The Bostobe Formation ( kk, Boztóbe svıtasy) is a geological

formation Formation may refer to: Linguistics * Back-formation, the process of creating a new lexeme by removing or affixes * Word formation, the creation of a new word by adding affixes Mathematics and science * Cave formation or speleothem, a secondar ...

in Qaraghandy &

Qyzylorda Kyzylorda ( kk, Қызылорда, translit=Qyzylorda, ), formerly known as Kzyl-Orda (russian: Кзыл-Орда), Ak-Mechet (Ак-Мечеть), Perovsk (Перовск), and Fort-Perovsky (Форт-Перовский), is a city in south-cen ...

, Kazakhastan whose strata date back to the

Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5–66 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous Period is divided in the geologic time scale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous Series. The Cretaceous is named after ''creta'', ...

(

Santonian The Santonian is an age in the geologic timescale or a chronostratigraphic stage. It is a subdivision of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or Upper Cretaceous Series. It spans the time between 86.3 ± 0.7 mya (million years ago) and 83.6 ± 0.7 mya. ...

early Campanian The Campanian is the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous Epoch on the geologic timescale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). In chronostratigraphy, it is the fifth of six stages in the Upper Cretaceous Series. Campanian ...

stages, approximately 85 Ma). The

sandstone Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicates ...

s and claystones of the formation were deposited in estuarine, fluvial-

lacustrine A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, surrounded by land, and distinct from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, although, like the much larger ...

and fluvial-

deltaic A river delta is a landform shaped like a triangle, created by deposition of sediment that is carried by a river and enters slower-moving or stagnant water. This occurs where a river enters an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, reservoir, or (more rarel ...

environments. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.Weishampel et al. , 2004, pp.593-600 The formation is about thick and consists primarily of clay with interbeds of sand, representing an estuarine environment.Kordikova et al., 2001

Fossil content

'' Khunnuchelys lophorhothon'', a trionychid

turtle Turtles are an order of reptiles known as Testudines, characterized by a special shell developed mainly from their ribs. Modern turtles are divided into two major groups, the Pleurodira (side necked turtles) and Cryptodira (hidden necked t ...

recovered from the formation, was initially thought to belong to a hadrosaurid dinosaur and classified as cf. ''

Lophorhothon ''Lophorhothon'' is a genus of hadrosauroid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous, the first genus of dinosaur discovered in Alabama, in the United States. Discovery and naming Remains of this small, poorly known perhaps saurolophine dinosaur ...

sp''.Danilov et al., 2014 ;Mammals * '' Beleutinus orlovi'' * '' Zhalmouzia bazhanovi''Averianov et al., 2014b * '' Parazhelestes sp.''Averianov et al., 2014a ;Ankylosaurs *

Ankylosauridae Ankylosauridae () is a family of armored dinosaurs within Ankylosauria, and is the sister group to Nodosauridae. The oldest known Ankylosaurids date to around 122 million years ago and went extinct 66 million years ago during the Cretaceous–Pa ...

indet. ;Ornithopods * '' Aralosaurus tuberiferus'' * '' Arstanosaurus akkurganensis'' * '' Batyrosaurus rozhdestvenskyi'' ;Sauropods *

Titanosauridae Lithostrotia is a clade of derived titanosaur sauropods that lived during the Early Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous. The group was defined by Upchurch ''et al.'' in 2004 as the most recent common ancestor of '' Malawisaurus'' and '' Saltasaurus'' ...

indet. *

Sauropoda Sauropoda (), whose members are known as sauropods (; from '' sauro-'' + '' -pod'', 'lizard-footed'), is a clade of saurischian ('lizard-hipped') dinosaurs. Sauropods had very long necks, long tails, small heads (relative to the rest of their bo ...

indet. ;Theropods *

Caenagnathidae Caenagnathidae is a family of bird-like maniraptoran theropod dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of North America and Asia. They are a member of the Oviraptorosauria, and close relatives of the Oviraptoridae. Like other oviraptorosaurs, caenagnat ...

indet. * Troodontidae indet.Averianov, 2016 * Therizinosauria indet. *

Ornithomimidae Ornithomimidae (meaning "bird-mimics") is a family of theropod dinosaurs which bore a superficial resemblance to modern ostriches. Ornithomimids were fast, omnivorous or herbivorous dinosaurs known mainly from the Late Cretaceous Period of Lauras ...

indet. * Tyrannosauroidea indet. ;Pterosaurs * ''

Aralazhdarcho bostobensis ''Aralazhdarcho'' is a genus of Azhdarchidae, azhdarchid pterosaur from the Santonian to the Campanian, early Campanian stages of the Late Cretaceous period of Bostobe Svita in Kazakhstan. The type species, type and only known species is ''Aralaz ...

''Averianov, 2004 * '' Samrukia nessovi'' ;Turtles * '' Adocus foveatus'' * '' Anatolemys maximus'' * '' Khunnuchelys lophorhothon'' * '' Lindholmemys gravis'' * '' Shachemys baibolatica'' * '' Trionyx kansaiensis'', '' T. onomatoplokos'', '' T. riabinini'' ;Other reptiles * '' Bishara backa'' ;Amphibians * Anura indet. * ''

Eoscapherpeton ''Eoscapherpeton'' is an extinct genus of giant salamander, known from the Late Cretaceous of Central Asia. Fossils have been found in the Cenomanian aged Khodzhakul Formation and Dzharakuduk Formation, Turonian aged Bissekty Formation and the C ...

'' ;Fish * '' Gobiates sp.'' ;Flora * Ulmaceae indet.

References

Bibliography

* * * * * * * {{issn, 0022-3360

* A. O. Averianov. 2007. Theropod dinosaurs from Late Cretaceous deposits in the northeastern Aral Sea region, Kazakhstan. Cretaceous Research 28:532-544 * E. G. Kordikova, S. M. Kurzanov, and G. F. Gunnell. 1997. Unusual dinosaur claw phalanxes from the Upper Cretaceous of the northeastern Aral Sea region, Kazakhstan. Journal of Morphology 232(3):278 * L. A. Nessov. 1995. Dinozavri severnoi Yevrazii: Novye dannye o sostave kompleksov, ekologii i paleobiogeografii inosaurs of northern Eurasia: new data about assemblages, ecology, and paleobiogeography Institute for Scientific Research on the Earth's Crust, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 1-156 * L. A. Nessov. 1988. Late Mesozoic amphibians and lizards of Soviet Middle Asia. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 31(14):475-486 * L. A. Nessov. 1984. Data on late Mesozoic turtles from the USSR. Studia Geologica Salamanticensia, vol. especial 1 (Studia Palaeocheloniologica I) 1:215-223 * L. A. Nessov. 1981. Amfibii i reptilii v ekosistemakh Mela sredney Azii mphibia and reptiles in Cretaceous ecosystems of central Asia In I. V. Darevsky (ed.), The Problems of Herpetology. Fifth Herpetological Conference. Abstracts 91-92 * A. K. Rozhdestvensky. 1964. Novye dannye o mestonakhozhdeniyakh dinozavrov na territorii Kazakhstana i Srednei Azii ew data on occurrences of dinosaurs in Kazakhstan and Central Asia Tashkentskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet, Nauchnye Trudy: Geologiya ashkent State University, Scientific Publications: Geology234:227-241 Geologic formations of Kazakhstan Upper Cretaceous Series of Asia Cretaceous Kazakhstan Campanian Stage Santonian Stage Sandstone formations Shale formations Deltaic deposits Fluvial deposits Lacustrine deposits Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Asia Paleontology in Kazakhstan Formations Formations

Fossil content

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading