciques, which managed several settlements. The population had increased, forcing them to develop effective agricultural techniques to feed its population which also improved the techniques on pottery and metal works. They created polychrome ceramics and introduction of hammered goldware. The agriculture of the Yotocos was more varied than that of the Ilamas and was based on maize, yuca
''Manihot esculenta'', commonly called cassava (), manioc, or yuca (among numerous regional names), is a woody shrub of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, native to South America. Although a perennial plant, cassava is extensively cultivated ...
, beans
A bean is the seed of several plants in the family Fabaceae, which are used as vegetables for human or animal food. They can be cooked in many different ways, including boiling, frying, and baking, and are used in many traditional dishes thr ...
, arracacha, achiote
''Bixa orellana'', also known as achiote, is a shrub native to Central America. ''Bixa orellana'' is grown in many countries worldwide.
The tree is best known as the source of annatto, a natural orange-red condiment (also called or ) obtained ...
among others. The Yotoco started declining in the 6th century CE.
Sonso culture
Sonso culture (500–1200 CE) flourished during the Late Period I. Population increased, government became more centralized. Sonso culture was marked by fewer ceramic styles, and their goldware was mixed with copper and cast.Malagana culture
The primary archaeological site for Malagana culture isMalagana
Malagana, also known as the Malagana Treasure is an archaeological site of Colombia named after the same name sugarcane estate where it was accidentally discovered in 1992 (Malagana being a misspelling of Málaga). During a few days after its di ...
. Dating from 300 BCE to 300 CE, the site was discovered in 1992, and an estimate four tons of artifacts were looted from it in a matter of days.''El Dorado Colombia.'' (retrieved 1 Dec 2011)
alcarraza
An alcarraza (, ) is an earthenware container, traditionally made in Spain. The container is filled with a liquid, then hung in a drafty place in the shade. The liquid seeps through the earthenware slowly and is evaporated by the action of the dr ...
s, double spout and bridge vessel
The double spout and bridge vessel was a form of usually ceramic drinking container developed sometime before 500 BC by indigenous groups on the Peruvian coast. True to its name, this type of bottle is distinguished by two spouts with a handle ...
s, become common.
Notes
External links
Calima culture artwork
National Museum of the American Indian
The Art of Precolumbian Gold: The Jan Mitchell Collection
an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Calima culture {{DEFAULTSORT:Calima Culture Circum-Caribbean tribes Indigenous peoples in Colombia