A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles without
closing the way underneath such as a body of water, valley, or road,
for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. There are many
different designs that each serve a particular purpose and apply to
different situations. Designs of bridges vary depending on the
function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is
constructed and anchored, the material used to make it, and the funds
available to build it.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Animals
3 Types of bridges
3.1 Structure type
3.2 Fixed or movable bridges
3.3 Double-decked bridges
3.4 Viaducts
3.5 Three-way bridges
3.6
Bridge

Bridge types by use
3.7
Bridge

Bridge types by material
4 Aesthetics
5
Bridge

Bridge maintenance
6
Bridge

Bridge failures
7
Bridge

Bridge monitoring
8 Visual index
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Etymology[edit]
The
Akashi Kaikyō Bridge

Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in Japan, currently the world's longest
suspension span
The
Siosepol

Siosepol bridge over Zayandeh River is an example of Safavid
dynasty (1502–1722) bridge design. Esfahan, Iran
The
Oxford English Dictionary

Oxford English Dictionary traces the origin of the word bridge to
an
Old English

Old English word brycg, of the same meaning.[1] The word can be
traced directly back to Proto-Indo-European *bʰrēw-. The word for
the card game of the same name has a different origin.
History[edit]
The
Arkadiko Bridge

Arkadiko Bridge in
Greece

Greece (13th century BC), one of the oldest
arch bridges in existence
Bridges in Amsterdam, Netherlands
The
Arkadiko Bridge

Arkadiko Bridge is one of four Mycenaean corbel arch bridges part
of a former network of roads, designed to accommodate chariots,
between the fort of Tiryns and town of Epidauros in the Peloponnese,
in southern Greece. Dating to the Greek
Bronze Age

Bronze Age (13th century BC),
it is one of the oldest arch bridges still in existence and use.
Several intact arched stone bridges from the Hellenistic era can be
found in the Peloponnese.[2]
The greatest bridge builders of antiquity were the ancient Romans.[3]
The Romans built arch bridges and aqueducts that could stand in
conditions that would damage or destroy earlier designs. Some stand
today.[4] An example is the Alcántara Bridge, built over the river
Tagus, in Spain. The Romans also used cement, which reduced the
variation of strength found in natural stone.[5] One type of cement,
called pozzolana, consisted of water, lime, sand, and volcanic rock.
Brick

Brick and mortar bridges were built after the Roman era, as the
technology for cement was lost (then later rediscovered).
In India, the
Arthashastra

Arthashastra treatise by
Kautilya

Kautilya mentions the
construction of dams and bridges.[6] A
Mauryan

Mauryan bridge near
Girnar

Girnar was
surveyed by James Princep.[7] The bridge was swept away during a
flood, and later repaired by Puspagupta, the chief architect of
emperor Chandragupta I.[7] The use of stronger bridges using plaited
bamboo and iron chain was visible in India by about the 4th
century.[8] A number of bridges, both for military and commercial
purposes, were constructed by the Mughal administration in India.[9]
Although large Chinese bridges of wooden construction existed at the
time of the Warring States, the oldest surviving stone bridge in China
is the Zhaozhou Bridge, built from 595 to 605 AD during the Sui
Dynasty. This bridge is also historically significant as it is the
world's oldest open-spandrel stone segmental arch bridge. European
segmental arch bridges date back to at least the Alconétar Bridge
(approximately 2nd century AD), while the enormous Roman era Trajan's
Bridge

Bridge (105 AD) featured open-spandrel segmental arches in wooden
construction.[citation needed]
Rope bridges, a simple type of suspension bridge, were used by the
Inca

Inca civilization in the
Andes

Andes mountains of South America, just prior
to European colonization in the 16th century.
During the 18th century there were many innovations in the design of
timber bridges by Hans Ulrich Grubenmann, Johannes Grubenmann, and
others. The first book on bridge engineering was written by Hubert
Gautier in 1716.
A major breakthrough in bridge technology came with the erection of
the Iron
Bridge

Bridge in Shropshire, England in 1779. It used cast iron for
the first time as arches to cross the river Severn.[10]
With the
Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, truss systems of
wrought iron were developed for larger bridges, but iron does not have
the tensile strength to support large loads. With the advent of steel,
which has a high tensile strength, much larger bridges were built,
many using the ideas of Gustave Eiffel.[citation needed]
In 1927 welding pioneer
Stefan Bryła
.jpg/300px-Stefan_Bryła_(2).jpg)
Stefan Bryła designed the first welded road
bridge in the world, the
Maurzyce Bridge

Maurzyce Bridge which was later built across
the river Słudwia at Maurzyce near Łowicz, Poland in 1929. In 1995,
the American
Welding

Welding Society presented the Historic Welded Structure
Award for the bridge to Poland.[11]
Animals[edit]
Eciton

Eciton sp. forming a bridge
Before humans, ants have been making bridges using their own bodies to
allow others to cross.
Types of bridges[edit]
Bridges can be categorized in several different ways. Common
categories include the type of structural elements used, by what they
carry, whether they are fixed or movable, and by the materials used.
Structure type[edit]
Bridges may be classified by how the forces of tension, compression,
bending, torsion and shear are distributed through their structure.
Most bridges will employ all of the principal forces to some degree,
but only a few will predominate. The separation of forces may be quite
clear. In a suspension or cable-stayed span, the elements in tension
are distinct in shape and placement. In other cases the forces may be
distributed among a large number of members, as in a truss.
Beam bridge
Beam bridges

Beam bridges are horizontal beams supported at each end by
substructure units and can be either simply supported when the beams
only connect across a single span, or continuous when the beams are
connected across two or more spans. When there are multiple spans, the
intermediate supports are known as piers. The earliest beam bridges
were simple logs that sat across streams and similar simple
structures. In modern times, beam bridges can range from small, wooden
beams to large, steel boxes. The vertical force on the bridge becomes
a shear and flexural load on the beam which is transferred down its
length to the substructures on either side[12] They are typically made
of steel, concrete or wood. Girder bridges and Plate girder bridges,
usually made from steel, are types of Beam bridges. Box girder
bridges, made from steel, concrete, or both are also beam bridges.
Beam bridge

Beam bridge spans rarely exceed 250 feet (76 m) long, as the
flexural stresses increase proportional to the square of the length
(and deflection increases proportional to the 4th power of the
length).[13] However, the main span of the Rio-Niteroi Bridge, a box
girder bridge, is 300 metres (980 ft).[citation needed]
The world's longest beam bridge is
Lake Pontchartrain Causeway

Lake Pontchartrain Causeway in
southern
Louisiana

Louisiana in the United States, at 23.83 miles
(38.35 km), with individual spans of 56 feet (17 m).[14]
Beam bridges

Beam bridges are the simplest and oldest type[15] of bridge in use
today, and are a popular type.[16]
Truss

Truss bridge
A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is
composed of a truss. This truss is a structure of connected elements
forming triangular units. The connected elements (typically straight)
may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in
response to dynamic loads.
Truss

Truss bridges are one of the oldest types
of modern bridges. The basic types of truss bridges shown in this
article have simple designs which could be easily analyzed by
nineteenth and early twentieth century engineers. A truss bridge is
economical to construct owing to its efficient use of materials.
Cantilever

Cantilever bridge
Cantilever

Cantilever bridges are built using cantilevers—horizontal beams
supported on only one end. Most cantilever bridges use a pair of
continuous spans that extend from opposite sides of the supporting
piers to meet at the center of the obstacle the bridge crosses.
Cantilever

Cantilever bridges are constructed using much the same materials &
techniques as beam bridges. The difference comes in the action of the
forces through the bridge.
Some cantilever bridges also have a smaller beam connecting the two
cantilevers, for extra strength.
The largest cantilever bridge is the 549-metre (1,801 ft) Quebec
Bridge

Bridge in Quebec, Canada.
Arch bridge
Arch bridges have abutments at each end. The weight of the bridge is
thrust into the abutments at either side. The earliest known arch
bridges were built by the Greeks, and include the Arkadiko Bridge.
With the span of 220 metres (720 ft), the
Solkan Bridge

Solkan Bridge over the
Soča

Soča River at
Solkan

Solkan in Slovenia is the second largest stone bridge
in the world and the longest railroad stone bridge. It was completed
in 1905. Its arch, which was constructed from over 5,000 tonnes (4,900
long tons; 5,500 short tons) of stone blocks in just 18 days, is the
second largest stone arch in the world, surpassed only by the
Friedensbrücke (Syratalviadukt) in Plauen, and the largest railroad
stone arch. The arch of the Friedensbrücke, which was built in the
same year, has the span of 90 m (295 ft) and crosses the
valley of the
Syrabach River. The difference between the two is that
the
Solkan Bridge

Solkan Bridge was built from stone blocks, whereas the
Friedensbrücke was built from a mixture of crushed stone and cement
mortar.[17]
The world's current largest arch bridge is the
Chaotianmen Bridge

Chaotianmen Bridge over
the
Yangtze River

Yangtze River with a length of 1,741 m (5,712 ft) and a
span of 552 m (1,811 ft). The bridge was opened April 29,
2009 in Chongqing, China.[18]
Tied arch bridge
Tied arch bridges have an arch-shaped superstructure, but differ from
conventional arch bridges. Instead of transferring the weight of the
bridge and traffic loads into thrust forces into the abutments, the
ends of the arches are restrained by tension in the bottom chord of
the structure. They are also called bowstring arches.
Suspension bridge
Suspension bridges are suspended from cables. The earliest suspension
bridges were made of ropes or vines covered with pieces of bamboo. In
modern bridges, the cables hang from towers that are attached to
caissons or cofferdams. The caissons or cofferdams are implanted deep
into the bed of the lake, river or sea. Sub-types include the simple
suspension bridge, the stressed ribbon bridge, the underspanned
suspension bridge, the suspended-deck suspension bridge, and the
self-anchored suspension bridge. There is also what is sometimes
called a "semi-suspension" bridge, of which the Ferry
Bridge

Bridge in
Burton-upon-Trent is the only one of its kind in Europe.[19]
The longest suspension bridge in the world is the 3,909 m
(12,825 ft)
Akashi Kaikyō Bridge

Akashi Kaikyō Bridge in Japan.[20]
Cable-stayed bridge
Cable-stayed bridges, like suspension bridges, are held up by cables.
However, in a cable-stayed bridge, less cable is required and the
towers holding the cables are proportionately higher.[21] The first
known cable-stayed bridge was designed in 1784 by C. T. (or C. J.)
Löscher.[22][23]
The longest cable-stayed bridge since 2012 is the
Russky Bridge

Russky Bridge in
Vladivostok, Russia.[24]
Fixed or movable bridges[edit]
"Fixed link" redirects here. For other uses, see Intercontinental and
transoceanic fixed links and Link (other).
Play media
Moving a
Bloomingdale Trail

Bloomingdale Trail bridge from Ashland to Western in Chicago.
Most bridges are fixed bridges, meaning they have no moving parts and
stay in one place until they fail or are demolished. Temporary
bridges, such as Bailey bridges, are designed to be assembled, and
taken apart, transported to a different site, and re-used. They are
important in military engineering, and are also used to carry traffic
while an old bridge is being rebuilt. Movable bridges are designed to
move out of the way of boats or other kinds of traffic, which would
otherwise be too tall to fit. These are generally electrically
powered.[citation needed]
Double-decked bridges[edit]
The double-decked George Washington Bridge, connecting New York City
to Bergen County, New Jersey, US, is the world's busiest bridge,
carrying 102 million vehicles annually.[25][26]
See also: List of multi-level bridges
Double-decked (or double-decker) bridges have two levels, such as the
George Washington Bridge, connecting
New York City

New York City to Bergen County,
New Jersey, US, as the world's busiest bridge, carrying 102 million
vehicles annually;[25][26] truss work between the roadway levels
provided stiffness to the roadways and reduced movement of the upper
level when the lower level was installed three decades after the upper
level. The
Tsing Ma Bridge

Tsing Ma Bridge and
Kap Shui Mun Bridge

Kap Shui Mun Bridge in
Hong Kong

Hong Kong have
six lanes on their upper decks, and on their lower decks there are two
lanes and a pair of tracks for
MTR
.svg/500px-MTR_(logo_with_text).svg.png)
MTR metro trains. Some double-decked
bridges only use one level for street traffic; the Washington Avenue
Bridge

Bridge in
Minneapolis

Minneapolis reserves its lower level for automobile and
light rail traffic and its upper level for pedestrian and bicycle
traffic (predominantly students at the University of Minnesota).
Likewise, in Toronto, the
Prince Edward Viaduct

Prince Edward Viaduct has five lanes of
motor traffic, bicycle lanes, and sidewalks on its upper deck; and a
pair of tracks for the Bloor–Danforth subway line on its lower deck.
The western span of the
San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge

San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge also has
two levels.
Robert Stephenson's
High Level Bridge

High Level Bridge across the
River Tyne

River Tyne in
Newcastle upon Tyne, completed in 1849, is an early example of a
double-decked bridge. The upper level carries a railway, and the lower
level is used for road traffic. Other examples include Britannia
Bridge

Bridge over the
Menai Strait

Menai Strait and
Craigavon Bridge

Craigavon Bridge in Derry, Northern
Ireland. The Oresund
Bridge

Bridge between
Copenhagen

Copenhagen and
Malmö

Malmö consists of
a four-lane highway on the upper level and a pair of railway tracks at
the lower level.
Tower Bridge

Tower Bridge in London is different example of a
double-decked bridge, with the central section consisting of a low
level bascule span and a high level footbridge.
Viaducts[edit]
Main article: Viaduct
A viaduct is made up of multiple bridges connected into one longer
structure. The longest and some of the highest bridges are viaducts,
such as the
Lake Pontchartrain Causeway

Lake Pontchartrain Causeway and Millau Viaduct.
Three-way bridges[edit]
The three-way Tridge
Main article: Three-way bridge
A three-way bridge has three separate spans which meet near the center
of the bridge. The bridge appears as a "T" or "Y" when viewed from
above. Three-way bridges are extremely rare. The Tridge, Margaret
Bridge, and Zanesville Y-
Bridge

Bridge are examples.
Bridge

Bridge types by use[edit]
A bridge can be categorized by what it is designed to carry, such as
trains, pedestrian or road traffic, a pipeline or waterway for water
transport or barge traffic. An aqueduct is a bridge that carries
water, resembling a viaduct, which is a bridge that connects points of
equal height. A road-rail bridge carries both road and rail traffic.
Overway is a term for a bridge that separates incompatible
intersecting traffic, especially road and rail.[27] A bridge can carry
overhead power lines as does the Storstrøm Bridge.[citation needed]
Some bridges accommodate other purposes, such as the tower of Nový
Most
Bridge

Bridge in Bratislava, which features a restaurant, or a
bridge-restaurant which is a bridge built to serve as a restaurant.
Other suspension bridge towers carry transmission antennas.[citation
needed]
Bridges are subject to unplanned uses as well. The areas underneath
some bridges have become makeshift shelters and homes to homeless
people, and the undertimbers of bridges all around the world are spots
of prevalent graffiti. Some bridges attract people attempting suicide,
and become known as suicide bridges.[citation needed]
Bridge

Bridge types by material[edit]
The Iron Bridge
.jpg/440px-The_Iron_Bridge_(8542).jpg)
The Iron Bridge completed in 1781 was the first cast iron bridge.
Krämerbrücke

Krämerbrücke in Erfurt,
Germany

Germany - with half timbered buildings
Small stone bridge, Othonoi, Greece
The materials used to build the structure are also used to categorize
bridges. Until the end of the 18th Century, bridges were made out of
timber, stone and masonry. Modern bridges are currently built in
concrete, steel, fiber reinforced polymers (FRP), stainless steel or
combinations of those materials. Living bridges have been constructed
of live plants such as
Ficus elastica

Ficus elastica tree roots in India[28] and
wisteria vines in Japan.[29][citation needed]
Bridge

Bridge type
Materials used
Cantilever
For small footbridges, the cantilevers may be simple beams; however,
large cantilever bridges designed to handle road or rail traffic use
trusses built from structural steel, or box girders built from
prestressed concrete.[30]
Suspension
The cables are usually made of steel cables galvanised with
zinc,[citation needed] along with most of the bridge, but some bridges
are still made with steel reinforced concrete.[31]
Arch
Stone, brick and other such materials that are strong in compression
and somewhat so in shear.
Beam
Beam bridges

Beam bridges can use pre-stressed concrete, an inexpensive building
material, which is then embedded with rebar. The resulting bridge can
resist both compression and tension forces.[32]
Truss
The triangular pieces of
Truss

Truss bridges are manufactured from straight
and steel bars, according to the truss bridge designs.[33]
Aesthetics[edit]
The World Heritage Site of
Stari Most

Stari Most (Old Bridge) gives its name to
the city of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Most bridges are utilitarian in appearance, but in some cases, the
appearance of the bridge can have great importance. Often, this is the
case with a large bridge that serves as an entrance to a city, or
crosses over a main harbor entrance. These are sometimes known as
signature bridges. Designers of bridges in parks and along parkways
often place more importance to aesthetics, as well. Examples include
the stone-faced bridges along the
Taconic State Parkway

Taconic State Parkway in New York.
To create a beautiful image, some bridges are built much taller than
necessary. This type, often found in east-Asian style gardens, is
called a Moon bridge, evoking a rising full moon. Other garden bridges
may cross only a dry bed of stream washed pebbles, intended only to
convey an impression of a stream. Often in palaces a bridge will be
built over an artificial waterway as symbolic of a passage to an
important place or state of mind. A set of five bridges cross a
sinuous waterway in an important courtyard of the
Forbidden City

Forbidden City in
Beijing, China. The central bridge was reserved exclusively for the
use of the Emperor, Empress, and their attendants.
Bridge

Bridge maintenance[edit]
Highway bridge treated with high-frequency impact treatment
Bridge

Bridge maintenance consisting of a combination of structural health
monitoring and testing. This is regulated in country-specific engineer
standards and includes e.g. an ongoing monitoring every three to six
months, a simple test or inspection every two to three years and a
major inspection every six to ten years. In Europe, the cost of
maintenance is higher than spending on new bridges. The lifetime of
welded steel bridges can be significantly extended by aftertreatment
of the weld transitions . This results in a potential high benefit,
using existing bridges far beyond the planned lifetime.
Bridge

Bridge failures[edit]
See also: List of bridge failures
The failure of bridges is of special concern for structural engineers
in trying to learn lessons vital to bridge design, construction and
maintenance. The failure of bridges first assumed national interest
during the
Victorian era

Victorian era when many new designs were being built, often
using new materials.
In the United States, the
National Bridge Inventory tracks the
structural evaluations of all bridges, including designations such as
"structurally deficient" and "functionally obsolete".
Bridge

Bridge monitoring[edit]
There are several methods used to monitor the stress on large
structures like bridges. The most common method is the use of an
accelerometer, which is integrated into the bridge while it is being
built. This technology is used for long-term surveillance of the
bridge.[34]
Another option for structural-integrity monitoring is "non-contact
monitoring", which uses the
Doppler effect

Doppler effect (Doppler shift). A laser
beam from a
Laser

Laser Doppler Vibrometer is directed at the point of
interest, and the vibration amplitude and frequency are extracted from
the Doppler shift of the laser beam frequency due to the motion of the
surface.[35] The advantage of this method is that the setup time for
the equipment is faster and, unlike an accelerometer, this makes
measurements possible on multiple structures in as short a time as
possible. Additionally, this method can measure specific points on a
bridge that might be difficult to access.
Visual index[edit]
Further information:
List of bridge types

List of bridge types and List of longest bridges
in the world
See also[edit]
Bridges portal
Architectural engineering
Bridge

Bridge chapel
Bridge

Bridge tower
Bridge

Bridge to nowhere
Bridges Act
BS 5400
BT Centre for Major Programme Management
Causeway
Coal trestle
Cross-sea traffic ways
Culvert
Deck
Footbridge
Landscape architecture
Megaproject
Military bridges
Overpass
Pontoon bridge
Rigid-frame bridge
Transporter bridge
Tensegrity
Trestle bridge
Tunnel
References[edit]
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Press. p. 102.
^ Kutz, Myer (2011). Handbook of Transportation Engineering, Volume
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Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-161477-1.
^ DeLony, Eric (1996). "Context for World Heritage Bridges".
Icomos.org. Archived from the original on February 21, 2005.
^ "History of BRIDGES". Historyworld.net. Archived from the original
on January 6, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
^ "Lessons from Roman
Cement

Cement and Concrete". Pubs.asce.org. Archived
from the original on February 10, 2005. Retrieved January 4,
2012.
^ Dikshitar, V. R. R. Dikshitar (1993). The
Mauryan

Mauryan Polity, Motilal
Banarsidass, p. 332 ISBN 81-208-1023-6.
^ a b Dutt, Romesh Chunder (2000). A History of Civilisation in
Ancient India: Vol II, Routledge, p. 46, ISBN 0-415-23188-4.
^ "suspension bridge" in Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). 2008
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
^ Nath, R. (1982). History of Mughal Architecture, Abhinav
Publications, p. 213, ISBN 81-7017-159-8.
^ "Iron Bridge". Engineering Timelines. Engineering Timelines.
Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 18,
2016.
^ Sapp, Mark E. (February 22, 2008). "
Welding

Welding Timeline 1900–1950".
WeldingHistory.org. Archived from the original on August 3, 2008.
Retrieved April 29, 2008.
^ "Beam bridges". Design Technology. Archived from the original on May
18, 2008. Retrieved May 14, 2008.
^ Structural Beam Deflection Stress
Bending

Bending Equations / Calculation
Supported on Both Ends Uniform Loading Archived January 22, 2013, at
Archive.is. Engineers Edge. Retrieved on April 23, 2013.
^ "A big prefabricated bridge". Life. 40 (22): 53–60. May 28,
1956.
^ "ASCE Civil What? Bridges". www.asceville.org. Archived from the
original on February 3, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
^ Naito, Clay; Sause, Richard; Hodgson, Ian; Pessiki, Stephen;
Macioce, Thomas (2010). "Forensic Examination of a Noncomposite
Adjacent Precast Prestressed Concrete Box Beam Bridge". Journal of
Bridge

Bridge Engineering. 15 (4): 408–418.
doi:10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000110.
^ Gorazd Humar (September 2001). "World Famous Arch Bridges in
Slovenia". In Charles Abdunur. Arch'01: troisième Conférence
internationale sur les ponts en arc Paris: (in English and French).
Paris: Presses des Ponts. pp. 121–124. ISBN 2-85978-347-4.
Archived from the original on July 30, 2016.
^ "Longest bridge, steel arch bridge". Guinness World Records.
Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved February 18,
2013.
^ A.O.P. Guide to Burton-on-Trent, 1911, p.13
^ Sigmund, Pete (February 7, 2007). "The Mighty Mac: A Sublime
Engineering Feat".
Construction

Construction Equipment Guide. Archived from the
original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved May 14, 2008.
^ Johnson, Andy. "Cable Stay vs Suspension Bridges". U.S. Department
of Energy. Archived from the original on May 18, 2008.
^ Earliest cable-stayed bridge Archived November 15, 2016, at the
Wayback Machine.
^ Earliest cable-stayed bridge Archived February 9, 2013, at the
Wayback Machine.
^ Elder, Miriam (July 2, 2012). "Russian city of
Vladivostok

Vladivostok unveils
record-breaking suspension bridge". The Guardian. Archived from the
original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
^ a b "Port Authority of New York and
New Jersey

New Jersey - George Washington
Bridge". The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Archived from
the original on September 20, 2013. Retrieved September 13,
2013.
^ a b Bod Woodruff; Lana Zak & Stephanie Wash (November 20, 2012).
"GW
Bridge

Bridge Painters: Dangerous Job on Top of the World's Busiest
Bridge". ABC News. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013.
Retrieved September 13, 2013.
^ "The Mile-End Crossing". The Observer. LXXXI, (6,004). South
Australia. 23 February 1924. p. 16. Retrieved 26 March 2018 –
via National Library of Australia.
^ "How are Living Root Bridges Made?". The Living Root
Bridge

Bridge Project.
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^ "The Vine Bridges of Iya Valley". Atlas Obscura. Archived from the
original on September 8, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
^ "Cantilever". Bridges of Dublin. Archived from the original on
October 29, 2014.
^ "Suspension Bridges". Made How. Archived from the original on
January 2, 2015.
^ "Beam Bridges". PBS. Archived from the original on January 6,
2015.
^ K, Aggeliki; Stonecypher, Lamar. "
Truss

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Bridge

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from the original on August 23, 2012. Retrieved January 30,
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^ "Basic Principles of Vibrometry". polytec.com. Archived from the
original on June 10, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2012.
Further reading[edit]
Brown, David J. Bridges: Three Thousand Years of Defying Nature.
Richmond Hill, Ont: Firefly Books, 2005. ISBN 1-55407-099-6.
Sandak, Cass R. Bridges. An Easy-read modern wonders book. New York:
F. Watts, 1983. ISBN 0-531-04624-9.
Whitney, Charles S. Bridges of the World: Their Design and
Construction. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2003.
ISBN 0-486-42995-4 (Unabridged republication of Bridges : a
study in their art, science, and evolution. 1929.)
External links[edit]
Find more aboutBridgeat's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Digital Bridge: Bridges of the Nineteenth Century, a collection of
digitized books at Lehigh University
Structurae – International Database and Gallery of Engineerings
Structures with over 10000 Bridges.
U.S. Federal Highway Administration
Bridge

Bridge Technology
The Museum of Japanese Timber Bridges Fukuoka University
"bridge-info.org": site for bridges
v
t
e
Bridge-related articles
Structural types
Arch bridge
Bascule bridge
Beam bridge
Box girder bridge
Bridge–tunnel
Burr truss
Cable-stayed bridge
Canopy bridge
Cantilever

Cantilever bridge
Cantilever

Cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge
Covered bridge
Crib bridge
Extradosed bridge
Log bridge
Moon bridge
Moveable bridge
Navigable aqueduct
Pile bridge
Pontoon bridge

Pontoon bridge (Vlotbrug)
Suspension bridge

Suspension bridge (types)
Tilt bridge
Timber bridge
Through arch bridge
Transporter bridge
Truss

Truss bridge
Tubular bridge
Viaduct
Visual index to various types
Lists of bridges by type
List of bridges
List of road–rail bridges
List of bridge–tunnels
List of bascule bridges
List of multi-level bridges
List of toll bridges
List of cantilever bridges
Lists of bridges by size
By length
Suspension bridges
Cable-stayed bridges
Cantilever

Cantilever bridges
Continuous truss bridges
Arch bridges
Masonry arch bridges
Highest
Tallest
Additional lists
Bridge

Bridge failures
Bridge

Bridge to nowhere
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