Boreopterid

Boreopteridae (meaning "northern wings") is a group of pterodactyloid pterosaurs from the Aptian-age Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning, China.

Classification

In 2006, Lü Junchang and colleagues named the clade Boreopteridae for the clade containing the common ancestor of ''Boreopterus'' and ''Feilongus'' and all its descendants, which the authors reclassified as close relatives of the ornithocheirids. (''Feilongus'' had originally been considered a gallodactylid). Many possible boreopterids were subsequently described, one possible example being '' Aetodactylus'', which has been claimed to be similar to ''Boreopterus''. Originally considered close relatives of the ornithocheirids, many of these supposed boreopterids have been found to belong to other groups of the pterodactyloid lineage. In 2012, a phylogenetic analysis by Lü ''et al.'' divided the Boreopteridae into two subfamilies: Boreopterinae, comprising ''Boreopterus'' and ''Zhenyuanopterus'', and Moganopterinae, comprising ''Feilongus'' and ''Moganopterus''. However, in 2013, Andres & Myers found both ''Boreopterus'' and ''Feilongus'' to be closely related to ''Cycnorhamphus'', making them members of the Gallodactylidae as had been originally thought when ''Feilongus'' was discovered. A subsequent analysis including the other supposed boreopterids found that ''Boreopterus'' itself, and therefore the name Boreopteridae, was indeed a member of the ornithocheiroid clade, but that ''Feilongus'' was in fact a ctenochasmatoid closely related to ''Gnathosaurus''. The true boreopterid clade was found to contain ''Boreopterus'', ''Guidraco'', and ''Zhenyuanopterus'' by Andres and colleagues in 2014, and was then found to contain just ''Boreopterus'' and ''Zhenyuanopterus'' by Wu and colleagues in 2017, a subsequently followed classification by recent studies.Pêgas, R.V., Holgado, B., Leal, M.E.C., 2019. "On ''Targaryendraco wiedenrothi'' gen. nov. (Pterodactyloidea, Pteranodontoidea, Lanceodontia) and recognition of a new cosmopolitan lineage of Cretaceous toothed pterodactyloids", ''Historical Biology'', 1–15. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1690482

Phylogeny

The Boreopteridae was included in an analysis by Brian Andres and colleagues in 2014, where it was placed in a basal position within the Anhangueria. However, a topology recovered by Nicholas Longrich and colleagues in 2018 placed the family Boreopteridae as the sister taxon of the family Lonchodectidae, while also placed outside the Anhangueria.Longrich, N.R., Martill, D.M., and Andres, B. (2018)
"Late Maastrichtian pterosaurs from North Africa and mass extinction of Pterosauria at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary."
''PLoS Biology'', 16(3): e2001663.

Topology 1: Andres ''et al.'' (2014).

Topology 2: Longrich ''et al.'' (2018).

Paleoecology

The known taxa come from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning, which represented a lake system, suggesting that these animals occurred in freshwater habitats. They are thought to have foraged while swimming, trapping prey with their needle-like teeth;Mark Witton, 2011
/ref> this method of fishing was probably analogous to that of '' Platanista'' dolphins, which share a similar dentition.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q4944952

Pteranodontoids
Early Cretaceous pterosaurs of Asia
Taxa named by Lü Junchang
Yixian fauna
Prehistoric reptile families