Byzantine Church (Petra)
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Petra Petra ( ar, ٱلْبَتْرَاء, Al-Batrāʾ; grc, Πέτρα, "Rock", Nabataean Aramaic, Nabataean: ), originally known to its inhabitants as Raqmu or Raqēmō, is an historic and archaeological city in southern Jordan. It is adjacent to t ...
(also known as The Petra Church) is a prime example of monumental architecture in
Byzantine The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...
Petra. It sits on elevated ground in the city center, north of the so-called Colonnaded Street. It is one of three Byzantine churches on the hillside, the others two being the Ridge Church (or Red Church) and the Blue Chapel, the 5th - 6th century chapel north of the main church, so called because it was fashioned with blue Egyptian granite. The Byzantine Church is notable for its lavish and well-preserved mosaic decoration. The Byzantine Church is the find spot of 140
papyri Papyrus ( ) is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient times as a writing surface. It was made from the pith of the papyrus plant, ''Cyperus papyrus'', a wetland sedge. ''Papyrus'' (plural: ''papyri'') can also refer to a d ...
that have provided scholars with valuable information about life in both Byzantine Petra and in its rural surroundings. These are referred to by scholars as the
Petra papyri The Petra papyri, also known as the Petra archive, is a corpus of papyrus documents written in Ancient Greek and dating to the 6th century AD that were discovered in the Byzantine Church at Petra in 1993. At some 140 papyrus rolls, the collection ...
. The church was excavated by the
American Center of Oriental Research The American Center of Research (ACOR) is a private, not-for-profit scholarly and educational organization. Based in Alexandria, Virginia, with a facility in Amman, Jordan, ACOR promotes knowledge of Jordan and the interconnected region, past and ...
(ACOR) between 1992 and 2002. According to Dr. Barbara A. Porter, Director of ACOR 2006-2020, while many elements of Petra's Byzantine history were known prior, the “remarkable concentration of church wealth” demonstrated via these three hillside churches is of great scholarly significance.


Dating and phasing

Archaeologists have concluded that the Church was originally built in the second half of the fifth century CE. It continued to be used as a religious structure until about the early seventh century CE, when it was destroyed by fire. Zbigniew Fiema notes that scholars distinguish “early” and “late” phases of construction. The early phase designates the church as originally built in the fifth century CE. The late phase corresponds to modifications carried out in the later sixth century CE. In the sixth century, the atrium of the church was built to connect the cathedral portion of the church to the baptismal complex, joining them into one building. After the fire, materials from the Church were reused, including the glass tesserae (small cubes that make up mosaics) from the mosaics.


Layout

The Church includes a baptismal complex, an atrium (or foyer space), and a cathedral. Inside the cathedral section, the “bema” or altar sits at one end of the nave on a raised platform that sits before three apses.  The largest of these apses is the one in the center, where a ''cathedra'', or bishop's throne, once sat. It is likely that wooden benches would have been attached to the walls of the Church. The walls of the church are made of ashlar masonry. The chisel marks that are visible in the masonry are similar to those that appear in earlier Nabataean architecture, and indicate a continuity in masonry practices. The architecture of the Church includes Nabataean rock-chiseled elements and Roman and Hellenistic mosaic styles. The variety of architectural forms present at the Byzantine Church are part of a larger conversation on hybridism, a term in archaeology used when multiple cultural styles are present in one object or structure.


Mosaics

Mosaics are also found on some portions of the church's walls. The floors of the nave are decorated  with opus sectile floors, while the two smaller side aisles are decorated with colorful figurative  mosaics. These are one of the most well-known features of the Church. The mosaics in the aisles depict the seasons, animals, people, pottery, and plants. ee figure 1 for an image of the mosaics.The mosaic's style is very similar to that of the Gaza school, and also shares similarities with Hellenistic and Roman iconography.  This helps us to situate Nabataean architecture, and Petra, in its global context. Conservation work has been done to preserve the mosaics. Conservators list the following as challenges they encountered throughout restoration: the detachment between mosaic layers, swelling, deterioration of the preparatory layers, the efflorescence of soluble salts to the surface, and the poor condition of tesserae due to fracturing, exfoliating, and erosion.


See also

*
Ridge Church The Ridge Church is one of several Church Building, churches in the ruins, ruined city of Petra, Jordan. The Ridge Church is thought to be the oldest church building in Petra, built on the ridge overlooking the city in the 3rd or 4th century built ...


References

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External links


Visitor's Page from the Petra Development & Tourism Regional Authority

Petra Church Conservation Initiative via the American Center of Oriental Research
* Via searching on th
ACOR Photo Archive DatabasePhotos of the Petra Church
at the
Manar al-Athar Manar al-Athar is a photo archive based at the Faculty of Classics at the University of Oxford which aims to provide high-quality open-access images of archaeological sites and buildings. The archive's collection focuses on areas of the Roman Em ...
photo archive * ''The Petra Church'' by Z. T. Fiema, C. Kanellopoulos, T. Waliszewski, and R. Schick (2001). Volumes available to read at the ACOR Library; library visitor information may be foun
here
Petra Roman sites in Jordan Byzantine church buildings 5th-century churches