Bresse (chicken)

The () or volaille de Bresse is a French chicken product which has ''appellation d'origine contrôlée'' status, and which was registered as a Protected Designation of Origin under EU and UK law as ''Volaille de Bresse / Poulet de Bresse / Poularde de Bresse / Chapon de Bresse''. It may be produced only from white chickens of the Bresse Gauloise breed raised within a legallydefined area of the historic region and former province of Bresse, in eastern France.

History

The chickens of the Bresse region have long enjoyed a high reputation. The lawyer, politician, epicure and gastronome Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin (1755–1826), who was born at Belley in the Ain, is supposed to have described the Bresse chicken as "the queen of poultry, the poultry of kings". The name Volaille de Bresse, used for both chicken products and for the dinde de Bresse, the turkey of the area, received legal protection on 22 December 1936; this became an ''appellation d'origine contrôlée'' (AOC) in 1957. Today the poulet de Bresse has the reputation of being the best quality table chicken in the world. The chef Georges Blanc, who is from Bourg-en-Bresse, has been president of the Comité Interprofessionnel de la Volaille de Bresse, the association which oversees the product, since 1986. Alan Davidson described the poulet de Bresse as the "aristocrat of modern table poultry", and Heston Blumenthal selected it for one of the dishes in his book ''In Search of Perfection''.

Production

Poulet de Bresse may be produced only from white chickens (the Bresse de Bény variety) of the Bresse breed, raised within a legally defined area of the historic region and former province of Bresse, in eastern France. The area is roughly rectangular, approximately by , and includes parts of the départements of Ain, Jura and Saône-et-Loire, in the regions of Rhône-Alpes, Franche-Comté and Bourgogne respectively. It lies mainly between the towns of Mâcon, Chalon-sur-Saône, Dole and Lons-le-Saunier; Bourg-en-Bresse is within the area. Lyon is not far to the south, and Dijon not far to the north.

Approximately 1.2 million poulet de Bresse birds are produced each year, about 0.1% of the total annual production of chickens in France; about 10% are exported. The chickens are raised under strict controls. There are about 200 breeders; each must have a minimum of 0.5 ha of pasture in the area of production, and allow a minimum of 10 m² per bird. Each bird must pass inspection by the Centre de Sélection de la Volaille de Bresse, the only breeding centre for the Bresse chicken.

The birds are kept free range for at least four months. From about 35 days they are fed cereals and dairy products; the diet is intentionally kept low in protein so that the birds will forage for insects. They are then "finished" in an épinette, a cage in a darkened fattening shed, where they are intensively fed on maize and milk. ''Poulets'' or pullets are fattened for two weeks, and slaughtered at a minimum age of four months and a minimum weight of ; '' poulardes'' or large hens are fattened for four weeks and slaughtered at five months, when they weigh at least ; ''chapons'' or capons are also fattened for four weeks, and are slaughtered at eight months or more, at a minimum weight of .

The birds are marketed with the head and characteristic slate-blue legs, traditionally a sign of authenticity. The left leg carries a metal leg-ring with the name of the producer.

Poulet de Bresse commands premium prices. In 2002 producers of poulet de Bresse received an average of €4.00 per kg (whole chicken, ready to cook); comparable prices received by producers of organic and standard chickens were €2.70 and €1.60 respectively. Retail prices are much higher; a price of £19.50 per kg was reported from London in 2011.

References

{{reflist, refs=

E. Verrier, M. Tixier-Boichard, R. Bernigaud, M. Naves (2005)
Conservation and value of local livestock breeds: usefulness of niche products and/or adaptation to specific environments
''Animal Genetic Resources Information'' 36 (April 2005): 21-31. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{doi, 10.1017/S1014233900005538

Press release for ''La vie en blanc'', by Georges Blanc (2008)
Saint-Julien-sur-Veyle: GSL éditions. Accessed October 2014.

Alan Davidson (1999). ''The Oxford Companion to Food''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN, 9780192115799. {{nobreak, p. 378.

Dirk de Jong (2007)
De Bresse-Gauloise: Ruim 400 jaar oud en nog springlevend = Bresse-Gauloise: More than 400 years old, and still fresh and lively
''Aviculture-Europe'' 3 (2): npaginated, 9 pages

Rien T. Fertel (2007)
Review of ''Heston Blumenthal: In Search of Perfection: Reinventing Kitchen Classics'' by Heston Blumenthal
''Gastronomica: The Journal of Critical Food Studies'' 7 (4): 100. {{doi, 10.1525/gfc.2007.7.4.100 {{subscription required

Jon Henley (10 January 2008)
Top of the pecking order
''The Guardian''. Accessed October 2014.

Christopher Hirst (19 March 2011)

''The Independent''. Accessed October 2014.

Victoria Roberts (2008)
''British poultry standards: complete specifications and judging points of all standardized breeds and varieties of poultry as compiled by the specialist breed clubs and recognised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain''
Oxford: Blackwell. {{ISBN, 9781405156424. {{nobreak, p. 330.

__NOTOC__

Chicken as food
Food and drink in France
Cuisine of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Franche-Comté
Cuisine of Lyon
French products with protected designation of origin