Bronze Age of Comic Books

The Bronze Age of Comic Books is an informal name for a period in the history of American superhero comic books usually said to run from 1970 to 1985. It follows the Silver Age of Comic Books and is followed by the Modern Age of Comic Books.

The Bronze Age retained many of the conventions of the Silver Age, with traditional superhero titles remaining the mainstay of the industry. However, a return of darker plot elements and storylines more related to relevant social issues, such as racism, began to flourish during the period, prefiguring the later Modern Age of Comic Books.

Origins

There is no one single event that can be said to herald the beginning of the Bronze Age. Instead, a number of events at the beginning of the 1970s, taken together, can be seen as a shift away from the tone of comics in the previous decade.

One such event was the April 1970 issue of Green Lantern, which added Green Arrow as a title character. The series, written by Denny O'Neil and penciled by Neal Adams (inking was by Adams or Dick Giordano), focused on "relevance" as Green Lantern was exposed to poverty and experienced self-doubt.

Later in 1970, Jack Kirby left Marvel Comics, ending arguably the most important creative partnership of the Silver Age (with Stan Lee). Kirby then turned to DC, where he created '' The Fourth World'' series of titles starting with '' Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen'' #133 in December 1970. Also in 1970 Mort Weisinger, the long-term editor of the various Superman titles, retired to be replaced by Julius Schwartz. Schwartz set about toning down some of the more fanciful aspects of the Weisinger era, removing most Kryptonite from continuity and scaling back Superman's nigh-infinite—by then—powers, which was done by veteran Superman artist Curt Swan together with groundbreaking author Denny O'Neil.

The beginning of the Bronze Age coincided with the end of the careers of many of the veteran writers and artists of the time, or their promotion to management positions and retirement from regular writing or drawing, and their replacement with a younger generation of editors and creators, many of whom knew each other from their experiences in comic book fan conventions and publications. At the same time, publishers began the era by scaling back on their superhero publications, canceling many of the weaker-selling titles, and experimenting with other genres such as horror and sword and sorcery.

The era also encompassed major changes in the distribution of and audience for comic books. Over time, the medium shifted from cheap mass market products sold at newsstands to a more expensive product sold at specialty comic book shops and aimed at a smaller, core audience of fans. The shift in distribution allowed many small-print publishers to enter the market, changing the medium from one dominated by a few large publishers to a more diverse and eclectic range of books.

The 1970s

In 1970, Marvel published the first comic book issue of Robert E. Howard's pulp character Conan the Barbarian. Conan's success as a comic hero resulted in adaptations of other Howard characters: King Kull, Red Sonja and Solomon Kane. DC Comics responded with comics featuring Warlord, Beowulf and Fritz Leiber's Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser. They also took over the licensing of Edgar Rice Burroughs's Tarzan from longtime publisher Gold Key and began adapting other Burroughs creations, such as John Carter, the Pellucidar series, and the Amtor series. Marvel also adapted to comic book form, with less success, Edwin Lester Arnold's character Gullivar Jones and, later, Lin Carter's Thongor.

The murder of Spider-Man's longtime girlfriend, Gwen Stacy, at the hands of the Green Goblin in 1973's ''Amazing Spider-Man'' #121–122 is considered by comics scholar Arnold T. Blumberg to be the definitive Bronze Age event, as it exemplifies the period's trend towards darker territory and willingness to subvert conventions such as the assumed survival of long-established, "untouchable" characters. However, there had been a gradual darkening of the tone of superhero comics for several years prior to " The Night Gwen Stacy Died", including the death of her father in 1970's ''Amazing Spider-Man'' #90 and the beginning of the Dennis O'Neil/Neal Adams tenure on ''Batman''.

In 1971, Marvel Comics' editor-in-chief Stan Lee was approached by the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare to do a comic book story about drug abuse. Lee agreed and wrote a three-part Spider-Man story, "Green Goblin Reborn!," which portrayed drug use as dangerous and unglamorous. At that time, any portrayal of drug use in comic books was banned outright by the Comics Code Authority, regardless of the context. The CCA refused to approve the story, but Lee published it regardless.

The positive reception that the story received led to the CCA revising the Comics Code later that year to allow the portrayal of drug addiction as long as it was depicted in a negative light. Soon after, DC Comics had their own drug abuse storyline in ''Green Lantern/Green Arrow'' #85–86. Written by Denny O'Neil with art by Neal Adams, the storyline was entitled " Snowbirds Don't Fly," and it revealed that the Green Arrow's sidekick Speedy had become addicted to heroin.

The 1971 revision to the Comics Code has also been seen as relaxing the rules on the use of vampires, ghouls and werewolves in comic books, allowing the growth of a number of supernatural- and horror-oriented titles, such as ''Swamp Thing'', '' Ghost Rider'' and '' The Tomb of Dracula'', among numerous others. However, the tone of horror comic stories had already seen substantial changes between the relatively tame offerings of the early 1960s (e.g. ''Unusual Tales'') and the more violent products available in the late 1960s (e.g. ''The Witching Hour'', revised formats in ''House of Secrets'', ''House of Mystery'' and ''The Unexpected'').

At the beginning of the 1970s, publishers moved away from the superhero stories that enjoyed mass-market popularity in the mid-1960s; DC cancelled most of its superhero titles other than those starring Superman and Batman, while Marvel cancelled weaker-selling titles such as ''Dr. Strange'', ''Sub-Mariner'' and ''The X-Men''. In their place, they experimented with a wide variety of other genres, including Westerns, horror and monster stories, and the above-mentioned adaptations of pulp adventures. These trends peaked in the early 1970s, and the medium reverted by the mid-1970s to selling predominantly superhero titles.

Further developments

Social relevance

A concern with social issues had been a part of comic book stories since their beginnings: early Superman stories, for example, dealt with issues such as child mistreatment and working conditions for minors. However, in the 1970s relevance became not only a feature of the stories, but also something that the books loudly proclaimed on their covers to promote sales. The Spider-Man drug issues were at the forefront of the trend of "social relevance" with comic books noticeably handling real-life issues. The above-mentioned ''Green Lantern/Green Arrow'' series dealt not only with drugs, but other topics like racism and environmental degradation. The X-Men titles, which were partly based on the premise that mutants were a metaphor for real-world minorities, became wildly popular. Other well-known "relevant" comics include the " Demon in a Bottle", where Iron Man confronts his alcoholism, and the socially conscious stories written by Steve Gerber in such titles as '' Howard the Duck'' and '' Omega the Unknown''. Issues regarding female empowerment became trends with female versions of popular male characters ( Spider-Woman, Red Sonja, Ms. Marvel, She-Hulk).

Creator credit and labor agreements

Writers and artists began getting a lot more credit for their creations, even though they were still ceding copyrights to the companies for whom they worked. Pencil Artists were allowed to keep their original artwork and sell it on the open market. When word got out that Superman's creators Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster were living in poverty, artists such as Neal Adams, Jerry Robinson and Bernie Wrightson helped organize fellow artists to pressure DC in rectifying them and other pioneers from the 1930s and 1940s. Newer publishers, such as Pacific Comics and Eclipse Comics, negotiated contracts in which creators retained copyright to their creations.

Minority superheroes

One of the most significant developments during the period was a substantial rise in the number of black and other non-white minority superheroes. Before the 1970s, there had been very few non-white superheroes (Marvel Comics' Black Panther and Falcon introduced in 1966 and 1969, respectively, being notable exceptions) but starting in the early 1970s this began to change with the introduction of characters such as Marvel's Luke Cage (who was the first black superhero featured in his own comic book in 1972) of the Defenders, Storm of the X-Men, Blade, Monica Rambeau of the Avengers, Misty Knight, Shang-Chi, and DC's Green Lantern John Stewart, Bronze Tiger, Black Lightning, Vixen and Cyborg of Teen Titans, many of whom were black (with the exception of Shang-Chi himself). Additionally, Jewish superheroes became more visible with the appearances of Marvel's Kitty Pryde of the X-Men and Moon Knight, respectively.

Characters such as Luke Cage, Mantis, Misty Knight, Shang-Chi and Iron Fist have been seen by some as an attempt by Marvel Comics to cash in on the 1970s crazes for kung fu films. However, these and other minority characters came into their own after these film trends faded, and became increasingly popular and important as time progressed. By the mid-1980s, Storm and Cyborg had become leaders of the X-Men and Teen Titans, respectively, and John Stewart briefly replaced Hal Jordan as the lead character of the ''Green Lantern'' title.

Art styles

Starting with Neal Adams' work in ''Green Lantern/Green Arrow'' a newly sophisticated realism became the norm in the industry. Buyers would no longer be interested in the heavily stylized work of artists of the Silver Age or simpler cartooning of the Golden Age. The so-called "House Style" of DC tended to imitations of Adams' work, while Marvel adopted a more realistic version of Kirby's style. This change is sometimes credited to a new generation of artists influenced by the popularity of EC Comics in the 1950s. Artists who could distinguish themselves from these House Styles would achieve some renown. Such names include Berni Wrightson, Jim Aparo, Jim Starlin, John Byrne, Frank Miller, George Pérez and Howard Chaykin. A secondary line of comics at DC, headed by former EC Comics artist Joe Orlando and devoted to horror titles, established a differing set of styles and aggressively sought talent from Asia and Latin America.

Revival of the X-Men and the Teen Characters

The X-Men were originally created in 1963 by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. However, the title never achieved the popularity of other Lee/Kirby creations, and by 1970, after a brief run with Neal Adams' more realistic Silver Age style, Marvel ceased publishing new material and the title was turned over to reprints. But in 1975 an "all-new, all-different" version of the X-Men was introduced by Len Wein and Dave Cockrum in '' Giant-Size X-Men'' #1, with Chris Claremont as uncredited assistant co-plotter.Chris Claremont's role in this issue is mentioned in ''Official Marvel Index to the X-Men'' #4, November 1987 Claremont stayed as writer on just about all X-Men related titles, including spinoffs, for the next sixteen years, after which other regular writers such as Louise Simonson, Fabian Nicieza and Scott Lobdell joined and Claremont eventually left.

One of the most apparent influences from this series was the creation of what became DC Comics' answer to X-Men's character-based storytelling style, ''The New Teen Titans'' by Marv Wolfman and George Pérez, which became a highly successful and influential property in its own right. Wolfman would associate himself with the title for sixteen years, while Perez established a large fan base and a sought-after pencilling style. A successful cartoon based on the Titans of the Bronze Age of Comics was launched in 2003, and lasted for four years.

Team-up books and anthologies

During the Silver Age, comic books frequently had several features, a form harkening back to the Golden Age when the first comics were anthologies. In 1968, Marvel graduated its double feature characters appearing in their anthologies to full-length stories in their own comic. But several of these characters could not sustain their own title and were cancelled. Marvel tried to create new double feature anthologies such as '' Amazing Adventures'' and '' Astonishing Tales'' which did not last as double feature comic books. A more enduring concept was that of the team-up book, either combining two characters, at least one of which was not popular enough to sustain its own title (''Green Lantern/Green Arrow''). Even DC combined two features in ''Superboy and the Legion of Super-Heroes'' and had team-up books (''The Brave and the Bold'', '' DC Comics Presents'' and ''World's Finest Comics''). Virtually all such books disappeared by the end of the period.

Company crossovers

Marvel and DC worked out several crossover titles the first of which was '' Superman vs. The Amazing Spider-Man''. This was followed by a second Superman and Spider-Man, ''Batman vs. the Incredible Hulk'' and the '' X-Men vs The New Teen Titans''. Another title, ''The Avengers vs. the Justice League of America'' was written by Gerry Conway and drawn by George Pérez with plotting by Roy Thomas, but was never published, reflecting the later animosity between the two companies. Marvel editor-in-chief Jim Shooter was not pleased that DC wanted the fourth company crossover to include ''The New Teen Titans'', DC's best-selling title at the time, as he wanted the crossover to be the X-Men and the Legion of Super-Heroes. This led to Shooter's decision to stall and cancel the JLA/Avengers project.

Reprints

Beginning around 1970, Marvel introduced vast numbers of reprints into the market, which played a key role in their becoming the overall market leader among comic publishers. Suddenly many titles featured reprints: ''X-Men'', ''Sgt. Fury'', '' Kid Colt, Outlaw'', ''Rawhide Kid'', ''Two-Gun Kid'', ''Outlaw Kid'', ''Jungle Action'', ''Special Marvel Edition'' (the early issues), ''War is Hell'' (the early issues), ''Creatures on the Loose'', ''Monsters on the Prowl'' and ''FEAR'', to name just a few.

DC Implosion

In the mid-'70s, DC launched numerous new titles such as Jack Kirby's ''New Gods'' and Steve Ditko's ''Shade, the Changing Man''. Jenette Kahn would eventually take the helm of the company in 1976. The company followed this up in 1978 with the " DC Explosion" where the standard line of books increased in page count and 50 cent price. Many of these titles added backup features with various characters. However, DC greatly overestimated the appeal of so many new titles at once, sales dropped severely during the harsh 1978 winter and it nearly broke the company and the industry, including Charlton Comics; this event has been called the " DC Implosion".

Marvel eventually gained 50% of the market and Stan Lee handed control of the comic division to Jim Shooter while he worked with their growing animation spin-offs.

Non-superhero comics

As the Bronze Age began in the early 1970s, popularity shifted away from the established superhero genre towards comic book titles from which superheroes were absent altogether. These non-superhero comics were typically inspired by genres like Westerns or fantasy & pulp fiction. As previously noted, 1971's revised Comics Code left the horror genre ripe for development and several supernaturally-themed series resulted, such as the popular '' The Tomb of Dracula'', '' Ghost Rider'' and ''Swamp Thing''. In the science fiction genre, post-apocalyptic survival stories were an early trend, as evidenced by characters like '' Deathlok'', '' Killraven'' and '' Kamandi''. The long-running sci-fi/fantasy anthology comic magazine ''Metal Hurlant'' and its American counterpart '' Heavy Metal'' began publishing in the late '70s. Marvel's ''Star Wars'' series was very popular with a nine-year run.

Other titles began from characters originally found in 20th century pulp magazines or novels. Noteworthy examples are the long running titles ''Conan the Barbarian'' and ''Savage Sword of Conan'' (the latter was published as a magazine, bypassing the Comics Code), as well as '' Master of Kung-Fu''. The early success of these titles soon led to more pulp character adaptations (''Doc Savage'', ''Kull'', ''The Shadow'', '' Justice, Inc.'', ''Tarzan''). During this period, Charlton, Western Publishing/ Gold Key, Marvel and DC also regularly published official comic book adaptations for various projects, including popular films (''Planet of the Apes'', ''Godzilla'', '' Logan's Run'', ''Indiana Jones'', '' Jaws 2'', '' 2001: A Space Odyssey'', ''Star Wars''), TV shows (''The Six Million Dollar Man'', ''Lost in Space, The Man from Atlantis'', ''Battlestar Galactica'', ''Star Trek'', ''The A-Team'', '' Welcome Back Kotter''), toys ('' G.I. Joe'', '' Micronauts'', ''Transformers'', '' Rom'', ''Atari Force'', '' Thundercats''), and even public figures (Kiss, Pope John Paul II).

Though not necessarily "non-superhero", a few unconventional comic book series from the period featured one or more villains as their central character ('' Super-Villain Team-Up'', ''Secret Society of Super Villains'', ''The Joker'').

Alternate markets and formats

Archie Comics

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