Bride of Frankenstein

''Bride of Frankenstein'' is a 1935 American science fiction horror film, and the first sequel to Universal Pictures' 1931 film ''Frankenstein''. As with the first film, ''Bride of Frankenstein'' was directed by James Whale starring Boris Karloff as the Monster and Colin Clive as Dr. Frankenstein. The sequel features Elsa Lanchester in the dual role of Mary Shelley and the titular character at the end of the film. Colin Clive reprises his role as Henry Frankenstein, and Ernest Thesiger plays the role of Doctor Septimus Pretorius.

Taking place immediately after the events of the earlier film, it is rooted in a subplot of the original Mary Shelley novel, ''Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus'' (1818). Its plot follows a chastened Henry Frankenstein as he attempts to abandon his plans to create life, only to be tempted and finally blackmailed by his old mentor Dr. Pretorius, along with threats from the Monster, into constructing a mate for the Monster.

The preparation to film the sequel began shortly after the premiere of the first film, but script problems delayed the project. Principal photography began in January 1935, with creative personnel from the original returning in front of and behind the camera. ''Bride of Frankenstein'' was released to critical and popular acclaim, although it encountered difficulties with some state and national censorship boards. Since its release the film's reputation has grown, and it is now frequently considered one of the greatest sequels ever made; many fans and critics consider it to be an improvement on the original, and it has been hailed as Whale's masterpiece. In 1998, it was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry, having been deemed "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant".

Plot

In a castle on a stormy night, Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron praise Mary Shelley for her story of Frankenstein and his Monster. She reminds them that her intention for writing the novel was to impart a moral lesson, the consequences of a mortal man who tries to play God. Mary says she has more of the story to tell. The scene shifts to the end of the 1931 ''Frankenstein'', in 1899.

Villagers gathered around the burning windmill cheer the apparent death of the Monster. Hans, the father of the girl the creature drowned in the previous film, wants to see the Monster's bones. He falls into a flooded pit underneath the mill, where the Monster—having survived the fire—strangles him. Hauling himself from the pit, the Monster casts Hans' wife to her death. He next encounters Frankenstein's servant Minnie, who flees in terror.

The body of Henry Frankenstein, who is thought to have died at the windmill, is returned to his fiancée Elizabeth at his ancestral castle home. Minnie arrives to sound the alarm about the Monster, but her warning goes unheeded. Elizabeth, seeing Henry move, realizes he is still alive. Nursed back to health by Elizabeth, Henry has renounced his creation, but still believes he may be destined to unlock the secret of life and immortality. A hysterical Elizabeth cries that she foresees death.

Henry visits the lab of his former mentor Doctor Septimus Pretorius, where Pretorius shows Henry several homunculi he has created. Pretorius wishes to work with Henry to create a mate for the Monster, with the proposed venture involving Pretorius growing an artificial brain while Henry gathers parts for the mate.

The Monster saves a young shepherdess from drowning. Her screams upon seeing him alert two hunters, who shoot and injure the Monster. The hunters raise a mob that sets out in pursuit. Captured and trussed to a pole, the Monster is hauled to a dungeon and chained. Left alone, he breaks his chains, overpowers the guards, and escapes into the woods.

That night, following the sound of a violin playing "Ave Maria", the Monster encounters an old blind hermit who thanks God for sending him a friend. He teaches the monster words like "friend" and "good" and shares a meal with him. Two lost hunters stumble upon the cottage and recognize the Monster. He attacks them and accidentally burns down the cottage as the hunters lead the hermit away.

Taking refuge from another angry mob in a crypt, the Monster spies Pretorius and his cronies Karl and Ludwig breaking open a grave. The henchmen depart as Pretorius stays to enjoy a light supper. The Monster approaches Pretorius, eats some of his food, and learns that Pretorius plans to create a mate for him.

Henry and Elizabeth, now married, are visited by Pretorius. When Henry expresses his refusal to assist with Pretorius' plans, Pretorius calls in the Monster, who demands Henry's help. Henry again refuses, and Pretorius orders the Monster out, secretly signaling him to kidnap Elizabeth. Pretorius guarantees her safe return upon Henry's participation. Henry returns to his tower laboratory where, despite himself, he grows excited over his work. After being assured of Elizabeth's safety, Henry completes the Bride's body.

A storm rages as final preparations are made to bring the Bride to life. Her bandage-wrapped body is raised through the roof, where electricity is harnessed from lightning to animate her. Henry and Pretorius lower her and, after realizing their success in bringing her to life, remove her bandages and help her to stand, as the Bride of Frankenstein is born.

The Monster comes down the steps after killing Karl on the rooftop and sees his mate. The excited Monster reaches out to her and asks: "Friend?" The Bride, screaming, rejects him. The dejected Monster observes: "She hate me! Like others". As Elizabeth races to Henry's side, the Monster rampages through the laboratory. When Pretorius warns that the Monster's actions are about to destroy them all, the Monster pauses and tells Henry and Elizabeth: "Go! You live! Go!" To Pretorius and the Bride, he says: "You stay. We belong dead". While Henry and Elizabeth flee, the Monster looks at the Bride who hisses at him. Shedding a tear, he pulls a lever to trigger the laboratory and tower's destruction.

Cast and characters

* Boris Karloff as Frankenstein's Monster, Henry's creation who tries to find a friend whilst being chased by the villagers and also learning how to speak clear sentences. (billed as KARLOFF)
* Colin Clive as Henry Frankenstein, The Monster's creator who tries to move on after he thinks he has killed Him.
* Valerie Hobson as Elizabeth Frankenstein, Frankenstein's wife who also tries to move on and is now traumatized after getting attacked by The Monster in the first film.
* Ernest Thesiger as Doctor Pretorius, a mad scientist who becomes The Monster's new "friend", but in actuality, is using him and Frankenstein to create a whole new species of people similar to The Monster.
* Elsa Lanchester as Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley and The Monster's Bride, in a dual role, Lanchester plays the creator of the Frankenstein book who also narrates the movie and The Monster's Bride, created by Pretorius and Henry. (credited as ?)
* Gavin Gordon as Lord Byron, Mary and Percy's friend who wants a sequel to the Frankenstein book.
* Douglas Walton as Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary's husband, a poet who favors her talents.
* Una O'Connor as Minnie, Frankenstein's maid who is one of the first characters to see The Monster and warns everyone else in the village. O'Connor also plays Shelley's maid holding the leash carrying the dogs in the prologue.
* E. E. Clive as the Burgomaster, who finds and tries to execute The Monster. Clive plays the same character that actor Lionel Belmore played in the original film.
* Lucien Prival as Frankenstein's butler.
* O. P. Heggie as The Hermit, an old blind man who takes in and befriends The Monster, not knowing who he actually is.
* Dwight Frye as Karl, Pretorius' henchman.
* Ted Billings as Ludwig, Pretorius' other henchman.
* Reginald Barlow as Hans, father of the killed girl Maria who is also one of the first characters to witness The Monster. Barlow plays the same character Michael Mark played in the original film. The name being changed from "Ludwig" to "Hans".
* Mary Gordon as Hans' wife, who is also one of the first characters to witness The Monster.
* Anne Darling as the shepherdess, a woman who The Monster tries to befriend.
* J. Gunnis Davis as Uncle Glutz, Karl's uncle.
* Walter Brennan as a peasant (uncredited, but with dialogue).
* John Carradine as a hunter (uncredited, but with dialogue).

Production

Universal considered making a sequel to ''Frankenstein'' as early as its 1931 preview screenings, following which the film's original ending was changed to allow for Henry Frankenstein's survival. James Whale initially refused to direct ''Bride'', believing he had "squeezed the idea dry"Vieria, p. 80 on the first film. Kurt Neumann was originally scheduled to replace Whale but decided to film '' The Black Cat'' instead. Following the success of Whale's ''The Invisible Man'', producer Carl Laemmle, Jr. realized that Whale was the only possible director for ''Bride''; Whale took advantage of the situation in persuading the studio to let him make '' One More River''. Whale believed the sequel would not top the original, so he decided instead to make it a memorable "hoot". According to a studio publicist, Whale and Universal's studio psychiatrist decided "the Monster would have the mental age of a ten-year-old boy and the emotional age of a lad of fifteen".

Screenwriter Robert Florey wrote a treatment entitled ''The New Adventures of Frankenstein — The Monster Lives!'', but it was rejected without comment early in 1932. Universal staff writer Tom Reed wrote a treatment under the title ''The Return of Frankenstein'', a title retained until filming began. Following its acceptance in 1933, Reed wrote a full script that was submitted to the Hays office for review. The script passed its review, but Whale, who by then had been contracted to direct, complained that "it stinks to heaven". L. G. Blochman and Philip MacDonald were the next writers assigned, but Whale also found their work unsatisfactory. In 1934, Whale set John L. Balderston to work on yet another version, and it was he who returned to an incident from the novel in which the creature demands a mate. In the novel Frankenstein creates a mate, but destroys it without bringing it to life. Balderston also created the Mary Shelley prologue. After several months Whale was still not satisfied with Balderston's work and handed the project to playwright William J. Hurlbut and Edmund Pearson. The final script, combining elements of a number of these versions, was submitted for Hays office review in November 1934. Kim Newman reports that Whale planned to make Elizabeth the heart donor for the bride, but film historian Scott MacQueen states that Whale never had such an intention.

Sources report that Bela Lugosi and Claude Rains were considered, with varying degrees of seriousness, for the role of Frankenstein's mentor, Pretorius; others report that the role was created specifically for Ernest Thesiger.Skal, p. 185 Because of Mae Clarke's ill health, Valerie Hobson replaced her as Henry Frankenstein's love interest, Elizabeth. Early in production, Whale decided that the same actress cast to play the Bride should also play Mary Shelley in the film's prologue, to represent how the story — and horror in general — springs from the dark side of the imagination.Vieira, p. 82 He considered Brigitte Helm and Phyllis Brooks before deciding on Elsa Lanchester. Lanchester, who had accompanied husband Charles Laughton to Hollywood, had met with only moderate success while Laughton had made a strong impact with several films including ''The Private Life of Henry VIII'' (for which he had won an Oscar) and Whale's own '' The Old Dark House''. Lanchester had returned alone to London when Whale contacted her to offer her the dual role.Curtis, pp. 243–44 Lanchester modeled the Bride's hissing on the hissing of swans. She gave herself a sore throat while filming the hissing sequence, which Whale shot from multiple angles.Vieira, p. 86

Colin Clive and Boris Karloff reprised their roles from ''Frankenstein'' as creator and creation, respectively. Hobson recalled Clive's alcoholism had worsened since filming the original, but Whale did not recast the role because his "hysterical quality" was necessary for the film. Karloff strongly objected to the decision to allow the Monster to speak: "Speech! Stupid! My argument was that if the monster had any impact or charm, it was because he was inarticulate – this great, lumbering, inarticulate creature. The moment he spoke you might as well ... play it straight".Gifford, p. 55 This decision also meant that Karloff could not remove his dental plate, so now his cheeks did not have the sunken look of the original film. Whale and the studio psychiatrist selected 44 simple words for the Monster's vocabulary by looking at test papers of ten-year-olds working at the studio. Dwight Frye returned to play the doctor's assistant, Karl, having played the hunchback Fritz in the original. Frye also filmed a scene as an unnamed villager and the role of "Nephew Glutz", a man who murdered his uncle and blamed the death on the Monster. Boris Karloff is credited simply as KARLOFF, which was Universal's custom during the height of his career. Elsa Lanchester is credited for Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, but in a nod to the earlier film, the Monster's bride is credited only as "?" just as Boris Karloff had been in the opening credits of ''Frankenstein''.

Universal makeup artist Jack Pierce paid special attention to the Monster's appearance in this film. He altered his 1931 design to display the after-effects of the mill fire, adding scars and shortening the Monster's hair.Curtis, p. 237 Over the course of filming, Pierce modified the Monster's makeup to indicate that the Monster's injuries were healing as the film progressed. Pierce co-created the Bride's makeup with strong input from Whale, especially regarding the Bride's iconic hair style, based on Nefertiti. Lanchester's hair was given a Marcel wave over a wire frame to achieve the style. Lanchester disliked working with Pierce, who she said "really did feel that he made these people, like he was a god ... in the morning he'd be dressed in white as if he were in hospital to perform an operation".Vieira, p. 85 To play Mary Shelley, Lanchester wore a white net dress embroidered with sequins of butterflies, stars, and moons, which the actress had heard required 17 women 12 weeks to make. Lanchester said of her bride costume: "I drank as little liquid as possible. It was too much of an ordeal to go to the bathroom--all those bandages--and having to be accompanied by my dresser".

Kenneth Strickfaden created and maintained the laboratory equipment. Strickfaden recycled a number of the fancifully named machines he had created for the original ''Frankenstein'' for use in ''Bride'', including the "Cosmic Ray Diffuser", and the "Nebularium". A lightning bolt generated by Strickfaden's equipment has become a stock scene, appearing in any number of films and television shows. The man behind the film's special photographic effects was John P. Fulton, head of the special effects department at Universal Studios at the time. Fulton and David S. Horsley created the homunculi over the course of two days by shooting the actors in full-size jars against black velvet and aligning them with the perspective of the on-set jars. The foreground film plate was rotoscoped and matted onto the rear plate. Diminutive actor Billy Barty is briefly visible from the back in the finished film as a homunculus infant in a high chair, but Whale cut the infant's reveal before the film's release.

Whale met Franz Waxman at a party and asked him to score the picture. Whale told him: "Nothing will be resolved in this picture except the end destruction scene. Would you write an unresolved score for it?" Waxman created three distinctive themes: one for the Monster; one for the Bride; and one for Pretorius. The score closes, at Whale's suggestion, with a powerful dissonant chord, intended to convey the idea that the on-screen explosion was so powerful that the theater where the film was being screened was affected by it. Constantin Bakaleinikoff conducted 22 musicians to record the score in a single nine-hour session.

Shooting began on January 2, 1935,Mank, p. xvii with a projected budget of US$293,750 ($ as of ) – almost exactly the budget of the original – and an estimated 36-day shooting schedule. On the first day, Karloff waded in the water below the destroyed windmill wearing a rubber suit under his costume. Air got into the suit and expanded it like an "obscene water lilly". Later that day, Karloff broke his hip, necessitating a stunt double. Clive had also broken his leg. Shooting was completed on March 7. The film was ten days over schedule because Whale shut down the picture for ten days until Heggie became available to play the Hermit. With a final cost of $397,023 ($ as of ), ''Bride'' was more than $100,000 ($ as of ) over budget. As originally filmed, Henry died fleeing the exploding castle. Whale re-shot the ending to allow for their survival, although Clive is still visible on-screen in the collapsing laboratory. Whale completed his final cut, shortening the running time from about 90 to 75 minutes and re-shooting and re-editing the ending, only days before the film's scheduled premiere date.

Censorship

''Bride of Frankenstein'' was subjected to censorship, both during production by the Hays office and following its release by local and national censorship boards. Joseph Breen, lead censor for the Hays office, objected to lines of dialogue in the originally submitted script in which Henry Frankenstein and his work were compared to that of God. He continued to object to such dialogue in revised scripts,Skal, pp. 187–91 and to a planned shot of the Monster rushing through a graveyard to a figure of a crucified Jesus and attempting to rescue the figure from the cross. Breen also objected to the number of murders, both seen and implied by the script and strongly advised Whale to reduce the number. The censors' office, upon reviewing the film in March 1935, required a number of cuts. Whale agreed to delete a sequence in which Dwight Frye's "Nephew Glutz" kills his uncle and blames the Monster,Curtis, p. 250 and shots of Elsa Lanchester as Mary Shelley in which Breen felt too much of her breasts were visible. Despite his earlier objection, Breen offered no objection to the cruciform imagery throughout the film – including a scene with the Monster lashed Christ-like to a pole – nor to the presentation of Pretorius as a coded homosexual. ''Bride of Frankenstein'' was approved by the Production Code office on April 15.

Following its release with the Code seal of approval, the film was challenged by the censorship board in the state of Ohio. Censors in England and China objected to the scene in which the Monster gazes longingly upon the body intended for reanimation as the Bride, citing concerns that it looked like necrophilia. Universal voluntarily withdrew the film from Sweden because of the extensive cuts demanded, and ''Bride'' was rejected outright by Trinidad, Palestine, and Hungary. Additionally, Japanese censors objected to the scene in which Pretorius chases his miniature Henry VIII with tweezers, asserting that it constituted "making a fool out of a king".

Reception

The film had its premiere on April 19 in San Francisco, California, at the Oprheum Theater. The film went into general release on April 20.

''Bride of Frankenstein'' was profitable for Universal, with a 1943 report showing that the film had by then earned approximately $2 million ($ in money) for the studio, a profit of about $950,000 ($ as of ). The film was critically praised upon its release, although some reviewers did qualify their opinions based on the film's being in the horror genre. The ''New York World-Telegram'' called the film "good entertainment of its kind". The ''New York Post'' described it as "a grotesque, gruesome tale which, of its kind, is swell". ''The Hollywood Reporter'' similarly called the film "a joy for those who can appreciate it".Curtis, pp. 250–51

''Variety'' did not so qualify its review: "t isone of those rare instances where none can review it, or talk about it, without mentioning the cameraman, art director, and score composer in the same breath as the actors and director". ''Variety'' also praised the cast, writing that "Karloff manages to invest the character with some subtleties of emotion that are surprisingly real and touching ... Thesiger as Dr. Pretorious sa diabolic characterization if ever there was one ... Lanchester handles two assignments, being first in a preamble as author Mary Shelley and then the created woman. In latter assignment she impresses quite highly".

In another unqualified review, ''Time'' wrote that the film had "a vitality that makes their efforts fully the equal of the original picture ... Screenwriters Hurlbut & Balderston and Director James Whale have given it the macabre intensity proper to all good horror pieces, but have substituted a queer kind of mechanistic pathos for the sheer evil that was ''Frankenstein''". The ''Oakland Tribune'' concurred it was "a fantasy produced on a rather magnificent scale, with excellent stagecraft and fine photographic effects". While the ''Winnipeg Free Press'' thought that the electrical equipment might have been better suited to Buck Rogers, nonetheless the reviewer praised the film as "exciting and sometimes morbidly gruesome", declaring that "all who enjoyed ''Frankenstein'' will welcome his ''Bride'' as a worthy successor". ''The New York Times'' called Karloff "so splendid in the role that all one can say is 'he is the Monster'". The ''Times'' praised the entire principal cast and Whale's direction in concluding that ''Bride'' is "a first-rate horror film", and presciently suggested that "the Monster should become an institution, like Charlie Chan". ''Bride'' was nominated for one Academy Award, for Sound Recording ( Gilbert Kurland).

The film's reputation has persisted and grown in the decades since its release. In 1998, the film was added to the United States National Film Registry, having been deemed "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant". Frequently identified as James Whale's masterpiece, the film is lauded as "the finest of all gothic horror movies". ''Time'' rated ''Bride of Frankenstein'' in its " All-Time 100 Movies", in which critics Richard Corliss and Richard Schickel overruled the magazine's original review to declare the film "one of those rare sequels that is infinitely superior to its source". In 2008, ''Bride'' was selected by ''Empire'' magazine as one of ''The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time''. Also that year, the '' Boston Herald'' named it the second greatest horror film after '' Nosferatu''. In 2016, James Charisma of ''Playboy'' ranked the film #7 on a list of ''15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than The Originals''. ''Entertainment Weekly'' considers the film superior to ''Frankenstein''.

Interpretations

Christian imagery

Christian imagery appears throughout the film. In addition to the scenes of the Monster trussed in a cruciform pose and the crucified figure of Jesus in the graveyard, the hermit has a crucifix on the wall of his hut – which, to Whale's consternation, editor Ted Kent made glow during a fade-out – and the Monster consumes the Christian sacraments of bread and wine at his "last supper" with the hermit. Horror scholar David J. Skal suggests that Whale's intention was to make a "direct comparison of Frankenstein's monster to Christ". Film scholar Scott MacQueen, noting Whale's lack of any religious convictions, disputes the notion that the Monster is a Christ-figure. Rather, the Monster is a "mockery of the divine" since, having been created by Man rather than God, it "lacks the divine spark". In crucifying the Monster, he says, Whale "pushes the audience's buttons" by inverting the central Christian belief of the death of Christ followed by the resurrection. The Monster is raised from the dead first, then crucified.

Queer reading

In the decades since its release, modern film scholars have noted the possible queer reading of the film. Director James Whale was openly gay, and some of the actors in the cast, including Ernest Thesiger and, according to rumor, Colin Clive, were respectively gay or bisexual. Although James Curtis, Whale's biographer, rejects the notion that Whale would have identified with the Monster from a homosexual perspective,Curtis, p. 144 scholars have perceived a gay subtext suffused through the film, especially a camp sensibility, particularly embodied in the character of Pretorius and his relationship with Henry.

Gay film historian Vito Russo, in considering Pretorius, stops short of identifying the character as gay, instead referring to him as " sissified", "sissy" itself being Hollywood code for "homosexual". Pretorius serves as a "gay Mephistopheles", a figure of seduction and temptation, going so far as to pull Frankenstein away from his bride on their wedding night to engage in the unnatural act of creating non-procreative life. A novelization of the film published in the United Kingdom made the implication clear, having Pretorius say to Frankenstein: "Be fruitful and multiply. Let us obey the Biblical injunction: you of course, have the choice of natural means; but as for me, I am afraid that there is no course open to me but the scientific way".

The Monster, whose affections for the male hermit and the female Bride he discusses with identical language ("friend") has been read as sexually "unsettled" and bisexual. Gender studies author Elizabeth Young writes: "He has no innate understanding that the male-female bond he is to forge with the bride is assumed to be the primary one or that it carries a different sexual valence from his relationships with retorius and the hermit all affective relationships are as easily 'friendships' as 'marriages'". Indeed, his relationship with the hermit has been interpreted as a same-sex marriage that heterosexual society will not tolerate: "No mistake – this is a marriage, and a viable one ... But Whale reminds us quickly that society does not approve. The monster – the outsider – is driven from his scene of domestic pleasure by two gun-toting rubes who happen upon this startling alliance and quickly, instinctively, proceed to destroy it", writes cultural critic Gary Morris for ''Bright Lights Film Journal''. The creation of the Bride scene, Morris continues, is "Whale's reminder to the audience – his Hollywood bosses, peers, and everyone watching – of the majesty and power of the homosexual creator".

Filmmaker Curtis Harrington, a friend and confidant of Whale's, dismissed this as "a younger critic's evaluation. All artists do work that comes out of the unconscious mind and later on you can analyze it and say the symbolism may mean something, but artists don't think that way and I would bet my life that James Whale would never have had such concepts in mind". Specifically in response to the "majesty and power" reading, Harrington stated: "My opinion is that's just pure bullshit. That's a critical interpretation that has nothing to do with the original inspiration". He concludes: "I think the closest you can come to a homosexual metaphor in his films is to identify that certain sort of camp humor". Whale's companion David Lewis stated flatly that Whale's sexual orientation was "not germane" to his filmmaking: "Jimmy was first and foremost an artist, and his films represent the work of an artist – not a gay artist, but an artist".

Home media

In 1985, MCA Home Video released ''Bride of Frankenstein'' on LaserDisc. In the 1990s, MCA/Universal Home Video released the film on VHS as part of the "Universal Monsters Classic Collection", a series of releases of Universal Classic Monsters films.

In 1999, Universal released ''Bride of Frankenstein'' on VHS and DVD as part of the "Classic Monster Collection". In April 2004, Universal released ''Frankenstein: The Legacy Collection'' on DVD as part of the "Universal Legacy Collection". This two-disc release includes ''Bride of Frankenstein'', as well as the original ''Frankenstein'', ''Son of Frankenstein'', and '' The House of Frankenstein''.

In 2012, ''Bride of Frankenstein'' was released on Blu-ray as part of the ''Universal Classic Monsters: The Essential Collection'' box set, which also includes a total of nine films from the Universal Classic Monsters series. In 2014, Universal released ''Frankenstein: Complete Legacy Collection'' on DVD. This set contains eight films: ''Frankenstein'', ''Bride of Frankenstein'', ''Son of Frankenstein'', ''Ghost of Frankenstein'', ''Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man'', ''The House of Frankenstein'', ''House of Dracula'', and ''Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein''. In 2015, the six-film ''Universal Classic Monsters Collection'' was released on DVD. In 2016, ''Bride of Frankenstein'' received a Walmart-exclusive Blu-ray release featuring a glow-in-the-dark cover. That same year, the ''Complete Legacy Collection'' was released on Blu-ray. In September 2017, ''Bride of Frankenstein'' received a Best Buy-exclusive steelbook Blu-ray release with cover artwork by Alex Ross.

''Bride of Frankenstein'' was included in the ''Universal Classic Monsters: Complete 30-Film Collection'' Blu-ray box set in August 2018. This box set also received a DVD release.

Remake attempts

Universal Pictures has sought to remake ''Bride of Frankenstein'' on several occasions. While the novel ''Frankenstein'' has been adapted to film many times, ''Bride of Frankenstein''s closest remake was '' The Bride'' (1985), starring Sting, Clancy Brown, and Jennifer Beals. In 1991, the studio sought to remake the film for cable television, and Martin Scorsese expressed interest in directing.

In the first decade of the 21st century, Universal paired with Imagine Entertainment and contracted Shari Springer Berman and Robert Pulcini, who wrote the screenplay for ''American Splendor'', to write a remake. The screenwriters set the story in contemporary New York. Jacob Estes was also involved with the project at one point and wrote a draft. In June 2009, Universal and Imagine entered discussions with director Neil Burger and his writing partner Dirk Wittenborn, and producer Brian Grazer was assigned to oversee the development of the remake.

In December 2015, ''Variety'' reported that David Koepp would write the script. In May 2017, Universal Pictures announced their shared universe film series of rebooted, modern-day interpretations of their classic Universal Monsters titled, Dark Universe. The film series began with the 2017 film '' The Mummy'', and was expected to continue with ''Bride of Frankenstein'' with Bill Condon directing the film. Later in October, pre-production had begun when the creative team and studio decided to postpone the release in order to further work on the script with intentions being to improve the story. Javier Bardem and Angelina Jolie were still attached to the film as Frankenstein's monster and the film's reluctant bride, respectively. The same month Condon stated that should Jolie decide to leave the project, he would be interested in seeing Gal Gadot play the titular character. On November 8, Alex Kurtzman and Chris Morgan moved on to other projects, leaving the future of the ''Dark Universe'' in doubt.

In January 2018, Condon was reportedly assembling a production team, consisting of cinematographer Tobias A. Schliessler, production designer Sarah Greenwood, composer Carter Burwell, and costume designer Jacqueline Durran.

In November 2019, Condon reflected on the proposed ''Bride of Frankenstein'' remake not entering production. He stated: "That was a heartbreaker, really ... the simplest way to say it is that I think ''The Mummy'', and not to say anything against the movie, but the fact that that hadn't worked for them and it was the beginning of this whole reinvention of their monsters gave them cold feet at the end of the day. Because David Koepp was writing the script, I thought it was unbelievably good, and we were on the verge of making a really beautiful movie, I thought. So that was a shame". He also noted his uncertainty regarding his ability to publicly discuss the project "because oepp I think, is still involved in figuring out the new approach ... The movie that we started was devised as a great big movie, and at the end of the day, probably these movies should be smaller".

An adaptation of the film was being considered with Scarlett Johansson in the titular lead role as the Bride in October 2020, but no further announcements or confirmations have been made since the initial rumours.

Amy Pascal was hired as producer in February 2020, with the project becoming a joint-venture production between Universal Pictures and Pascal Pictures. The studio is courting David Koepp to continue his work as screenwriter. Filmmakers John Krasinski and Sam Raimi have individually had discussions with the studio regarding potentially directing, while ''Variety'' reported that Krasinski was given options to develop films from the roster of monsters owned by Universal Pictures. In June, Koepp stated that, in addition to still being actively involved with the project, he was also inspired by the success of ''The Invisible Man''. He said that the story will explore the modern-day desire to extend our lives, create life, and cheat death. Furthermore, the filmmaker intends to include plot devices that are relevant to the #MeToo era, stating that "it's horror effortlessly lending itself to metaphor". In March 2022, Koepp revealed that he was no longer involved with the project. He also stated the initial version would have started in the 1870s and would have involved the Bride reawakening in the present day.

See also

* Boris Karloff filmography
* List of films featuring Frankenstein's monster
* ''Frankenstein'' in popular culture
* '' Gods and Monsters'', a 1998 James Whale biopic that draws its title from a quote from ''Bride of Frankenstein''
* List of horror films of the 1930s
* List of films featuring miniature people

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

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* Russo, Vito (1987). ''The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies (revised edition)''. New York, HarperCollins. .
* Skal, David J. (1993). ''The Monster Show: A Cultural History of Horror''. Penguin Books. .
* Vieira, Mark A. (2003). ''Hollywood Horror: From Gothic to Cosmic''. New York, Harry N. Abrams. .
* Young, Elizabeth. "Here Comes The Bride". Collected in Gelder, Ken (ed.) (2000). ''The Horror Reader''. Routledge. .

External links

*
Frankenstein and The Bride of Frankenstein
' essay by Richard T. Jameson on the National Film Registry site
* "The Bride of Frankenstein" essay by Daniel Eagan in
America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry
', A&C Black, 2010 , pages 234-235
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bride Of Frankenstein
United States National Film Registry films
1935 films
1935 horror films
1930s LGBT-related films
1930s monster movies
Films set in 1899
American LGBT-related films
American science fiction horror films
American black-and-white films
Films scored by Franz Waxman
Films about weddings
Films based on horror novels
Films directed by James Whale
Films set in castles
Frankenstein films
American sequel films
Universal Classic Monsters films
Universal Pictures films
1930s science fiction horror films
Cultural depictions of Mary Shelley
Cultural depictions of Percy Bysshe Shelley
Cultural depictions of Lord Byron
Murder–suicide in films
Films set in Europe
1930s English-language films
1930s American films
Films with screenplays by John L. Balderston