Bristol Bombay

The Bristol Bombay was a British troop transport aircraft adaptable for use as a medium bomber flown by the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War.

Design and development

The Bristol Bombay was built to Air Ministry Specification C.26/31 which called for a monoplane bomber-transport aircraft to replace the Vickers Valentia biplane in use in the Middle East and India. The aircraft was required to be capable of carrying 24 troops or an equivalent load of cargo as a transport, while carrying bombs and defensive guns for use as a bomber. This dual-purpose design concept was common to British pre-war designs. Other entries for the specification were the Armstrong Whitworth A.W.23 and the Handley Page HP.52.Lewis 1980, pp. 256–259.

Bristol's design, the Type 130, was a high-wing cantilever monoplane of all-metal construction. Bristol's previous monoplane design, the 1927 Bagshot, had suffered from lack of torsional rigidity in the wings leading to aileron reversal.Barnes 1964, pp. 202–203. This led to an extensive research program at Bristol which resulted in a wing design with a stressed metal skin rivetted to an internal framework consisting of multiple spars and the ribs. This was the basis of the Bombay's wing, which had seven spars, with high-tensile steel flanges and alclad webs.Barnes 1964, p. 249. The aircraft had a twin-tail and a fixed tailwheel undercarriage.

The aircraft's crew consisted of a pilot, who sat in an enclosed cockpit, a navigator/ bomb-aimer, whose working position was in the nose, and a radio-operator/gunner, who divided his time betwixt the radio operator's position behind the cockpit and a gun turret in the nose. When the aircraft was operated as a bomber, an additional gunner was carried to man the tail gun position. In the prototype, this position was equipped with a Lewis gun on a Scarff ring but in production aircraft, both gun positions were hydraulically-operated gun turrets each armed with a Vickers K machine gun. Eight bombs could be carried on racks under the fuselage.Cooling 1982, p. 8.

A prototype Type 130 was ordered in March 1933 and first flew on 23 June 1935, powered by two Bristol Pegasus III radial engines driving two-bladed propellers.Mason 1994, p. 277. Testing was successful and an order for 80 was placed as the Bombay in July 1937.Cooling 1982, p. 4. These differed from the prototype in having more powerful () engines driving three-bladed Rotol variable-pitch propellers, discarding the wheel spats fitted to the undercarriage main wheels in the prototype.Mason 1994, pp. 277–278.Barnes 1964, pp. 250–251. As Bristol's Filton factory was busy building the more urgent Blenheim light bomber, the production aircraft were built by Short & Harland (owned by Short Brothers and Harland and Wolff) of Belfast.Barnes 1964, p. 251. The complex nature of the Bombay's wing delayed production at Belfast. The first Bombay was not delivered until 1939 and the last 30 were cancelled.Mason 1994, p. 278.

Operational history

The first production Bombay flew in March 1939, with deliveries to No. 216 Squadron RAF based in Egypt beginning in September that year. Although it was outclassed as a bomber for the European theatre, it saw some service with British-based 271 Squadron ferrying supplies to the British Expeditionary Force in France in 1940. In June 1940, French pilot Jean-Francois Demozay used an abandoned Bombay to ferry himself and 15 troops from France to England, after which he became an ace with the RAF.Ketley 1999, p. 45.

The Bombay's main service was in the Middle East, particularly with 216 Squadron, which operated most of the Bombays built at some stage. When the war with Italy began in June 1940, in the absence of more modern aircraft, 216 Squadron's Bombays were used as night bombers as well as in their principal role as transport aircraft.Shores, Massimello and Guest 2012, p. 448.Cooling 1982, pp. 4–5. The design bombload of bombs under the fuselage was supplemented by improvised bombs thrown out of the cargo door by hand. The aircraft flew bombing sorties against targets in the Western Desert, including Benghazi and Tobruk, and against Italian Somaliland, until the buildup of Vickers Wellington bombers in Egypt allowed the Bombays to concentrate on transport operations.Shores, Massimello and Guest 2012, pp. 448–451.Shores 1992, p. 44.

As transports, they ferried supplies and evacuated the wounded during the Siege of Tobruk,Cooling 1982, p. 5. while on 2 May 1941, Bombays of 216 Squadron evacuated the Greek Royal Family from Crete to Egypt. Later that month, Bombays played an important role in ferrying troops during the Anglo-Iraqi War.Shores 1992, pp. 176, 189, 193. Five Bombays were used by the fledgling SAS in their first official operation in the Middle East, a parachute drop on five forward German aerodromes on 17 November 1941.Shores, Massimello and Guest 2012, pp. 309–310

Lieutenant General William Gott, the highest ranking British officer killed in the war, died when the Bombay in which he was being carried was shot down in the Western Desert on 7 August 1942. He was about to assume command of Eighth Army from General Claude Auchinleck who had been removed as Commander-in-Chief Middle East and had been directing the Army directly after dismissing its commander Neil Ritchie. His death opened the way for General Bernard Montgomery to take over.Cooling 1982, p. 17.

Bombays evacuated over 2,000 wounded during the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943, and one crew was credited with carrying 6,000 casualties from Sicily and Italy before the type was finally withdrawn from use in 1944.Barnes 1964, pp. 251–252.

Variants

* Type 130 : Prototype.
* Type 130A Bombay Mk I : Twin-engined medium bomber and troop transport aircraft. Original designation Type 130 Mark II.Barnes 1964, p. 386.
* Type 137A Proposed civil transport version. Unbuilt.Barnes 1964, p. 250.
* Type 137B Combi version of Type 137A. Unbuilt.
* Type 144 Unbuilt development with retractable undercarriage proposed for Specification B.4/34 (won by Handley Page Harrow).

Operators

;
* Royal Australian Air Force
** No. 1 Air Ambulance Unit RAAFCooling 1982, p. 10.
;
* Royal Air Force
** No. 117 Squadron RAF formed from C Flight of 216 Squadron in Apr 1941 and used the Bombay until November 1941 at Khartuom
** No. 216 Squadron RAF used the Bombay from October 1939 to May 1943 and based in Egypt ( Heliopolis, El Khnaka and Cairo West)
** No. 271 Squadron RAF used the Bombay from May 1940 to February 1941 at RAF Doncaster, England

Specifications (Bombay Mk.I)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

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{{Bristol aircraft

Bombay
1930s British bomber aircraft
1930s British military transport aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1935
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft