A Burschenschaft (; sometimes abbreviated in the

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...

''Burschenschaft'' jargon; plural: ) is one of the traditional (student associations) of

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwee ...

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

, and

Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the eas ...

(the latter due to German cultural influence). Burschenschaften were founded in the 19th century as associations of

university A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United Stat ...

student A student is a person enrolled in a school or other educational institution. In the United Kingdom and most commonwealth countries, a "student" attends a secondary school or higher (e.g., college or university); those in primary or elementa ...

s inspired by liberal and nationalistic ideas. They were significantly involved in the March Revolution and the

unification of Germany The unification of Germany (, ) was the process of building the modern German nation state with federal features based on the concept of Lesser Germany (one without multinational Austria), which commenced on 18 August 1866 with adoption of t ...

. After the formation of the

German Empire The German Empire (),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary ...

in 1871, they faced a crisis, as their main political objective had been realized. So-called were established, but these were dissolved by the

Nazi Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in ...

regime in 1935/6. In

West Germany West Germany is the colloquial term used to indicate the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; german: Bundesrepublik Deutschland , BRD) between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the German reunification through the accession of East Germany on 3 ...

, the were re-established in the 1950s, but they faced a renewed crisis in the 1960s and 1970s, as the mainstream political outlook of the

German student movement The West German student movement or sometimes called the 1968 movement in West Germany was a social movement that consisted of mass student protests in West Germany in 1968; participants in the movement would later come to be known as 68ers. Th ...

of that period swerved to the radical left. Roughly 160 exist today in Germany, Austria and Chile.

History

Origins

The very first one, called (" original "), was founded on 12 June 1815 at

Jena Jena () is a German city and the second largest city in Thuringia. Together with the nearby cities of Erfurt and Weimar, it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants, while the city itself has a po ...

as an association drawn from all German university students inspired by liberal and patriotic ideas. Like the Landsmannschaften or the

Corps Corps (; plural ''corps'' ; from French , from the Latin "body") is a term used for several different kinds of organization. A military innovation by Napoleon I, the formation was first named as such in 1805. The size of a corps varies great ...

, a student association based on particular German region, the Burschenschaft members also engaged in duelling. However, its main purpose was to break down society lines and to destroy rivalry in the student body, to improve student life and increase patriotism. It was intended to draw its members from a broader population base than the

. Indeed, the group was known for its middle-class membership while the Corps' was mainly aristocratic. At first, a significant component of its membership were students who had taken part in the German wars of liberation against the Napoleonic occupation of Germany.This article incorporates text from a work in the

public domain The public domain (PD) consists of all the creative work to which no exclusive intellectual property rights apply. Those rights may have expired, been forfeited, expressly waived, or may be inapplicable. Because those rights have expired ...

: Its motto was “honor, freedom, fatherland” (german: Ehre, Freiheit, Vaterland), and the original colors were red-black-red (what would become the national colours of Germany) with a golden oak leaves cluster, which might be based on the uniform of the Lützow Free Corps, being a corps of volunteer soldiers during the wars of liberation.

19th century

The were student associations that engaged in numerous social activities. However, their most important goal was to foster loyalty to the concept of a united German national state as well as strong engagement for freedom, rights, and democracy. Quite often decided to stress extreme nationalist or sometimes also liberal ideas, leading in time to the exclusion of Jews, who were considered to be un-German. Nevertheless, all were banned as revolutionary by Klemens Wenzel von Metternich of

when he issued the reactionary

Carlsbad Decrees The Carlsbad Decrees (german: Karlsbader Beschlüsse) were a set of reactionary restrictions introduced in the states of the German Confederation by resolution of the Bundesversammlung on 20 September 1819 after a conference held in the spa town ...

in 1819. Many took part in the in 1832 and the democratic Revolution in 1848/49. After this revolution had been suppressed, plenty of leading , such as

Friedrich Hecker Friedrich Franz Karl Hecker (September 28, 1811 – March 24, 1881) was a German lawyer, politician and revolutionary. He was one of the most popular speakers and agitators of the 1848 Revolution. After moving to the United States, he served as ...

and

Carl Schurz Carl Schurz (; March 2, 1829 – May 14, 1906) was a German revolutionary and an American statesman, journalist, and reformer. He immigrated to the United States after the German revolutions of 1848–1849 and became a prominent member of the new ...

, went abroad. After the foundation of the

in 1871, the movement faced a severe crisis, as one major goal had been achieved to some extent:

German unification The unification of Germany (, ) was the process of building the modern German nation state with federal features based on the concept of Lesser Germany (one without multinational Austria), which commenced on 18 August 1866 with adoption of t ...

. In the 1880s, a renaissance movement, the , led by the ideas of Küster, arose and many new were founded. It was also during this time until the 1890s when many members turned increasingly towards anti-Semitic outlook believing it provided an approach to achieving the fraternity's fundamental goal. Such members viewed the Jews as a problem that hampered the unification of Germany and the achievement of new values the organization advanced. There were members who resigned to protest a resolution adopted at an

Eisenach Eisenach () is a town in Thuringia, Germany with 42,000 inhabitants, located west of Erfurt, southeast of Kassel and northeast of Frankfurt. It is the main urban centre of western Thuringia and bordering northeastern Hessian regions, situat ...

meeting declaring that Burschenschaft "have no Jewish members and do not plan to have any in the future."

Interbellum and Nazi Germany

In 1935/36, most north of the Austrian Alps were dissolved by the Nazi government or transformed and fused with other into so-called (comradeships). Some Nazis (e.g.

Ernst Kaltenbrunner Ernst Kaltenbrunner (4 October 190316 October 1946) was a high-ranking Austrian SS official during the Nazi era and a major perpetrator of the Holocaust. After the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich in 1942, and a brief period under Heinrich Hi ...

) and Nazi opponents (

Karl Sack Karl Sack (9 June 1896 – 9 April 1945) was a German jurist and member of the Landsturm, resistance movement during World War II. Life Karl Sack was born in Bosenheim (now Bad Kreuznach. He studied law in Heidelberg, Germany, Heidelberg where ...

, Hermann Kaiser) were members of .

Theodor Herzl Theodor Herzl; hu, Herzl Tivadar; Hebrew name given at his brit milah: Binyamin Ze'ev (2 May 1860 – 3 July 1904) was an Austro-Hungarian Jewish lawyer, journalist, playwright, political activist, and writer who was the father of modern po ...

, an

Austrian Austrian may refer to: * Austrians, someone from Austria or of Austrian descent ** Someone who is considered an Austrian citizen, see Austrian nationality law * Austrian German dialect * Something associated with the country Austria, for example: ...

Jewish Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...

journalist who founded modern political

Zionism Zionism ( he, צִיּוֹנוּת ''Tsiyyonut'' after '' Zion'') is a nationalist movement that espouses the establishment of, and support for a homeland for the Jewish people centered in the area roughly corresponding to what is known in Je ...

, was also a member of a . However, he resigned two years after he joined because of the fraternity's antisemitism.

Postwar

While in communist

East Germany East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; german: Deutsche Demokratische Republik, , DDR, ), was a country that existed from its creation on 7 October 1949 until German reunification, its dissolution on 3 October 1990. In t ...

were prohibited as representatives of a bourgeois attitude to be extinguished, in

most were refounded in the 1950s. Some of them had to be transferred into other cities, since Germany had lost great parts of its territories after the Second World War, and many from East Germany also tried to find a new home. The allied victors had forbidden refounding originally, but this could not be upheld in a liberal surrounding. In the 1970s and 1980s, the , as many other student fraternities, underwent a crisis: a lack of new members and strong attacks by the leftist student community. In the 1990s many that had left Eastern Germany in the 1940s and 1950s returned to their traditional home universities in the East.

Today

Roughly 160 still exist today and many are organized in different organizations ranging from progressive to nationalistic. Among the latter is the Deutsche Burschenschaft organization (), which represents about a third of the . Others are organized in the , the () or the . While the still insists upon Fichte's idea of a German nation based on language, thought and culture, the favors defining Germany as the political Germany established by the German Basic Law (constitution) in 1949 and altered by the 1990 unification. Many are not organized at all since they do not see an organization that represents their values sufficiently. Because of the German emigration into Chile in the late 19th century, there are also some in Chile, organized in the , in contact with the German and Austrian organizations. Most are , i.e. their members must sustain a number of .

Academic fencing Academic fencing (german: link=no, akademisches Fechten) or is the traditional kind of fencing practiced by some student corporations () in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Latvia, Estonia, and, to a minor extent, in Belgium, Lithuania, and Pol ...

is still an important part of their self-understanding as well as political education. Many , often found in certain "umbrella" organisations (such as the ), are associated with right-wing or

far-right Far-right politics, also referred to as the extreme right or right-wing extremism, are political beliefs and actions further to the right of the left–right political spectrum than the standard political right, particularly in terms of being ...

ideas, in particular with the wish for a German state encompassing Austria. In 2013 one Bonn fraternity proposed that only students of German origin should be eligible to join a . Reportedly half of member clubs threatened to leave in a row over proposed ID cards and a decision to label an opponent of

Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Germany from 1933 until his death in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party, becoming the chancellor in 1933 and the ...

a "traitor". Many of the that left the Deutsche Burschenschaft following this were later involved in the founding of a new organization, the

Notable members

* Otto Abel (1824–1854) *

Erich Adickes Erich Adickes (29 June 1866, in Lesum – 8 July 1928, in Tübingen), was a German philosopher who wrote many important works on Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) and the Kantian philosophy. Adickes was a critical empiricist (moderate Kantian). Adicke ...

(1866–1928) *

Victor Adler __NOTOC__ Victor Adler (24 June 1852 – 11 November 1918) was an Austrian politician, a leader of the labour movement and founder of the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP). Life Adler was born in Prague, the son of a Jewish merchant, who ...

(1852–1918) *

Heinrich Ahrens Julius Heinrich Ahrens (14 July 1808 – 2 August 1874) was a German philosopher and jurist A jurist is a person with expert knowledge of law; someone who analyses and comments on law. This person is usually a specialist legal scholar, mostly ...

(1808–1874) *

Wilhelm Altmann Wilhelm Altmann (4 April 1862 – 25 March 1951) was a German historian and musicologist. Altmann was born in Adelnau (Odolanów), Province of Posen, and died in Hildesheim Hildesheim (; nds, Hilmessen, Hilmssen; la, Hildesia) is a city in ...

(1862–1951) * Otto Antonius (1885–1945) *

Rudolf Arndt Rudolf Gottfried Arndt (31 March 1835 – 29 January 1900) was a German psychiatrist from Bialken, district of Marienwerder. Biography Arndt studied in Greifswald and Halle. As a student, his instructors included Felix von Niemeyer (182 ...

(1835–1900) * Ludwig Arndts von Arnesberg (1803–1878) *

Jürgen Aschoff Jürgen Walther Ludwig Aschoff (January 25, 1913 – October 12, 1998) was a German physician, biologist and behavioral physiologist. Together with Erwin Bünning and Colin Pittendrigh, he is considered to be a co-founder of the field of chronobi ...

(1913–1998) *

Ludwig Aschoff Karl Albert Ludwig Aschoff (10 January 1866 – 24 June 1942) was a German physician and pathologist. He is considered to be one of the most influential pathologists of the early 20th century and is regarded as the most important German patholo ...

(1866–1942) * Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900) * Berthold Auerbach (1812–1882) *

Hans von und zu Aufseß Hans Philipp Werner, Freiherr von und zu Aufseß (1801–1872) was a German baron, antiquarian and lead founder of the Germanisches Museum in Nuremberg. Born at Castle Unteraufseß into the Aufseß noble family, he studied law at Erlange ...

(1801–1872) * Hermann Bahr (1863–1934) * Franz Bäke (1898–1978) *

Erwin Bälz Erwin Otto Eduard von Bälz (13 January 1849 – 31 August 1913) was a German internist, anthropologist, personal physician to the Japanese Imperial Family and cofounder of modern western medicine in Japan. Biography The son of a contr ...

(1849–1913) *

Ludwig Bamberger Ludwig Bamberger (22 July 1823 – 14 March 1899) was a German Jewish economist, politician, revolutionary and writer. Early life Bamberger was born into the wealthy Ashkenazi Jewish Bamberger family in Mainz. After studying at Giessen, Hei ...

(1823–1899) * Dietrich Barfurth (1849–1927) *

Hermann Baumgarten Hermann or Herrmann may refer to: * Hermann (name), list of people with this name * Arminius, chieftain of the Germanic Cherusci tribe in the 1st century, known as Hermann in the German language * Éditions Hermann, French publisher * Hermann, Miss ...

(1825–1893) *

Karl Theodor Bayrhoffer Karl Theodor Otto Christian August Bayrhoffer (14 October 1812, in Marburg – 3 February 1888) was a German American philosopher, free-thinker, and publicist. In 1834 he received his PhD from the University of Marburg, where he later became a p ...

(1812–1888) * Ludwig Bechstein (1801–1860) * Karl Isidor Beck (1817–1879) * Hermann Heinrich Becker (1820–1885) * Wilhelm Beiglböck (1905–1963) * Hans Berger (1873–1941) *

Robert Bernardis Robert Bernardis (7 August 1908 in Innsbruck – 8 August 1944 in Berlin- Plötzensee) was a German army officer and Austrian resistance fighter involved in the attempt to kill Nazi Germany's dictator Adolf Hitler in the 20 July Plot in 1944. A ...

(1908–1944) * Georg Beseler (1809–1888) * Max Bezzel (1824–1871) * Adalbert Bezzenberger (1851–1922) * Karl Biedermann (1812–1901) *

Helmut Bischoff Helmut Hermann Wilhelm Bischoff (1 March 1908 – 5 January 1993) was a German '' SS-Obersturmbannführer'', Gestapo officer and Nazi official. During World War II he was the leader of '' Einsatzkommando 1/IV'' in Poland and later headed the ...

(1908–1993) *

Karl Blind Karl Blind (4 September 1826, Mannheim – 31 May 1907, London) was a German revolutionist and writer on politics, history, mythology and German literature. Biography While a student at Heidelberg, he was imprisoned for his revolutionary act ...

(1826–1907) *

Kurt Blome Kurt Blome (31 January 1894 – 10 October 1969) was a high-ranking Nazi scientist before and during World War II. He was the Deputy Reich Health Leader (Reichsgesundheitsführer) and Plenipotentiary for Cancer Research in the Reich Research C ...

(1894–1969) * Hans Blum (1841–1910) *

Robert Blum Robert Blum (10 November 1807 – 9 November 1848) was a German democratic politician, publicist, poet, publisher, revolutionist and member of the National Assembly of 1848. In his fight for a strong, unified Germany he opposed ethnocentrism a ...

(1807–1848) * Hans-Friedrich Blunck (1888–1961) *

Franz Boas Franz Uri Boas (July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942) was a German-American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology". His work is associated with the movements known as historical ...

(1858–1942) *

Otto Böckel Otto Böckel (2 July 1859, Frankfurt am Main – 17 September 1923, Michendorf) was a German populist politician who became one of the first to successfully exploit anti-Semitism as a political issue in the country. Path to politics A native of ...

(1859–1923) *

Ehrenfried-Oskar Boege __NOTOC__ Ehrenfried-Oskar Boege (11 November 1889 – 31 December 1965) was a German general during World War II who held several corps level commands. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany ...

(1889–1965) *

Ernst Wilhelm Bohle Ernst Wilhelm Bohle (28 July 1903 – 9 November 1960) was the leader of the Foreign Organization of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP; Nazi Party) from 1933 until 1945. Bohle is unusual as being the only defendant in the Subseq ...

(1903–1960) *

Herbert Böhme Herbert Böhme (7 October 1907 – 23 October 1971) was a German poet who wrote poems and battle hymns for the Nazi Party. In 1930 he became one of the newly formed ''Junge Mannschaft'', a group of semi-official Nazi poets that also included ...

(1907–1971) * Carl Bosch (1874–1940) * Erich Brandenburg (1868–1946) *

Rudolf Breitscheid Rudolf Breitscheid (2 November 1874 – 28 August 1944) was a German politician and leading member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) during the Weimar Republic. Once leader of the liberal Democratic Union, he joined the SPD in ...

(1874–1944) *

Heinrich Karl Brugsch Heinrich Karl Brugsch (also ''Brugsch-Pasha'') (18 February 18279 September 1894) was a German Egyptologist. He was associated with Auguste Mariette in his excavations at Memphis. He became director of the School of Egyptology at Cairo, producin ...

(1827–1894) * Alfred Buntru (1887–1974) * Franz Josef Ritter von Buß (1803–1878) *

Paul Carell Paul Carell was the post-war pen name of Paul Karl Schmidt (2 November 1911 – 20 June 1997) who was a writer and German propagandist. During the Nazi era, Schmidt served as the chief press spokesman for Joachim von Ribbentrop's Foreign Ministry. ...

(1911–1997) * Friedrich Wilhelm Carové (1789–1852) *

Moritz Carrière Moritz is the German equivalent of the name Maurice. It may refer to: People Given name * Saint Maurice, also called Saint Moritz, the leader of the legendary Roman Theban Legion in the 3rd century * Prince Moritz of Hesse (2007), the son o ...

(1817–1895) * Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt (1885–1964) * Johann Nepomuk Czermak (1828–1873) *

Adalbert Czerny Adalbert Czerny (25 March 1863 – 3 October 1941) was an Austrian pediatrician and is considered co-founder of modern pediatrics. Several children's diseases were named after him. Education and career Son of a railway engineer, Czerny grew u ...

(1863–1941) *

Kurt Daluege Kurt Max Franz Daluege (15 September 1897 – 24 October 1946) was chief of the national uniformed ''Ordnungspolizei'' (Order Police) of Nazi Germany. Following Reinhard Heydrich's assassination in 1942, he served as Deputy Protector for th ...

(1897–1946) * Georg Friedrich Daumer (1800–1875) *

Eduard David Eduard Heinrich Rudolph David (11 June 1863 – 24 December 1930) was a German politician. He was an important figure in the history of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and of the German political labour movement. After the German Revo ...

(1863–1930) * Kurt H. Debus (1908–1983) *

Richard Dedekind Julius Wilhelm Richard Dedekind (6 October 1831 – 12 February 1916) was a German mathematician who made important contributions to number theory, abstract algebra (particularly ring theory), and the axiomatic foundations of arithmetic. His ...

(1831–1916) *

Richard Dehmel Richard Fedor Leopold Dehmel (18 November 1863 – 8 February 1920) was a German poet and writer. Life A forester's son, Richard Dehmel was born in Hermsdorf near Wendisch Buchholz (now a part of Münchehofe) in the Brandenburg Province, K ...

(1863–1920) * Franz Josef Delonge (1927–1988) * Heinrich Dernburg (1829–1907) *

Paul Deussen Paul Jakob Deussen (; 7 January 1845 – 6 July 1919) was a German Indologist and professor of philosophy at University of Kiel. Strongly influenced by Arthur Schopenhauer, Deussen was a friend of Friedrich Nietzsche and Swami Vivekananda. In ...

(1845–1919) *

Ernst Dieffenbach Johann Karl Ernst Dieffenbach (27 January 1811 – 1 October 1855), also known as Ernest Dieffenbach, was a German physician, geologist and naturalist, the first trained scientist to live and work in New Zealand, where he travelled widely under t ...

(1811–1855) *

Kai Diekmann Kai Diekmann (born 27 June 1964 in Ravensburg) is a German journalist. From 1998 until 2000 he was editor of '' Welt am Sonntag'' (English: World on Sunday). From January 2001 to December 2015 he was chief editor of ''Bild''. He is also a member ...

(born 1964) * Eberhard Diepgen (born 1941) *

Martin Disteli Martin Disteli (28 May 1802 in Olten – 18 March 1844 in Solothurn) was a Swiss painter. Early years He attended college in Solothurn 1817, then went to study in Lucerne from 1819 to 1821 (where he attended the very liberal zofingien cir ...

(1802–1844) * Anton von Doblhoff-Dier (1800–1872) * Albert Döderlein (1860–1941) * August Heinrich Hermann von Dönhoff (1797–1874) * Max Dortu (1826–1849) * August Dresbach (1894–1968) * Henri Druey (1799–1855) * Max Duncker (1811–1886) *

Irmfried Eberl Irmfried Eberl (8 September 1910 – 16 February 1948) was an Austrian psychiatrist and medical director of the euthanasia institutes in Brandenburg and Bernburg, who helped set up and was the first commandant of the Treblinka extermination camp ...

(1910–1948) * Victor von Ebner (1842–1925) * Rudolf Eisenmenger (1902–1994) *

Adolf Erman Johann Peter Adolf Erman (; 31 October 185426 June 1937) was a renowned German Egyptologist and lexicographer. Life Born in Berlin, he was the son of Georg Adolf Erman and grandson of Paul Erman and Friedrich Bessel. Educated at Leipzig and ...

(1854–1937) *

Abraham Esau Robert Abraham Esau (7 June 1884 – 12 May 1955) was a German physicist. After receipt of his doctorate from the University of Berlin, Esau worked at Telefunken, where he pioneered very high frequency (VHF) waves used in radar, radio, and tel ...

(1884–1955) *

Hermann Esser Hermann Esser (29 July 1900 – 7 February 1981) was an early member of the Nazi Party (NSDAP). A journalist, Esser was the editor of the Nazi paper, '' Völkischer Beobachter'', a Propaganda Leader, and a Vice President of the Reichstag. In t ...

(1900–1981) * Rudolf Eucken (1846–1926) * Otto Fahr (1892–1969) * Johannes Falke (1823–1876) * Ferdinand Falkson (1820–1900) * Wilhelm Feddersen (1832–1918) * Georg Fein (1803–1869) * Friedrich Feuerbach (1806–1880) * Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach (1800–1834) * Julius von Ficker (1826–1902) * Hans Fischer (1881–1945) *

Wilhelm Fleischmann Wilhelm Fleischmann (31 December 1837 in Erlangen – 13 January 1920 in Göttingen) was a German agriculturist and chemist. He is known for his work on the chemistry of milk. Biography He received his education at Nuremberg, Würzburg, Erlang ...

(1837–1920) *

Walther Flemming Walther Flemming (21 April 1843 – 4 August 1905) was a German biologist and a founder of cytogenetics. He was born in Sachsenberg (now part of Schwerin) as the fifth child and only son of the psychiatrist Carl Friedrich Flemming (1799–18 ...

(1843–1905) * Walter Flex (1887–1917) * Richard Foerster (1843–1922) * August Ludwig Follen (1794–1855) * Charles Follen (1796–1840) * Paul Follen (1799–1844) * August Föppl (1854–1924) * Peter Wilhelm Forchhammer (1801–1894) * Heinrich Förster (1800–1881) * Karl Emil Franzos (1848–1904) * Heinrich Friedjung (1851–1920) *

Ludwig Friedländer Ludwig Henrich Friedlaender (16 July 1824 – 16 December 1909) was a German philologist. He was one of the preeminent scholars of Ancient Rome of his time and is known for his research on Roman daily life and customs. He was a professor at Alb ...

(1824–1909) * Max Friedländer (1829–1872) *

Julius Fröbel Carl Ferdinand Julius Fröbel (16 July 1805 – 7 November 1893) was a German geologist and mineralogist, journalist, and democratic revolutionary already during the ''Vormärz'' era. He was active in Germany, Switzerland, the United States and S ...

(1805–1893) * Emil Frommel (1828–1896) * Reinhard Furrer (1940–1995) * Friedrich von Gagern (1794–1848) * Heinrich von Gagern (1799–1880) * Max von Gagern (1810–1889) * Jürgen Gansel (born 1974) *

Friedrich Heinrich Geffcken Friedrich Heinrich Geffcken (9 December 1830 – 1 May 1896) was a German diplomat and jurist, born in Hamburg, of which city his father was senator. After studying law at Bonn, Göttingen and Berlin, he was attached to the Hanseatic legation at ...

(1830–1896) * Emanuel Geibel (1815–1884) *

Hans Geiger Johannes Wilhelm "Hans" Geiger (; ; 30 September 1882 – 24 September 1945) was a German physicist. He is best known as the co-inventor of the detector component of the Geiger counter and for the Geiger–Marsden experiment which discover ...

(1882–1945) * Edgar von Gierke (1877–1945) * Otto von Gierke (1841–1921) * Gerd Gies (born 1943) *

Otto Gildemeister Otto Gildemeister (13 March 1823 Bremen - 26 August 1902) was a German journalist and translator. Biography In 1850 he became editor-in-chief of the ''Weser-Zeitung'' of Bremen. He is known for his German renderings of Byron's complete works (18 ...

(1823–1902) * Rudolf von Gneist (1816–1895) * Friedrich Goltz (1834–1902) *

Heinrich Göppert Johann Heinrich Robert Göppert (25 July 1800 – 18 May 1884) was a German botanist and paleontologist. Career He was born in Sprottau, Lower Silesia, and died at Breslau. In 1831 he became a professor of botany, as well as curator of the botan ...

(1800–1884) *

Rudolf von Gottschall Rudolf Gottschall (von Gottschall since 1877; 30 September 1823 – 21 March 1909) was a German poet, dramatist, literary critic and literary historian. Biography He was born at Breslau, the son of a Prussian artillery officer. He was educated ...

(1823–1909) * Adolf Gottstein (1857–1941)` * Carl Graebe (1841–1927) *

Fritz Graebner Robert Fritz Graebner (4 March 1877, Berlin – 13 July 1934, Berlin) was a German geographer and ethnologist best known for his development of the theory of ''Kulturkreis'', or culture circle. He was the first theoretician of the ''Vienna School ...

(1877–1934) *

Martin Graf Martin Graf (born 11 May 1960) is an Austrian politician. He is a member of the Freedom Party of Austria and former third president of the Austrian Parliament. Biography Graf was born in Vienna and studied law at the University of Vienna. He ...

(born 1960) *

Maximilian Gritzner Adolf Maximilian Ferdinand Gritzner (29 July 1843 – 10 July 1902) was a German expert on heraldry and a herald in the Ministry of the Interior in Berlin. His reference book on orders of knighthood was still in print in 2000. Gritzner was bo ...

(1843–1902) * Karl Groos (1861–1946) *

Bernhard von Gudden Johann Bernhard Aloys von Gudden (7 June 1824 – 13 June 1886) was a German neuroanatomist and psychiatrist born in Kleve. Career In 1848, von Gudden earned his doctorate from the University of Halle and became an intern at the asylum in Siegbu ...

(1824–1886) *

Eugen Gura Eugen Gura (8 November 184226 August 1906) was a German operatic baritone. Life Gura was born in Nové Sedlo, Louny District, Bohemia (now in the Czech Republic). He was at first educated for the career of a painter at Vienna and Munich; b ...

(1842–1906) * Alfred Gürtler (1875–1933) * Karl Gutzkow (1811–1878) *

Friedrich Haase Friedrich Haase (1 November 1827 – 17 March 1911) was a prominent German actor and theatre director. He was born in Berlin, the son of a valet to King Frederick William IV Frederick William IV (german: Friedrich Wilhelm IV.; 15 Octobe ...

(1808–1867) * Karl Hagen (1810–1868) *

Jörg Haider Jörg Haider (; 26 January 1950 – 11 October 2008) was an Austrian politician. He was Governor of Carinthia on two occasions, the long-time leader of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) and later Chairman of the Alliance for the Future of ...

(1950–2008) * Adolf von Harleß (1806–1879) * Wilhelm von Hartel (1839–1907) *

Karl Hase Karl August von Hase (25 August 1800 – 3 January 1890) was a German Protestant theologian and church historian. Background He was born at Steinbach (near Penig) in Saxony. He studied at Leipzig and Erlangen, and in 1829 was called to Je ...

(1800–1890) * Ludwig Hassenpflug (1794–1862) * Wilhelm Hauff (1802–1827) * Johann Hauler (1829–1888) * Otto Haupt (1887–1988) * Adolph Hausrath (1837–1909) * Ludwig Häusser (1818–1867) *

Rudolf Haym Rudolf Haym (5 October 1821 – 27 August 1901) was a German philosopher. He was born in Grünberg in Prussia (now Zielona Góra, Poland), and died in St. Anton (Arlberg). He studied philosophy and theology at Halle and Berlin. He was a ...

(1821–1901) *

Johann Gustav Heckscher Johann Gustav Wilhelm Moritz Heckscher (born 26 December 1797 in Hamburg; died 7 April 1865 in Vienna) was a German politician. Biography He served during the War of 1815 as a volunteer in the Hanseatic Corps, and then studied at the universiti ...

(1797–1865) * Ernst Heinkel (1888–1958) * Kurt Heißmeyer (1905–1967) * Wolfgang Helbig (1839–1915) *

Fritz Hellwig Fritz Hellwig (3 August 1912 – 22 July 2017) was a German CDU politician and European Commissioner. He was born in Saarbrücken and turned 100 in August 2012. and died on 22 July 2017 at the age of 104. He died 12 days before his 105th birth ...

(born 1912) *

Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg Ernst Wilhelm Theodor Herrmann Hengstenberg (20 October 1802, in Fröndenberg28 May 1869, in Berlin), was a German Lutheran churchman and neo-Lutheran theologian from an old and important Dortmund family. He was born at Fröndenberg, a Westpha ...

(1802–1869) * Gottlieb August Herrich-Schäffer (1799–1874) *

Heinrich Hertz Heinrich Rudolf Hertz ( ; ; 22 February 1857 – 1 January 1894) was a German physicist who first conclusively proved the existence of the electromagnetic waves predicted by James Clerk Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism. The uni ...

(1857–1894) *

Georg Herwegh Georg Friedrich Rudolph Theodor Herwegh (31 May 1817 – 7 April 1875) was a German poet,Herwegh, Georg, The Columbia Encyclopedia (2008) who is considered part of the Young Germany movement. Biography He was born in Stuttgart on 31 May 1817, ...

(1817–1875) *

(1860–1904) * William Hexamer (1825–1870) * Eduard Heyck (1862–1941) * Carl Hierholzer (1840–1871) * Bruno Hildebrand (1812–1878) *

Franz Hilgendorf Franz Martin Hilgendorf (5 December 1839 – 5 July 1904) was a German zoologist and paleontologist. Hilgendorf's research on fossil snails from the Steinheim crater in the early 1860s became a palaeontological evidence for the theory of ev ...

(1839–1904) *

Heinrich Himmler Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (; 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was of the (Protection Squadron; SS), and a leading member of the Nazi Party of Germany. Himmler was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and a main architect of th ...

(1900–1945) * Hans Hinkel (1901–1960) * Hermann Höcherl (1912–1989) * August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben (1798–1874) * Norbert Hofer (born 1971) * Otto Höfler (1901–1987) * Johann Wilhelm Friedrich Höfling (1802–1853) * Johann Christian Konrad von Hofmann (1810–1877) * Robert Hohlbaum (1886–1955) *

Karl von Holtei Karl Eduard von Holtei (24 January 1798 – 12 February 1880) was a German poet and actor. Life and career Karl Eduard von Holtei was born at Breslau, the son of an officer of Hussars. Having served in the Prussian army as a volunteer in 1815 ...

(1798–1880) * Gerd Honsik (born 1941) *

Hermann Höpker-Aschoff Hermann Höpker-Aschoff (31 January 1883 – 15 January 1954) Brockhaus Geschichte Second Edition was a German politician, finance minister, a member of Parlamentarischer Rat and a jurist. He was the first President of the Federal Constitutional ...

(1883–1954) * Leslie Hore-Belisha, 1st Baron Hore-Belisha (1893–1957) * Hermann von Ihering (1850–1930) * Carl Ernst Jarcke (1801–1852) * Karl Jarres (1874–1951) * Curt Joël (1865–1945) * Karl Jordan (1861–1959) *

Franz Jung Franz Josef Johannes Konrad Jung (26 November 1888, Neisse, Upper Silesia – 21 January 1963, Stuttgart) was a writer, economist and political activist in Germany. He also wrote under the names Franz Larsz and Frank Ryberg. He grew up in Neisse ...

(1888–1963) *

Philipp Wilhelm Jung Philipp Wilhelm Jung (16 September 1884 – 9 September 1965) was a German Nazi politician. Jung was born in Nieder-Flörsheim in the Grand Duchy of Hesse as the son of an elementary school teacher. He earned a doctoral degree in law.< ...

(1884–1965) * Rudolf Jung (1882–1945) * Franz Joseph Damian Junghanns (1800–1875) *

Hugo Jury Hugo Jury (13 July 1887 – 8 May 1945) was an Austrian Nazi. He held the offices of ''Gauleiter'' of ''Reichsgau Niederdonau'' and ''Reichsstatthalter'' (Reich Governor) for Lower Austria. He committed suicide at the end of the World War II. ...

(1887–1945) * Peter Kaiser (1793–1864) *

(1903-1946) *

Lorenz Franz Kielhorn Lorenz Franz Kielhorn (31 May 1840, Osnabrück - 19 March 1908, Göttingen) was a German Indologist. He studied under Theodor Benfey at the University of Göttingen, where he became member of Burschenschaft Hannovera (fraternity), and under Adol ...

(1840-1908) * Gustav Koerner (1809–1896) * Friedrich Lange (1852–1917) * Otto Lubarsch (1860–1933) *

Francis Lieber Francis Lieber (March 18, 1798 or 1800 – October 2, 1872), known as Franz Lieber in Germany, was a German-American jurist, gymnast and political philosopher. He edited an ''Encyclopaedia Americana''. He was the author of the Lieber Code duri ...

(1800–1871) *

Theodor Mommsen Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen (; 30 November 1817 – 1 November 1903) was a German classical scholar, historian, jurist, journalist, politician and archaeologist. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest classicists of the 19th centur ...

* Hans Mühlenfeld (1901–1969) * Henry Bradford Nason (1831–1895) *

Franz Overbeck Franz Camille Overbeck (16 November 1837 – 26 June 1905) was a German Protestant theologian. In Anglo-American discourse, he is perhaps best known in regard to his friendship with Friedrich Nietzsche; in German theological circles, Overbeck re ...

(1837–1905) * Heinz Reinefarth (1903-1979) *

(1896–1945) *

Karl Ludwig Sand Karl Ludwig Sand (Wunsiedel, Upper Franconia (then in Prussia), 5 October 1795 – Mannheim, 20 May 1820) was a German university student and member of a liberal Burschenschaft (student association). He was executed in 1820 for the murder of the ...

(1795–1820) *

(1829–1906) *

Otto Skorzeny Otto Johann Anton Skorzeny (12 June 1908 – 5 July 1975) was an Austrian-born German SS-''Obersturmbannführer'' (lieutenant colonel) in the Waffen-SS during World War II. During the war, he was involved in a number of operations, including t ...

(1908-1975) * Lorenz von Stein *

Gustav Stresemann Gustav Ernst Stresemann (; 10 May 1878 – 3 October 1929) was a German statesman who served as chancellor in 1923 (for 102 days) and as foreign minister from 1923 to 1929, during the Weimar Republic. His most notable achievement was the reconci ...

* Adalbert J. Volck (1828–1912)

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References

{{Authority control Student societies in Germany 1815 establishments in Germany