The Cahuilla , also known as ʔívil̃uqaletem or Ivilyuqaletem, are a Native American people of the various tribes of the Cahuilla Nation, living in the inland areas of southern

California California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the m ...

."California Indians and Their Reservations.
''SDSU Library and Information Access.'' Their original territory included an area of about . The traditional Cahuilla territory was near the geographic center of

Southern California Southern California (commonly shortened to SoCal) is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises the southern portion of the U.S. state of California. It includes the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the second most populous urban a ...

. It was bounded to the north by the San Bernardino Mountains, to the south by

Borrego Springs Borrego Springs (''Borrego'', Spanish for "Sheep") is a census-designated place (CDP) in San Diego County, California. The population was 3,429 at the 2010 census, up from 2,535 at the 2000 census, made up of both seasonal and year-round resid ...

and the

Chocolate Mountains The Chocolate Mountains of California are located in Imperial and Riverside counties in the Colorado Desert of Southern California. The mountains stretch more than 60 miles (100 km) in a northwest to southeast direction, and are located ea ...

, to the east by the Colorado Desert, and to the west by the San Jacinto Plain and the eastern slopes of the Palomar Mountains.

Language and name

The

Cahuilla language Cahuilla , or Ivilyuat (''ʔívil̃uʔat'' or ''Ivil̃uɂat'' ), is an endangered Uto-Aztecan language, spoken by the various tribes of the Cahuilla Nation, living in the Coachella Valley, San Gorgonio Pass and San Jacinto Mountains region of sou ...

is in the Uto-Aztecan family. A 1990 census revealed 35 speakers in an ethnic population of 800. It is critically endangered, since most speakers are middle-aged or older. In their own language, their

autonym Autonym may refer to: * Autonym, the name used by a person to refer to themselves or their language; see Exonym and endonym * Autonym (botany), an automatically created infrageneric or infraspecific name See also * Nominotypical subspecies, in zo ...

is ʔívil̃uqaletem, and the name of their language is ʔívil̃uʔat ( Ivilyuat), however they also call themselves táxliswet meaning 'person'. ''Cahuilla'' is an

exonym An endonym (from Greek: , 'inner' + , 'name'; also known as autonym) is a common, ''native'' name for a geographical place, group of people, individual person, language or dialect, meaning that it is used inside that particular place, group, ...

applied to the group after mission secularization in the Ranchos of California. The word "Cahuilla" is probably from the Ivilyuat word ''kawi'a'', meaning "master."

Prehistory

Oral legends suggest that when the Cahuilla first moved into the Coachella Valley, a large body of water which geographers call Lake Cahuilla was in existence. Fed by the

Colorado River The Colorado River ( es, Río Colorado) is one of the principal rivers (along with the Rio Grande) in the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The river drains an expansive, arid watershed that encompasses parts of seven U.S. s ...

, it dried up sometime before 1700, following one of the repeated shifts in the river's course. In 1905 a break in a levee created the much smaller Salton Sea in the same location. The Cahuilla lived from the land by using

native plant In biogeography, a native species is indigenous to a given region or ecosystem if its presence in that region is the result of only local natural evolution (though often popularised as "with no human intervention") during history. The term is equ ...

s. A notable tree whose fruits they harvested is the

California fan palm ''Washingtonia filifera'', the desert fan palm, California fan palm, or California palm,Flora of North America Association. ''Flora of North America: North of Mexico Volume 22: Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in Part), and Zi ...

. The Cahuilla also used palm leaves for basketry of many shapes, sizes and purposes;

sandal Sandals are an open type of footwear, consisting of a sole held to the wearer's foot by straps going over the instep and around the ankle. Sandals can also have a heel. While the distinction between sandals and other types of footwear can ...

s, and roofing thatch for dwellings. The Cahuilla lived in smaller groups than some other tribes.

History

The first encounter with Europeans was in 1774, when

Juan Bautista de Anza Juan Bautista de Anza Bezerra Nieto (July 6 or 7, 1736 – December 19, 1788) was an expeditionary leader, military officer, and politician primarily in California and New Mexico under the Spanish Empire. He is credited as one of the founding fa ...

was looking for a trade route between Sonora and

Monterey Monterey (; es, Monterrey; Ohlone: ) is a city located in Monterey County on the southern edge of Monterey Bay on the U.S. state of California's Central Coast. Founded on June 3, 1770, it functioned as the capital of Alta California under bot ...

in Alta California. Living far inland, the Cahuilla had little contact with Spanish soldiers, priests, or missionaries. Many of the Europeans viewed the desert as having little or no value, but rather a place to avoid. The Cahuilla learned of Spanish missions and their culture from Indians living close to missions in San Gabriel and

San Diego San Diego ( , ; ) is a city on the Pacific Ocean coast of Southern California located immediately adjacent to the Mexico–United States border. With a 2020 population of 1,386,932, it is the eighth most populous city in the United State ...

. The Cahuilla provided security against the raids of the tribes from the desert and mountains on its herds for the vaqueros that worked for the owners of the Rancho San Bernardino. The Cahuilla did not encounter Anglo-Americans until the 1840s. Chief

Juan Antonio Juan Ignacio Antonio (born 5 January 1988) is an Argentine former professional football Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. Unqualified, the word ''football'' normally ...

, leader of the Cahuilla Mountain Band, gave traveler Daniel Sexton access to areas near the San Gorgonio Pass in 1842. The Mountain Band also lent support to a

U.S. Army The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution.Article II, section 2, cl ...

expedition led by Lieutenant

Edward Fitzgerald Beale Edward Fitzgerald "Ned" Beale (February 4, 1822 – April 22, 1893) was a national figure in the 19th-century United States. He was a naval officer, military general, explorer, frontiersman, Indian affairs superintendent, California rancher, ...

, defending the party against attacks by '' Wakara'' and his band of Ute warriors. PSM V37 D487 Modern hut of mission indians in coahuila valley

During the

Mexican–American War The Mexican–American War, also known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the (''United States intervention in Mexico''), was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. It followed the 1 ...

, Chief Juan Antonio led his warriors to join

Californios Californio (plural Californios) is a term used to designate a Hispanic Californian, especially those descended from Spanish and Mexican settlers of the 17th through 19th centuries. California's Spanish-speaking community has resided there sinc ...

led by

José del Carmen Lugo José del Carmen Lugo (1813 – c. 1870) was a major 19th century Californio landowner in Southern California. History He was born in 1813 at the Pueblo de Los Angeles, in Spanish colonial Alta California, then a province of the Viceroyalty ...

in attacking their traditional enemy, the

Luiseño The Luiseño or Payómkawichum are an indigenous people of California who, at the time of the first contacts with the Spanish in the 16th century, inhabited the coastal area of southern California, ranging from the present-day southern part of ...

. Lugo led this action in retaliation for the Pauma Massacre, in which the Luiseno had killed 11 Californios. The combined forces staged an

ambush An ambush is a long-established military tactic in which a combatant uses an advantage of concealment or the element of surprise to attack unsuspecting enemy combatants from concealed positions, such as among dense underbrush or behind mo ...

and killed 33–40 of the Luiseno warriors, an event that became known as the Temecula Massacre of 1847. (Academic historians disagree on the exact number of deaths, the estimate is 33–40; Luiseno oral tradition holds that more than 100 warriors were killed.) In the treaty ending the war with Mexico, the US promised to honor Mexican land grants and policies. These included recognition of Native American rights to inhabit certain lands, but European-American encroachment on Indian lands became an increasing problem after the US annexed California. During the 1850s, the Cahuilla came under increasing pressure from waves of European-American migrants because of the California Gold Rush. In 1851, Juan Antonio led his warriors in the destruction of the Irving Gang, a group of bandits that had been looting the San Bernardino Valley. Following the outcome of the Irving Gang incident, in late 1851, Juan Antonio, his warriors and their families, moved eastward from

Politana Politana or Apolitana was the first Spanish settlement in the San Bernardino Valley of California. It was established as a mission chapel and supply station by the Mission San Gabriel in the a rancheria of the Guachama Indians that lived on the ...

, toward the San Gorgonio Pass and settled in a valley which branched off to the northeast from San Timoteo Canyon, at a village named

Saahatpa Saahatpa was a former Cahuilla settlement in Riverside County. It was a settlement of Juan Antonio's Mountain Cahuilla from 1851 to 1863. It was located in a valley that branched to the northeast from San Timoteo Canyon. The site is marked by Ca ...

. In addition to the influx of Anglo-American miners, ranchers and outlaws, and groups of

Mormon Mormons are a religious and cultural group related to Mormonism, the principal branch of the Latter Day Saint movement started by Joseph Smith in upstate New York during the 1820s. After Smith's death in 1844, the movement split into severa ...

colonists, the Cahuilla came into conflict with the neighboring Cupeño tribe to the west. In November 1851, the Garra Revolt occurred, wherein the Cupeno leader Antonio Garra attempted to bring Juan Antonio into his revolt. Juan Antonio, friendly to the Americans, was instrumental in capturing Antonio Garra, ending that revolt. When the California Senate refused to ratify an 1852 treaty granting the Cahuilla control of their lands, some tribal leaders resorted to attacks on approaching settlers and soldiers. Juan Antonio did not participate in this as long as he lived. To encourage the

railroad Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport that transfers passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, which are incorporated in tracks. In contrast to road transport, where the vehicles run on a pre ...

, the U.S. government subdivided the lands into one-mile-square sections, giving the Indians every other section. In 1877 the government established reservation boundaries, which left the Cahuilla with only a small portion of their traditional territories. The Cahuilla have intermarried with non-Cahuilla for the past century. A high percentage of today's Cahuilla tribal members have some degree of mixed ancestry, especially

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Can ...

and

African American African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans and Afro-Americans) are an ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from sub-Saharan Africa. The term "African American" generally denotes descendants of ens ...

. Individuals who have grown up in the tribe's ways and identify culturally with the Cahuilla may qualify for official tribal membership by the tribe's internal rules. Each federally recognized tribe sets its own rules for membership.

Current status

Today

Palm Springs Palm Springs (Cahuilla: ''Séc-he'') is a desert resort city in Riverside County, California, United States, within the Colorado Desert's Coachella Valley. The city covers approximately , making it the largest city in Riverside County by land ...

and the surrounding areas are experiencing rapid development. The Agua Caliente Band of the Cahuilla is an important player in the local economy, operating an array of business enterprises, including land leasing, hotel and casino operations, and banking. The

Agua Caliente Indian Reservation The Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians of the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation is a federally recognized tribe of the Cahuilla, located in Riverside County, California, United States.Cathedral City Cathedral city is a city status in the United Kingdom. Cathedral city may also refer to: * Cathedral City, California, a city in Southern California, United States * Cathedral City Cheddar, a brand of Cheddar cheese * Cathedral City High Scho ...

, and Rancho Mirage. The total population living on its territory was 21,358 persons as of the 2000 census, although few of these are registered tribal members. The

Morongo Band of Mission Indians The Morongo Band of Mission Indians is a federally recognized tribe in California, United States. The main tribal groups are Cahuilla and Serrano. Tribal members also include Cupeño, Luiseño, and Chemehuevi Indians. Although many tribes in C ...

, also considered part of the Cahuilla nation, operates the Morongo Casino, Resort & Spa, as well as the Hadley Fruit Orchards in Cabazon. The Morongo Casino is one of the largest Indian casinos in the United States. The Morongo Indian Reservation is located in northern Riverside County. The city of Banning and community of Cabazon both extend partially onto reservation land. The reservation has a land area of , with a resident population of 954, the majority of Native American heritage. Augustine Tribal Executive Office

Smaller bands of Cahuilla are located in Southern California: the Augustine Band in

Coachella Coachella may refer to: * Coachella, California * Coachella Canal, in California * Coachella (festival), an annual music and arts festival in California * "Coachella – Woodstock in My Mind", a 2017 song by Lana del Rey See also

* Coachell ...

(their village was ''La Mesa'' in the 1880s-90s); the Cabazon Band in Indio (their one square mile reservation now "Sonora-Lupine Lanes" in Old Town Indio); the Cabazon Reservations in Indio, Coachella and Mecca (separate from Cabazon band); the Cahuilla Band in Anza; the Los Coyotes Band in Warner Springs (San Diego County); the Ramona Indian Reservation in Pine Meadow; Santa Rosa Indian Reservation in Pinyon; the Twentynine Palms Band in Twentynine Palms, Indio and Coachella ("Dates Lane" community); the Torres-Martinez Band in La Quinta (was ''Rancho Santa Carmelita'' in Spanish-Mexican-1850s California times), Coachella, Thermal, Mecca and Oasis; and the Mission Creek Reservation in Desert Hot Springs. The Torres-Martinez tribe has offices throughout

, offering TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) benefits for members. They are in

Imperial Valley , photo = Salton Sea from Space.jpg , photo_caption = The Imperial Valley below the Salton Sea. The US-Mexican border runs diagonally across the lower left of the image. , map_image = Newriverwatershed-1-.jpg , map_caption = Map of Imperial ...

(El Centro), Blythe, Riverside, San Bernardino, Victorville, Palmdale, San Diego, Orange County (Santa Ana), Pomona and Los Angeles. This is a result of Cahuilla migration to farming and factory jobs in the late half of the 20th century. Extinct Cahuilla tribes (known as the Las Palmas band of Cahuilla-part of "Western Cahuilla") in the early 20th century resided in the

Palm Desert Palm Desert is a city in Riverside County, California, United States, in the Coachella Valley, approximately east of Palm Springs, northeast of San Diego and east of Los Angeles. The population was 48,445 at the 2010 census. The city has been ...

area (between Thousand Palms, Cathedral City and La Quinta). This was before land developers and US Armed Forces purchased what was tribal land from the Montoya family-part of the "Desert Cahuilla" in present-day Indian Wells and from the San Cayetano band-part of "Desert Cahuilla" in ''Rancho San Cayetano'' during the Spanish-Mexican-1850s California period (now the city of Rancho Mirage). The number of these tribes' descendants is unknown. The Montoya family, who claim partial Cahuilla descent, are influential in local economics and city politics. The ethnic composition of the Cahuilla descendants is like that of many other Americans: mixed with European (especially Anglo/Irish-American and Spanish), African American, Asian-American (from historic interaction with

Chinese railroad workers The history of Chinese Americans or the history of ethnic Chinese in the United States includes three major waves of Chinese immigration to the United States, beginning in the 19th century. Chinese immigrants in the 19th century worked in the ...

and

Filipino Filipino may refer to: * Something from or related to the Philippines ** Filipino language, standardized variety of 'Tagalog', the national language and one of the official languages of the Philippines. ** Filipinos, people who are citizens of th ...

farm laborers), and other tribal groups, mainly Apache migrant workers from

Arizona Arizona ( ; nv, Hoozdo Hahoodzo ; ood, Alĭ ṣonak ) is a state in the Southwestern United States. It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. Arizona is part of the Fou ...

. Some Cahuilla families continue to intermarry with local populations; others try to marry within Native American tribes.

UC Riverside land acknowledgement

Many universities and companies have released

land acknowledgment A land acknowledgement or territorial acknowledgement is a formal statement that a public event is taking place on land originally inhabited by indigenous peoples. It is often spoken at the beginning of an event. They have also become popular on s ...

s recently to acknowledge years of oppression brought onto the Indigenous people of the United States. These formally released statements are intended to show respect to Indigenous peoples and their relationship to the land while simultaneously recognizing the fact that Indigenous peoples have been stripped from the territories upon which the institution was built upon and presently resides. The

University of California, Riverside The University of California, Riverside (UCR or UC Riverside) is a public land-grant research university in Riverside, California. It is one of the ten campuses of the University of California system. The main campus sits on in a suburban distr ...

has officially published a land acknowledgement stating that the university was built on and still occupies indigenous land. The Cahuilla, among many other tribes, were mentioned in this particular land acknowledgement. Being situated in Riverside California, UCR resides in Riverside County where the Cahuilla people resided, nearly an hour and a half drive from the desert basins near the San Jacinto Mountains where the Cahuilla people originally lived. In their land acknowledgement UCR expresses the importance and the responsibility they have to respect the Indigenous peoples of the land. UCR offers their students and faculty a variety of ways to learn about, support, and celebrate the Native community. Though programs such as the Native American Student Program or the Cahuilla language course, an accredited language program, UCR is able to provide ways to help students familiarize themselves with and understand the native culture and respect the land. This is critical considering that the Cahuilla tribe and language is indigenous to Riverside and UCR.

Federally recognized tribes

The Cahuilla have been historically divided into "Mountain," "Desert," and " (San Gorgonio) Pass / Western" groups by

anthropologists An anthropologist is a person engaged in the practice of anthropology. Anthropology is the study of aspects of humans within past and present societies. Social anthropology, cultural anthropology and philosophical anthropology study the norms and ...

. Today there are nine Southern California reservations that are acknowledged homes to bands of Cahuilla. These are located in Imperial, Riverside and

counties and are the territory of federally recognized tribes. Chief Meyers baseball card

The Cahuilla bands (sometimes called "villages") are: "Pass" Cahuilla or "Western" Cahuilla (on San Gorgonio Pass, centering in

and

in Coachella Valley, wandering north to Desert Hot Springs) * Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians of the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation (main clans: Kawasic/Kauisik/Kauisiktum ("''fox'' or ''rock'' People", at Palm Springs area), Painakic/Panic/Paniktum (″People of Daylight″, of Andreas and Murray Canyons), Atcitcem/Ahchechem (″People of Good″, of Lower Palm Canyon, later at Indian Wells), Wanikik/Wainikik (″Running Water People″, Snowcreek and Whitewater Canyon, now most part of Morongo Band), and another clan (its identity has been lost), headquarters at Palm Springs, California ( Cahuilla: ''Se-Khi/Sec-he'' - ″boiling water″), the Spanish who arrived named it ''Agua Caliente'' - ″hot water″) * Morongo Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Morongo Reservation (Wanikik/Wainikik and Kawasic/Kauisik/Kauisiktum clan, and Serrano, tribal members also include Cupeño, Luiseño, and Chemehuevi Indians, headquarters at Banning, California.) *

Mission Creek Band Mission (from Latin ''missio'' "the act of sending out") may refer to: Organised activities Religion *Christian mission, an organized effort to spread Christianity *Mission (LDS Church), an administrative area of The Church of Jesus Christ of ...

(Kilyinakiktum and Wanikik/Wainikik clans and the mixed Cahuilla-Serrano clan Marongam (in Serrano: Morongo), Serrano, and Cupeño peoples, headquarters at

Desert Hot Springs, California Desert Hot Springs is a city in Riverside County, California, United States. The city is located within the Coachella Valley geographic region. The population was 25,938 at the 2010 census, up from 16,582 at the 2000 census. The city has exp ...

on Mission Creek (Yamesével), a tributary of the Whitewater River north of the Salton Sea) "Mountain" Cahuilla ( Santa Rosa and

San Jacinto Mountains The San Jacinto Mountains (''Avii Hanupach''Munro, P., et al. ''A Mojave Dictionary''. Los Angeles: UCLA. 1992. in Mojave) are a mountain range in Riverside County, located east of Los Angeles in southern California in the United States. The mo ...

) *

Cahuilla Band of Mission Indians of the Cahuilla Reservation The Cahuilla Band of Cahuilla Indians of the Cahuilla Reservation is a federally recognized tribe of Cahuilla people located in California. Their tribe originally came from Coachella Valley, through San Gorgonio Pass, to the San Jacinto Mountains ...

(Natcutakiktum (″Sand People″, from Horse Canyon), headquartered at Anza, California) * Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla and Cupeno Indians of the Los Coyotes Reservation (first Wiwaiistam (″Coyote People″, from Coyote Canyon) (and Sauicpakiktum/Sawish-pakiktem lineage - later Isilsiveyyaiutcem clan although, and Cupeño, headquarters at

Warner Springs, California Warner Springs is set of springs and a small unincorporated community in northern San Diego County, California. Warner Springs is on the Pacific Crest Trail. Geography Warner Springs has a post office and the ZIP code is 92086. It is located n ...

) * Ramona Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians (Apapatcem (″Medicine People″) clan, headquarters at Anza, California) *

Santa Rosa Band of Cahuilla Indians The Santa Rosa Band of Cahuilla Indians is a federally recognized tribe of Cahuilla Indians, located in Riverside County, California.Pritzker, 120 Reservation The Santa Rosa Indian Reservation, not to be confused with the Santa Rosa Rancheria, i ...

(original dominated by the Costakiktum/Costai-kiktem and Natcutakiktum, together with Pauatiauitcem/Pauata-kiktum, Tepamokiktum, and Temewhanic (″Northerners″), later Guanche-pakiktem and some Sauicpakiktum/Sawish-pakiktem (from Rockhouse Canyon) clans, headquarters at

Hemet, California Hemet is a city in the San Jacinto Valley in Riverside County, California. It covers a total area of , about half of the valley, which it shares with the neighboring city of San Jacinto. The population was 89,833 at the 2020 census. The foundi ...

) "Desert" Cahuilla (deserts of northern Lake Cahuilla area) * Augustine Band of Cahuilla Indians (Nanxaiyem clan (originally a "Pass" Cahuilla clan), headquarters at Coachella, California) * Cabazon Band of Mission Indians (Kawisiktum, Kaunukalkiktum (″Living at kaunukvela People), Iviatim (″Cahuilla language speaking People″), Telakiktum, Mumkwitcem (″Always sick People″), Palpunivikiktum (″People living at water, circling territory″), Tamolanitcem/Tamulanitcum (″Knees bent Together People″), Tevivakiktum (″Round Basket People″), Tuikikiktum (″People at Tuikiktumhemki village″, subordinate the Kauwicpameauitcem) clans, late 19th century although Wantcinakik Tamianawitcem territory, through Chief Cabazon the Kauwicpameauitcem (″Caught By the Rock People″) clan dominated this area, headquarters at Indio, California, called ''Pàl téwet'') * Torres-Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians (own name: ''″Mau-Wal-Mah Su-Kutt Menyil″'', or ″Deer Moon Among the Palms″, Panakauissiktum (″''water fox'' People″), Palpunivikiktum, Tamolanitcem/Tamulanitcum and later Sawalakiktum, Wakaikiktum (″Night Heron People″, which in turn became Panakauissiktum), and Sewahilem (″Mesquite that is not sweet People″) clans ( Torres (Toro) area; ''Maulma/Mauulmii'' - ″among the palms″) and Mumletcem (″Mixed Up People″), Masuwitcem (″Long Hairs in the Nose People″), Wiitem (″Grasshoppers People″), Wantcauem (″Touched By the River People″), Autaatem (″High Up People″), Awilem (″Dogs People″), Watcinakiktum/Wantcinakiktum clans (later known as Isilsiveyyaiutcem, subordinate Awilem clan), and late 1870s Sauicpakiktum/Sawish-pakiktem ( Martinez & Martinez Canyon area; ''Soqut Menyily/So-kut Men-yil'' - "Lady moon igure in creation myth) clans, and Chemehuevi Indians, headquarters at Thermal, California, ''Telmuva'' - "dark resin or sap from mesquite tree")

Notable Cahuilla

(Cahuilla Band, 1783-1863), major chief of the Mountain Cahuilla * Ramona Lubo (1865-1922), basketmaker and icon of Helen Hunt Jackson's novel ''Ramona'' *

Marigold Linton Marigold Linton (born 1936) is a cognitive psychologist and member of the Morongo Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians. In 1964, she became the first Native American to earn a doctorate in psychology. In 1974, she co–founded the National Indian Educa ...

(Morongo Band, b. 1936), cognitive psychologist * John Tortes "Chief" Meyers (Cahuilla Band, 1880–1971), Major League baseball catcher *

Katherine Siva Saubel Katherine Siva Saubel (March 7, 1920 – November 1, 2011) was a Native American scholar, educator, tribal leader, author, and activist committed to preserving her Cahuilla history, culture and language. Her efforts focused on preserving the lan ...

(Los Coyotes, 1920–2011), language preservationist and former tribal chairperson * Gerald Clarke (Cahuilla Band), Artist and educator * Tahquitz (Agua Caliente), an evil Shaman.AAANativeArts.com, Famous Cahuilla Indians
/ref>

References

Sources

* * Bean, Lowell John. (1978) "Cahuilla", in ''California'', edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 575–587. ''Handbook of North American Indians'', William C. Sturtevant, general editor, vol. 8.

Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution ( ), or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums and education and research centers, the largest such complex in the world, created by the U.S. government "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge". Founded ...

, Washington, D.C. * Bean, Lowell John, Sylvia Brakke Vane, and Jackson Young. (1991) ''The Cahuilla Landscape: The Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains''. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press * Hogan, C. Michael. 2009
''California Fan Palm: Washingtonia filifera'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
* Kroeber, A. L. (1925) ''Handbook of the Indians of California''. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C. * James, Harry C. (1969) ''The Cahuilla Indians'', Banning, CA: Malki Museum Press, .

External links

Home page Agua Caliente Band

Home page Augustine Band

Home page Cahuilla Band

Home page Morongo Band

Home page Ramona Band

Home page Santa Rosa Band

Home page Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians

* [https://www.census.gov, b=50, l=en, t=4001, zf=0.0, ms=sel_00dec, dw=3.2363646677060287, dh=1.9924412159321878, dt=gov.census.aff.domain.map.EnglishMapExtent, if=gif, cx=-116.82253145579439, cy=33.94043767382386, zl=7, pz=7, bo=205:319:318:317:316:407:315:314:313:311:323, bl=362:358:357:356:355:354:353:352:213:393:392, ft=350:349:335:389:388:332:331, fl=403:381:204:380:369:379:368, g=25000US0020&-PANEL_ID=p_dt_geo_map&-_lang=en&-geo_id=label&-geo_id=25000US0020&-geo_id=25000US2360&-CONTEXT=dt&-format=&-search_results=25000US0020&-CHECK_SEARCH_RESULTS=N&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U Agua Caliente Reservation and Morongo Reservation, California] United States Census Bureau {{authority control Cahuilla, California Mission Indians Native American tribes in Riverside County, California Native American tribes in California Colorado Desert