History
Input languages
Broken Slavey is based primarily on the Slavey language with elements from French, Cree, with minimal aspects ofWhere Spoken
Broken Slavey was spoken along the Athabasca River, Mackenzie River, and sections of the Yukon River. It is a different trade language than the one that was spoken along the Peel (aDocumentation
Broken Slavey has recently been documented with a few vocabulary items and phrases and only a little of its grammar and lexicon. However, more information may yet be discovered in archives through missionary records and traders' journals.Speakers
The native languages of speakers who used Slavey Jargon were Dene Suline, French, Gwich'in, Inuktitut, and Slavey. One notable speaker of Slavey Jargon was Antoine Hoole, a Hudson's Bay Company translator at Fort Yukon. Documentation has also shown that the language was spoken by a range of fur traders, postmasters, and their wives, sisters, and daughters, who were often of Métis descent. The Gwich'in apparently stopped speaking the jargon in the early 20th century. The massive influx of English, brought in by the gold rush in 1886, was a "deathblow" for the language and it was no longer in common use by the 1930s. One speaker, Malcolm Sandy Roberts of Circle, Alaska, continued to use it in a diminished form until his death in 1983.Use
The best written historical documentation of Slavey jargon shows its actual use was for preaching the gospel and for teasing and harassing clergymen, and for interpersonal relationships. The use of Slavey Jargon can be characterized as an innovation employed by speakers in order to meet several linguistic goals, such as introductions, advice, and disputes. Mishler specified, "For all these reasons, Slavey Jargon seems inaccurate to characterize it strictly as a trade jargon" (p. 277).Structure
The nouns in the language generally consist of English, Chipewyan, and Slavey, whereas the verbs and pronouns are derived from French. Adverbs are typically pulled from Chipewyan and Gwich’in. There is, however, a lot of variation in Slavey Jargon. Gwich’in verbs can be mixed with French nouns or phonemically modified French sentences exist.References
Bibliography
* Bakker, Peter. (1996). Broken Slavey and Jargon Loucheux: A first exploration. In I. Broch & E. H. Jahr (Eds.), ''Language contact in the Arctic: Northern pidgins and contact languages'' (pp. 317–320). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. * Bakker, Peter; & Grant, Anthony P. (1996). Interethnic communication in Canada, Alaska, and adjacent areas. In S. A. Wurm. P. Mühlhäuser, & D. H. Tryon (Eds.), ''Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas'' (Vol. II.2, pp. ). Trends in linguistics: Documentation (No. 13). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. * Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. . * Dall, William H. (1870). ''Alaska and its resources''. Boston: Lee and Shepard. *Krauss, Michael. (1983). Slavey Jargon: Diffusion of French in Northern Athabaskan. anuscript Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. * McClellan, Catharine. (1981). Intercultural relations and cultural exchange in the Cordillera. In J. Helm (Ed.), ''Handbook of North American Indians: Subarctic'' (Vol. 6, pp. 387–401). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. * Mishler, Craig. (2008). 'That's a Rubbaboo': Slavey Jargon in a Nineteenth Century Subarctic Speech Community. Journal of Creole and Pidgin Languages 23(2): 264-287. * Petitot, Émile. (1889). ''Quinze ans sous le Cercle Polaire: Mackenzie, Anderson, Youkon''. Paris: E. Dentu. * Slobodin, Richard. (1981). Kutchin. In J. Helm (Ed.), ''Handbook of North American Indians: Subarctic'' (Vol. 6, pp. 514–532). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. {{Languages of Canada North America Native-based pidgins and creoles Languages of Canada Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic Culture of Yukon Languages attested from the 19th century Languages extinct in the 19th century